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Huijbers PMC, Bobis Camacho J, Hutinel M, Larsson DGJ, Flach CF. Sampling Considerations for Wastewater Surveillance of Antibiotic Resistance in Fecal Bacteria. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:4555. [PMID: 36901565 PMCID: PMC10002399 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Wastewaters can be analyzed to generate population-level data for public health surveillance, such as antibiotic resistance monitoring. To provide representative data for the contributing population, bacterial isolates collected from wastewater should originate from different individuals and not be distorted by a selection pressure in the wastewater. Here we use Escherichia coli diversity as a proxy for representativeness when comparing grab and composite sampling at a major municipal wastewater treatment plant influent and an untreated hospital effluent in Gothenburg, Sweden. All municipal samples showed high E. coli diversity irrespective of the sampling method. In contrast, a marked increase in diversity was seen for composite compared to grab samples from the hospital effluent. Virtual resampling also showed the value of collecting fewer isolates on multiple occasions rather than many isolates from a single sample. Time-kill tests where individual E. coli strains were exposed to sterile-filtered hospital wastewater showed rapid killing of antibiotic-susceptible strains and significant selection of multi-resistant strains when incubated at 20 °C, an effect which could be avoided at 4 °C. In conclusion, depending on the wastewater collection site, both sampling method and collection/storage temperature could significantly impact the representativeness of the wastewater sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M. C. Huijbers
- Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research in Gothenburg (CARe), University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10A, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Julián Bobis Camacho
- Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research in Gothenburg (CARe), University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10A, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marion Hutinel
- Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research in Gothenburg (CARe), University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10A, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - D. G. Joakim Larsson
- Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research in Gothenburg (CARe), University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10A, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carl-Fredrik Flach
- Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research in Gothenburg (CARe), University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10A, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Huijbers PMC, Larsson DGJ, Flach CF. Surveillance of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli in human populations through urban wastewater in ten European countries. Environ Pollut 2020; 261:114200. [PMID: 32220750 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance surveillance data is lacking in many parts of the world, limiting effective therapy and management of resistance development. Analysis of urban wastewater, which contains bacteria from thousands of individuals, opens up possibilities to generate informative surveillance data in a standardized and resource-efficient way. Here, we evaluate the relationship between antibiotic resistance prevalence in E. coli from wastewater and clinical samples by studying countries with different resistance situations as assessed by traditional clinical surveillance. Composite, influent wastewater samples were collected over 24 h from treatment plants serving major cities in ten European countries. Using a broth screening method, resistance to six antibiotic classes was analyzed for 2507 E. coli isolates (n = 247-252 per country). Resistance prevalence in wastewater E. coli was compared to that in clinical E. coli reported by the European Antibiotic Resistance Surveillance Network. Resistance prevalence was lower in wastewater than clinical E. coli but followed similar geographic trends. Significant relationships were found for resistance to aminopenicillins (R2 = 0.72, p = 0.0019) and fluoroquinolones (R2 = 0.62, p = 0.0072), but not for aminoglycosides (R2 = 0.13, p = 0.31) and third-generation cephalosporins (R2 = 0.00, p = 0.99) where regression analyses were based on considerably fewer resistant isolates. When all four antibiotic classes were taken into account, the relationship was strong (R2 = 0.85, p < 0.0001). Carbapenem resistance was rare in both wastewater and clinical isolates. Wastewater monitoring shows promise as method for generating surveillance data reflecting the clinical prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Such data may become especially valuable in regions where clinical surveillance is currently limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M C Huijbers
- Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - D G Joakim Larsson
- Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carl-Fredrik Flach
- Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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van Hoek AHAM, Veenman C, Florijn A, Huijbers PMC, Graat EAM, de Greeff S, Dierikx CM, van Duijkeren E. Longitudinal study of ESBL Escherichia coli carriage on an organic broiler farm. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:3298-3304. [PMID: 30219829 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To determine the molecular characteristics of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-E) collected during a longitudinal study on an organic broiler farm in order to investigate clonal expansion and horizontal gene transfer. Methods Isolates were obtained from a longitudinal study performed previously on an organic broiler fattening farm. Samples from individually followed-up broilers, the broiler house, the transport van and persons that took the samples, taken at several timepoints (days 1, 3, 4, 7, 10, 42 and 70) within a production round and during the consecutive one (days 1, 2, 3 and 70), had been investigated for the occurrence of ESBL-E. In the current study, ESBL genes and MLST STs of these ESBL-E were determined. Plasmids were characterized and subtyped. Results On arrival in round_1, ESBL-E of ST88 predominated, while on days 3, 4, 7 and 10 ST10 was most often found and at slaughter age ST155 and ST1551 prevailed. A shift in STs was also observed in round_2. None of the 35 individually selected broilers followed up in round_1 was positive for the same ESBL-E ST at all sampling times. All isolates carried CTX-M-1 group genes, confirmed as blaCTX-M-1 in 158 isolates. Further analysis of 36 isolates of different STs showed blaCTX-M-1 on IncI1/ST3 plasmids. Conclusions The rapid dissemination of ESBL-E on this broiler farm was not due to the spread of one specific E. coli clone, but most likely the result of horizontal transfer of an IncI1/ST3 plasmid carrying blaCTX-M-1 resulting in a shift in the predominant ESBL-E population in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela H A M van Hoek
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan Veenman
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alice Florijn
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia M C Huijbers
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences (WIAS), Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A M Graat
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences (WIAS), Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine de Greeff
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cindy M Dierikx
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Engeline van Duijkeren
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Huijbers PMC, Flach CF, Larsson DGJ. A conceptual framework for the environmental surveillance of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. Environ Int 2019; 130:104880. [PMID: 31220750 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Environmental surveillance of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance could contribute toward the protection of human, animal and ecosystem health. However, justification for the choice of markers and sampling sites that informs about different risk scenarios is often lacking. Here, we define five fundamentally different objectives for surveillance of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in the environment. The first objective is (1) to address the risk of transmission of already antibiotic-resistant bacteria to humans via environmental routes. The second is (2) to address the risk for accelerating the evolution of antibiotic resistance in pathogens through pollution with selective agents and bacteria of human or animal origin. The third objective is (3) to address the risks antibiotics pose for aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem health, including the effects on ecosystem functions and services. The two final objectives overlap with those of traditional clinical surveillance, namely, to identify (4) the population-level resistance prevalence and (5) population-level antibiotic use. The latter two environmental surveillance objectives have particular potential in countries where traditional clinical surveillance data and antibiotic consumption data are scarce or absent. For each objective, the levels of evidence provided by different phenotypic and genotypic microbial surveillance markers, as well as antibiotic residues, are discussed and evaluated on a conceptual level. Furthermore, sites where monitoring would be particularly informative are identified. The proposed framework could be one of the starting points for guiding environmental monitoring and surveillance of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance on various spatiotemporal scales, as well as for harmonizing such activities with existing human and animal surveillance systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M C Huijbers
- Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carl-Fredrik Flach
- Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - D G Joakim Larsson
- Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Huijbers PMC, Blaak H, de Jong MCM, Graat EAM, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE, de Roda Husman AM. Role of the Environment in the Transmission of Antimicrobial Resistance to Humans: A Review. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:11993-2004. [PMID: 26355462 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
To establish a possible role for the natural environment in the transmission of clinically relevant AMR bacteria to humans, a literature review was conducted to systematically collect and categorize evidence for human exposure to extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. in the environment. In total, 239 datasets adhered to inclusion criteria. AMR bacteria were detected at exposure-relevant sites (35/38), including recreational areas, drinking water, ambient air, and shellfish, and in fresh produce (8/16). More datasets were available for environmental compartments (139/157), including wildlife, water, soil, and air/dust. Quantitative data from exposure-relevant sites (6/35) and environmental compartments (11/139) were scarce. AMR bacteria were detected in the contamination sources (66/66) wastewater and manure, and molecular data supporting their transmission from wastewater to the environment (1/66) were found. The abundance of AMR bacteria at exposure-relevant sites suggests risk for human exposure. Of publications pertaining to both environmental and human isolates, however, only one compared isolates from samples that had a clear spatial and temporal relationship, and no direct evidence was found for transmission to humans through the environment. To what extent the environment, compared to the clinical and veterinary domains, contributes to human exposure needs to be quantified. AMR bacteria in the environment, including sites relevant for human exposure, originate from contamination sources. Intervention strategies targeted at these sources could therefore limit emission of AMR bacteria to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M C Huijbers
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences (WIAS), Wageningen University , P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hetty Blaak
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mart C M de Jong
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences (WIAS), Wageningen University , P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A M Graat
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences (WIAS), Wageningen University , P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ana Maria de Roda Husman
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University , P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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van Duijkeren E, van Overbeek WM, Huijbers PMC, van de Giessen AW, van Hoek AHAM. Inoculation of mice with avianblaCTX-M-1- orblaCMY-2-carryingEscherichia colistrains does not lead to long-term colonization: Table 1. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:3164-5. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Huijbers PMC, Graat EAM, Haenen APJ, van Santen MG, van Essen-Zandbergen A, Mevius DJ, van Duijkeren E, van Hoek AHAM. Extended-spectrum and AmpC β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in broilers and people living and/or working on broiler farms: prevalence, risk factors and molecular characteristics. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 69:2669-75. [PMID: 24879667 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to: estimate the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)- and AmpC β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli carriage among broiler farmers, their family members and employees; identify and quantify risk factors for carriage, with an emphasis on contact with live broilers; and compare isolates from humans and broilers within farms with respect to molecular characteristics to gain insight into transmission routes. METHODS A cross-sectional prevalence study was conducted on 50 randomly selected Dutch broiler farms. Cloacal swabs were taken from 20 randomly chosen broilers. Faecal swabs were returned by 141 individuals living and/or working on 47 farms. ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli were isolated and, for selected isolates, phylogenetic groups, plasmids and sequence types were determined. Questionnaires were used for risk factor analysis. RESULTS All sampled farms were positive, with 96.4% positive pooled broiler samples. The human prevalence was 19.1%, with 14.3% and 27.1% among individuals having a low and a high degree of contact with live broilers, respectively. Five pairs of human-broiler isolates had identical genes, plasmid families and E. coli sequence types, showing clonal transmission. Furthermore, similar ESBL/AmpC genes on the same plasmid families in different E. coli sequence types in humans and broilers hinted at horizontal gene transfer. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence among people on broiler farms was higher than in previous studies involving patients and the general population. Furthermore, an increased risk of carriage was shown among individuals having a high degree of contact with live broilers. The (relative) contribution of transmission routes that might play a role in the dissemination of ESBL/AmpC-encoding resistance genes to humans on broiler farms should be pursued in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M C Huijbers
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences (WIAS), Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - E A M Graat
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences (WIAS), Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A P J Haenen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - M G van Santen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - A van Essen-Zandbergen
- Department of Bacteriology and TSEs, Central Veterinary Institute (CVI) of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - D J Mevius
- Department of Bacteriology and TSEs, Central Veterinary Institute (CVI) of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E van Duijkeren
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - A H A M van Hoek
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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