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Peking P, Breitenbach JS, Ablinger M, Muss WH, Poetschke FJ, Kocher T, Koller U, Hainzl S, Kitzmueller S, Bauer JW, Reichelt J, Lettner T, Wally V. An ex vivo RNA trans-splicing strategy to correct human generalized severe epidermolysis bullosa simplex. Br J Dermatol 2018; 180:141-148. [PMID: 30099737 PMCID: PMC6334280 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Generalized severe epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS‐gen sev) is a genetic blistering skin disease in which autosomal dominant mutations in either the keratin KRT5 or KRT14 genes lead to impaired function of the intermediate filament cytoskeleton in the basal epidermis. Here we present an ex vivo RNA trans‐splicing‐based therapeutic approach to correct the phenotype. Objectives To correct a mutation within exon 1 of the KRT14 gene, using a 5′‐trans‐splicing approach, where any mutation within the first seven exons could be replaced by a single therapeutic molecule. Methods A therapeutic RNA trans‐splicing molecule containing wild‐type exons 1–7 was stably transduced into an EBS patient‐derived keratinocyte line. Trans‐splicing was confirmed via reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy. Skin equivalents generated from corrected keratinocytes were grafted onto nude mice and analysed about 8 weeks post‐transplantation for regular epidermal stratification, trans‐splicing‐induced green fluorescent protein expression and blistering. Results Transplanted skin equivalents generated from trans‐splicing‐corrected patient keratinocytes showed a stable and blister‐free epidermis. KRT14 correction disrupted EBS‐gen sev‐associated proinflammatory signalling, as shown at the mRNA and protein levels. Disruption of the pathogenic feedback loop in addition to overall downregulation of KRT14 expression highlighted the effect of KRT14 correction on the EBS pathomechanism. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that trans‐splicing‐mediated mRNA therapy is an effective method for the correction of dominantly inherited KRT14 mutations at the transcriptional level. This results in the rescue of the EBS‐gen sev phenotype and stabilization of the epidermis in a xenograft mouse model. What's already known about this topic? RTM163, described in this study, was previously used in a transient in vitro transfection system, where the ability to correct KRT14 at the mRNA level was demonstrated.
What does this study add? In this study, we stably transduced RTM163 in a second patient‐derived keratinocyte line. Successful trans‐splicing was confirmed in this cell line. The expression of disease‐related marker genes, which are characteristically deregulated in epidermolysis bullosa simplex, were analysed. For the first time this study showed that RNA trans‐splicing molecule‐transduced patient keratinocytes can differentiate into a phenotypically normal and blister‐free epidermis in a xenograft mouse model.
What is the translational message? This study shows the feasibility of using spliceosome‐mediated RNA trans‐splicing to generate a stable and blister‐free epidermis in vivo. Combined with pre‐existing ex vivo gene therapeutic methods, this might be a valid option for future treatments of dominantly inherited genodermatoses.
Linked Comment: Bremer and van den Akker. Br J Dermatol 2019; 180:17–19.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Peking
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.,Cell Therapy Institute, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (Sci-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - J S Breitenbach
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - M Ablinger
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - W H Muss
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - F J Poetschke
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - T Kocher
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - U Koller
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - S Hainzl
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - S Kitzmueller
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - J W Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - J Reichelt
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - T Lettner
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - V Wally
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
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Hainzl S, Peking P. ÖGDV Preisträger stellen sich vor: Der Wissenschaftspreis der ÖGDV 2017 ging an Dr. rer. nat. Stefan Hainzl und Dr. rer. nat. Patricia Peking aus Salzburg. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Peking P, Koller U, Murauer EM. Functional therapies for cutaneous wound repair in epidermolysis bullosa. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 129:330-343. [PMID: 29248480 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic wounding as a result of recurrent skin blistering in the painful genetic skin disease epidermolysis bullosa, may lead to life-threatening infections, increased risk of tumor formation, and other serious medical complications. Therefore, epidermolysis bullosa patients have an urgent need for optimal wound care and tissue regeneration. Therapeutic strategies using gene-, protein-, and cell-therapies are being developed to improve clinical symptoms, and some of them have already been investigated in early clinical trials. The most favorable options of functional therapies include gene replacement, gene editing, RNA targeting, and harnessing natural gene therapy. This review describes the current progress of the different approaches targeting autologous skin cells, and will discuss the benefits and challenges of their application.
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Peking P, Koller U, Duarte B, Murillas R, Wolf S, Maetzig T, Rothe M, Kocher T, García M, Brachtl G, Schambach A, Larcher F, Reichelt J, Bauer JW, Murauer EM. An RNA-targeted therapy for dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:10259-10269. [PMID: 28973459 PMCID: PMC5737646 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional impairment or complete loss of type VII collagen, caused by mutations within COL7A1, lead to the severe recessive form of the skin blistering disease dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB). Here, we successfully demonstrate RNA trans-splicing as an auspicious repair option for mutations located in a wide range of exons by fully converting an RDEB phenotype in an ex vivo pre-clinical mouse model based on xenotransplantation. Via a self-inactivating (SIN) lentiviral vector a 3' RNA trans-splicing molecule, capable of replacing COL7A1 exons 65-118, was delivered into type VII collagen deficient patient keratinocytes, carrying a homozygous mutation in exon 80 (c.6527insC). Following vector integration, protein analysis of an isolated corrected single cell clone showed secretion of the corrected type VII collagen at similar levels compared to normal keratinocytes. To confirm full phenotypic and long-term correction in vivo, patches of skin equivalents expanded from the corrected cell clone were grafted onto immunodeficient mice. Immunolabelling of 12 weeks old skin specimens showed strong expression of human type VII collagen restricted to the basement membrane zone. We demonstrate that the RNA trans-splicing technology combined with a SIN lentiviral vector is suitable for an ex vivo molecular therapy approach and thus adaptable for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Peking
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ulrich Koller
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - Blanca Duarte
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division, CIEMAT-CIBERER, Department of Bioengineering, UC3M, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Murillas
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division, CIEMAT-CIBERER, Department of Bioengineering, UC3M, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susanne Wolf
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Maetzig
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Rothe
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Kocher
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - Marta García
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division, CIEMAT-CIBERER, Department of Bioengineering, UC3M, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriele Brachtl
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Cell Therapy, Core Facility for Flow Cytometry, SCI-TRECS, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fernando Larcher
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division, CIEMAT-CIBERER, Department of Bioengineering, UC3M, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Reichelt
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johann W Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eva M Murauer
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
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Kocher T, Peking P, Klausegger A, Murauer EM, Hofbauer JP, Wally V, Lettner T, Hainzl S, Ablinger M, Bauer JW, Reichelt J, Koller U. Cut and Paste: Efficient Homology-Directed Repair of a Dominant Negative KRT14 Mutation via CRISPR/Cas9 Nickases. Mol Ther 2017; 25:2585-2598. [PMID: 28888469 PMCID: PMC5675592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With the ability to induce rapid and efficient repair of disease-causing mutations, CRISPR/Cas9 technology is ideally suited for gene therapy approaches for recessively and dominantly inherited monogenic disorders. In this study, we have corrected a causal hotspot mutation in exon 6 of the keratin 14 gene (KRT14) that results in generalized severe epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS-gen sev), using a double-nicking strategy targeting intron 7, followed by homology-directed repair (HDR). Co-delivery into EBS keratinocytes of a Cas9 D10A nickase (Cas9n), a predicted single guide RNA pair specific for intron 7, and a minicircle donor vector harboring the homology donor template resulted in a recombination efficiency of >30% and correction of the mutant KRT14 allele. Phenotypic correction of EBS-gen sev keratinocytes was demonstrated by immunofluorescence analysis, revealing the absence of disease-associated K14 aggregates within the cytoplasm. We achieved a promising safety profile for the CRISPR/Cas9 double-nicking approach, with no detectable off-target activity for a set of predicted off-target genes as confirmed by next generation sequencing. In conclusion, we demonstrate a highly efficient and specific gene-editing approach for KRT14, offering a causal treatment option for EBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kocher
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Patricia Peking
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alfred Klausegger
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eva Maria Murauer
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Josefina Piñón Hofbauer
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Verena Wally
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Lettner
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Hainzl
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Ablinger
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johann Wolfgang Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Julia Reichelt
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ulrich Koller
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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Peking P, Koller U, Kocher T, Nystroem A, Reichelt J, Bauer J, Murauer E. 214 RNA trans-splicing-mediated COL7A1 repair in a dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa mouse model. J Invest Dermatol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.07.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hainzl S, Peking P, Kocher T, Murauer E, Larcher F, Duarte B, Steiner M, Bauer J, Reichelt J, Koller U. 535 Ex vivo COL7A1 editing via CRISPR/Cas9 in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. J Invest Dermatol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.02.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bornert O, Peking P, Bremer J, Koller U, van den Akker PC, Aartsma-Rus A, Pasmooij AMG, Murauer EM, Nyström A. RNA-based therapies for genodermatoses. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:3-10. [PMID: 27376675 PMCID: PMC5593095 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genetic disorders affecting the skin, genodermatoses, constitute a large and heterogeneous group of diseases, for which treatment is generally limited to management of symptoms. RNA-based therapies are emerging as a powerful tool to treat genodermatoses. In this review, we discuss in detail RNA splicing modulation by antisense oligonucleotides and RNA trans-splicing, transcript replacement and genome editing by in vitro-transcribed mRNAs, and gene knockdown by small interfering RNA and antisense oligonucleotides. We present the current state of these therapeutic approaches and critically discuss their opportunities, limitations and the challenges that remain to be solved. The aim of this review was to set the stage for the development of new and better therapies to improve the lives of patients and families affected by a genodermatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Bornert
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center – University of
Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Patricia Peking
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of
Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus
Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jeroen Bremer
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen,
University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Koller
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of
Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus
Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter C. van den Akker
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen,
University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen,
University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Aartsma-Rus
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center,
Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anna M. G. Pasmooij
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen,
University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva M. Murauer
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of
Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus
Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexander Nyström
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center – University of
Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Yazdi AS, Barlin M, Böhm K, Gendrisch F, Ghorbanalipoor S, Häberle S, Hamel A, Hüning S, Hüttner C, Iwanova I, Kanaki T, Kimeswenger S, Lohmann N, Munir S, Muzumdar S, Pereira MP, Peking P, Plesser K, Rendon A, Rentschler M, Schlumprecht C, Smorodchenko A, Stock M, Tillmanns J, Uslu U, Ghoreschi K, Glatz M, Grabbe S, Kunz M, Ludwig R, Scharffetter-Kochanek K, Loser K. ADF Winter School-An exciting concept of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Dermatologische Forschung to connect young scientists and clinician scientists in Dermatology at the top of Germany. Exp Dermatol 2016; 26:292-294. [PMID: 27808431 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir S Yazdi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,CRC/TRR156 University of Heidelberg, Tübingen and Mainz, Germany
| | - Meltem Barlin
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Böhm
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fabian Gendrisch
- Department of Dermatology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefanie Häberle
- CRC/TRR156 University of Heidelberg, Tübingen and Mainz, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annamarie Hamel
- Department of Dermatology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Clemens Hüttner
- University Hospital of Dermatology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Irina Iwanova
- Department of Dermatology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Theodora Kanaki
- Center for Dermatology and Immunology, Städtisches Klinikum Dessau, Dessau, Germany
| | | | - Nadine Lohmann
- Department of Dermatology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Saira Munir
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sukalp Muzumdar
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Patricia Peking
- University Hospital of Dermatology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Kristin Plesser
- Department of Dermatology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Adriana Rendon
- CRC/TRR156 University of Heidelberg, Tübingen and Mainz, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Anna Smorodchenko
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Stock
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jessica Tillmanns
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ugur Uslu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- CRC/TRR156 University of Heidelberg, Tübingen and Mainz, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Glatz
- Department of Immunology, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- CRC/TRR156 University of Heidelberg, Tübingen and Mainz, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manfred Kunz
- Department of Dermatology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf Ludwig
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Karin Loser
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,CRC1009 and Cells in Motion - Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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