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Hainzl S, Trattner L, Liemberger B, Bischof J, Kocher T, Ablinger M, Nyström A, Obermayer A, Klausegger A, Guttmann-Gruber C, Wally V, Bauer JW, Hofbauer JP, Koller U. Splicing Modulation via Antisense Oligonucleotides in Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:761. [PMID: 38255836 PMCID: PMC10815346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) represent an emerging therapeutic platform for targeting genetic diseases by influencing various aspects of (pre-)mRNA biology, such as splicing, stability, and translation. In this study, we investigated the potential of modulating the splicing pattern in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) patient cells carrying a frequent genomic variant (c.425A > G) that disrupts splicing in the COL7A1 gene by using short 2'-O-(2-Methoxyethyl) oligoribo-nucleotides (2'-MOE ASOs). COL7A1-encoded type VII collagen (C7) forms the anchoring fibrils within the skin that are essential for the attachment of the epidermis to the underlying dermis. As such, gene variants of COL7A1 leading to functionally impaired or absent C7 manifest in the form of extensive blistering and wounding. The severity of the disease pattern warrants the development of novel therapies for patients. The c.425A > G variant at the COL7A1 exon 3/intron 3 junction lowers the efficiency of splicing at this junction, resulting in non-functional C7 transcripts. However, we found that correct splicing still occurs, albeit at a very low level, highlighting an opportunity for intervention by modulating the splicing reaction. We therefore screened 2'-MOE ASOs that bind along the COL7A1 target region ranging from exon 3 to the intron 3/exon 4 junction for their ability to modulate splicing. We identified ASOs capable of increasing the relative levels of correctly spliced COL7A1 transcripts by RT-PCR, sqRT-PCR, and ddPCR. Furthermore, RDEB-derived skin equivalents treated with one of the most promising ASOs exhibited an increase in full-length C7 expression and its accurate deposition along the basement membrane zone (BMZ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hainzl
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.H.); (L.T.); (B.L.); (J.B.); (T.K.); (M.A.); (A.K.); (C.G.-G.); (V.W.); (J.P.H.)
| | - Lisa Trattner
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.H.); (L.T.); (B.L.); (J.B.); (T.K.); (M.A.); (A.K.); (C.G.-G.); (V.W.); (J.P.H.)
| | - Bernadette Liemberger
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.H.); (L.T.); (B.L.); (J.B.); (T.K.); (M.A.); (A.K.); (C.G.-G.); (V.W.); (J.P.H.)
| | - Johannes Bischof
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.H.); (L.T.); (B.L.); (J.B.); (T.K.); (M.A.); (A.K.); (C.G.-G.); (V.W.); (J.P.H.)
| | - Thomas Kocher
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.H.); (L.T.); (B.L.); (J.B.); (T.K.); (M.A.); (A.K.); (C.G.-G.); (V.W.); (J.P.H.)
| | - Michael Ablinger
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.H.); (L.T.); (B.L.); (J.B.); (T.K.); (M.A.); (A.K.); (C.G.-G.); (V.W.); (J.P.H.)
| | - Alexander Nyström
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Astrid Obermayer
- Core Facility of Electron Microscopy, Department of Environment & Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University Salzburg (PLUS Salzburg), 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Alfred Klausegger
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.H.); (L.T.); (B.L.); (J.B.); (T.K.); (M.A.); (A.K.); (C.G.-G.); (V.W.); (J.P.H.)
| | - Christina Guttmann-Gruber
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.H.); (L.T.); (B.L.); (J.B.); (T.K.); (M.A.); (A.K.); (C.G.-G.); (V.W.); (J.P.H.)
| | - Verena Wally
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.H.); (L.T.); (B.L.); (J.B.); (T.K.); (M.A.); (A.K.); (C.G.-G.); (V.W.); (J.P.H.)
| | - Johann W. Bauer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Josefina Piñón Hofbauer
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.H.); (L.T.); (B.L.); (J.B.); (T.K.); (M.A.); (A.K.); (C.G.-G.); (V.W.); (J.P.H.)
| | - Ulrich Koller
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.H.); (L.T.); (B.L.); (J.B.); (T.K.); (M.A.); (A.K.); (C.G.-G.); (V.W.); (J.P.H.)
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Illmer J, Zauner R, Piñón Hofbauer J, Wimmer M, Gruner S, Ablinger M, Bischof J, Dorfer S, Hainzl S, Tober V, Bergson S, Sarig O, Samuelov L, Guttmann-Gruber C, Shalom-Feuerstein R, Sprecher E, Koller U, Laimer M, Bauer JW, Wally V. MicroRNA-200b-mediated reversion of a spectrum of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition states in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa squamous cell carcinomas. Br J Dermatol 2023; 190:80-93. [PMID: 37681509 DOI: 10.1093/bjd/ljad335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the leading cause of death in patients with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB). However, the survival time from first diagnosis differs between patients; some tumours spread particularly fast, while others may remain localized for years. As treatment options are limited, there is an urgent need for further insights into the pathomechanisms of RDEB tumours, to foster therapy development and support clinical decision-making. OBJECTIVES To investigate differences in RDEB tumours of diverging aggressiveness at the molecular and phenotypic level, with a particular focus on epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) transition states and thus microRNA-200b (miR-200b) as a regulator. METHODS Primary RDEB-SCC keratinocyte lines were characterized with respect to their EMT state. For this purpose, cell morphology was classified and the expression of EMT markers analysed using immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. The motility of RDEB-SCC cells was determined and conditioned medium of RDEB-SCC cells was used to treat endothelial cells in an angiogenesis assay. In addition, we mined previously generated microRNA (miRNA) profiling data to identify a candidate with potential therapeutic relevance and performed transient miRNA transfection studies to investigate the candidate's ability to reverse EMT characteristics. RESULTS We observed high variability in EMT state in the RDEB-SCC cell lines, which correlated with in situ analysis of two available patient biopsies and respective clinical disease course. Furthermore, we identified miR-200b-3p to be downregulated in RDEB-SCCs, and the extent of deregulation significantly correlated with the EMT features of the various tumour lines. miR-200b-3p was reintroduced into RDEB-SCC cell lines with pronounced EMT features, which resulted in a significant increase in epithelial characteristics, including cell morphology, EMT marker expression, migration and angiogenic potential. CONCLUSIONS RDEB-SCCs exist in different EMT states and the level of miR-200b is indicative of how far an RDEB-SCC has gone down the EMT path. Moreover, the reintroduction of miR-200b significantly reduced mesenchymal features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Illmer
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - Roland Zauner
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - Josefina Piñón Hofbauer
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - Monika Wimmer
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefanie Gruner
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Ablinger
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johannes Bischof
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sonja Dorfer
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Hainzl
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - Vanessa Tober
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - Shir Bergson
- Division of Dermatology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ofer Sarig
- Division of Dermatology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Liat Samuelov
- Division of Dermatology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Christina Guttmann-Gruber
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ruby Shalom-Feuerstein
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Division of Dermatology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ulrich Koller
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Laimer
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johann W Bauer
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Verena Wally
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
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Boxhammer E, Paar V, Wernly B, Kiss A, Mirna M, Aigner A, Acar E, Watzinger S, Podesser BK, Zauner R, Wally V, Ablinger M, Hackl M, Hoppe UC, Lichtenauer M. MicroRNA-30d-5p-A Potential New Therapeutic Target for Prevention of Ischemic Cardiomyopathy after Myocardial Infarction. Cells 2023; 12:2369. [PMID: 37830583 PMCID: PMC10571870 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background and Objective: MicroRNAs (miRs) are biomarkers for assessing the extent of cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI) and important predictors of clinical outcome in heart failure. Overexpression of miR-30d-5p appears to have a cardioprotective effect. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate whether miR-30d-5p could be used as a potential therapeutic target to improve post-MI adverse remodeling. (2) Methods and Results: MiR profiling was performed by next-generation sequencing to assess different expression patterns in ischemic vs. healthy myocardium in a rat model of MI. MiR-30d-5p was significantly downregulated (p < 0.001) in ischemic myocardium and was selected as a promising target. A mimic of miR-30d-5p was administered in the treatment group, whereas the control group received non-functional, scrambled siRNA. To measure the effect of miR-30d-5p on infarct area size of the left ventricle, the rats were randomized and treated with miR-30d-5p or scrambled siRNA. Histological planimetry was performed 72 h and 6 weeks after induction of MI. Infarct area was significantly reduced at 72 h and at 6 weeks by using miR-30d-5p (72 h: 22.89 ± 7.66% vs. 35.96 ± 9.27%, p = 0.0136; 6 weeks: 6.93 ± 4.58% vs. 12.48 ± 7.09%, p = 0.0172). To gain insight into infarct healing, scratch assays were used to obtain information on cell migration in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Gap closure was significantly faster in the mimic-treated cells 20 h post-scratching (12.4% more than the scrambled control after 20 h; p = 0.013). To analyze the anti-apoptotic quality of miR-30d-5p, the ratio between phosphorylated p53 and total p53 was evaluated in human cardiomyocytes using ELISA. Under the influence of the miR-30d-5p mimic, cardiomyocytes demonstrated a decreased pp53/total p53 ratio (0.66 ± 0.08 vs. 0.81 ± 0.17), showing a distinct tendency (p = 0.055) to decrease the apoptosis rate compared to the control group. (3) Conclusion: Using a mimic of miR-30d-5p underlines the cardioprotective effect of miR-30d-5p in MI and could reduce the risk for development of ischemic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Boxhammer
- Internal Medicine II, Department of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (E.B.)
| | - Vera Paar
- Internal Medicine II, Department of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (E.B.)
| | - Bernhard Wernly
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital Oberndorf, Teaching Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5110 Oberndorf, Austria
| | - Attila Kiss
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Center for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.K.)
| | - Moritz Mirna
- Internal Medicine II, Department of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (E.B.)
| | - Achim Aigner
- Rudolf Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Eylem Acar
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Center for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.K.)
| | - Simon Watzinger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Center for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.K.)
| | - Bruno K. Podesser
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Center for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.K.)
| | - Roland Zauner
- Dermatology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Verena Wally
- Dermatology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Ablinger
- Dermatology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Uta C. Hoppe
- Internal Medicine II, Department of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (E.B.)
| | - Michael Lichtenauer
- Internal Medicine II, Department of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (E.B.)
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Zauner R, Wimmer M, Atzmueller S, Proell J, Niklas N, Ablinger M, Reisenberger M, Lettner T, Illmer J, Dorfer S, Koller U, Guttmann-Gruber C, Hofbauer JP, Bauer JW, Wally V. Biomarker Discovery in Rare Malignancies: Development of a miRNA Signature for RDEB-cSCC. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3286. [PMID: 37444397 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Machine learning has been proven to be a powerful tool in the identification of diagnostic tumor biomarkers but is often impeded in rare cancers due to small patient numbers. In patients suffering from recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB), early-in-life development of particularly aggressive cutaneous squamous-cell carcinomas (cSCCs) represents a major threat and timely detection is crucial to facilitate prompt tumor excision. As miRNAs have been shown to hold great potential as liquid biopsy markers, we characterized miRNA signatures derived from cultured primary cells specific for the potential detection of tumors in RDEB patients. To address the limitation in RDEB-sample accessibility, we analyzed the similarity of RDEB miRNA profiles with other tumor entities derived from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) repository. Due to the similarity in miRNA expression with RDEB-SCC, we used HN-SCC data to train a tumor prediction model. Three models with varying complexity using 33, 10 and 3 miRNAs were derived from the elastic net logistic regression model. The predictive performance of all three models was determined on an independent HN-SCC test dataset (AUC-ROC: 100%, 83% and 96%), as well as on cell-based RDEB miRNA-Seq data (AUC-ROC: 100%, 100% and 91%). In addition, the ability of the models to predict tumor samples based on RDEB exosomes (AUC-ROC: 100%, 93% and 100%) demonstrated the potential feasibility in a clinical setting. Our results support the feasibility of this approach to identify a diagnostic miRNA signature, by exploiting publicly available data and will lay the base for an improvement of early RDEB-SCC detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Zauner
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology & Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Monika Wimmer
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology & Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sabine Atzmueller
- Center for Medical Research, Medical Faculty, Johannes-Kepler-University, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Johannes Proell
- Center for Medical Research, Medical Faculty, Johannes-Kepler-University, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Norbert Niklas
- Red Cross Transfusion Service of Upper Austria, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Michael Ablinger
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology & Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Manuela Reisenberger
- Department of Dermatology & Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Lettner
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology & Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Julia Illmer
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology & Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sonja Dorfer
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology & Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ulrich Koller
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology & Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christina Guttmann-Gruber
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology & Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Josefina Piñón Hofbauer
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology & Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johann W Bauer
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology & Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Dermatology & Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Verena Wally
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology & Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Brunner SM, Ramspacher A, Rieser C, Leitner J, Heil H, Ablinger M, Tevini J, Wimmer M, Koller A, Piñón Hofbauer J, Felder TK, Bauer JW, Kofler B, Lang R, Wally V. Topical Diacerein Decreases Skin and Splenic CD11c + Dendritic Cells in Psoriasis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054324. [PMID: 36901755 PMCID: PMC10001455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease characterized by increased neo-vascularization, keratinocyte hyperproliferation, a pro-inflammatory cytokine milieu and immune cell infiltration. Diacerein is an anti-inflammatory drug, modulating immune cell functions, including expression and production of cytokines, in different inflammatory conditions. Therefore, we hypothesized that topical diacerein has beneficial effects on the course of psoriasis. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of topical diacerein on imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis in C57BL/6 mice. Topical diacerein was observed to be safe without any adverse side effects in healthy or psoriatic animals. Our results demonstrated that diacerein significantly alleviated the psoriasiform-like skin inflammation over a 7-day period. Furthermore, diacerein significantly diminished the psoriasis-associated splenomegaly, indicating a systemic effect of the drug. Remarkably, we observed significantly reduced infiltration of CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs) into the skin and spleen of psoriatic mice with diacerein treatment. As CD11c+ DCs play a pivotal role in psoriasis pathology, we consider diacerein to be a promising novel therapeutic candidate for psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M. Brunner
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-5-7255-57283
| | - Andrea Ramspacher
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Caroline Rieser
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Julia Leitner
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hannah Heil
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Ablinger
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Julia Tevini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Monika Wimmer
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Koller
- Research Program for Experimental Dermatology and Glaucoma Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Josefina Piñón Hofbauer
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas K. Felder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johann W. Bauer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Roland Lang
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Verena Wally
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Illmer J, Wimmer M, Zauner R, Ablinger M, Bischof J, Tober V, Atzmüller S, Pröll J, Bauer J, Wally V. 476 Differential regulation of miR-200b in squamous cell carcinoma of patients with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. J Invest Dermatol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.09.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Liemberger B, Bischof J, Kocher T, Ablinger M, Murauer E, Nyström A, Wally V, Mayr E, Bauer J, Koller U. 287 Development of a non-invasive, non-viral RNA therapy approach for dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. J Invest Dermatol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.09.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mayr E, Ablinger M, Lettner T, Murauer EM, Guttmann-Gruber C, Piñón Hofbauer J, Hainzl S, Kaiser M, Klausegger A, Bauer JW, Koller U, Wally V. 5'RNA Trans-Splicing Repair of COL7A1 Mutant Transcripts in Epidermolysis Bullosa. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031732. [PMID: 35163654 PMCID: PMC8835740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations within the COL7A1 gene underlie the inherited recessive subtype of the blistering skin disease dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB). Although gene replacement approaches for genodermatoses are clinically advanced, their implementation for RDEB is challenging and requires endogenous regulation of transgene expression. Thus, we are using spliceosome-mediated RNA trans-splicing (SMaRT) to repair mutations in COL7A1 at the mRNA level. Here, we demonstrate the capability of a COL7A1-specific RNA trans-splicing molecule (RTM), initially selected using a fluorescence-based screening procedure, to accurately replace COL7A1 exons 1 to 64 in an endogenous setting. Retroviral RTM transduction into patient-derived, immortalized keratinocytes resulted in an increase in wild-type transcript and protein levels, respectively. Furthermore, we revealed accurate deposition of recovered type VII collagen protein within the basement membrane zone of expanded skin equivalents using immunofluorescence staining. In summary, we showed for the first time the potential of endogenous 5′ trans-splicing to correct pathogenic mutations within the COL7A1 gene. Therefore, we consider 5′ RNA trans-splicing a suitable tool to beneficially modulate the RDEB-phenotype, thus targeting an urgent need of this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Mayr
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Ablinger
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Lettner
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eva M Murauer
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christina Guttmann-Gruber
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Josefina Piñón Hofbauer
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Hainzl
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Manfred Kaiser
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alfred Klausegger
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johann W Bauer
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ulrich Koller
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Verena Wally
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Zauner R, Wimmer M, Dorfer S, Ablinger M, Koller U, Piñón Hofbauer J, Guttmann-Gruber C, Bauer JW, Wally V. Transcriptome-Guided Drug Repurposing for Aggressive SCCs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23021007. [PMID: 35055192 PMCID: PMC8780441 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23021007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite a significant rise in the incidence of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in recent years, most SCCs are well treatable. However, against the background of pre-existing risk factors such as immunosuppression upon organ transplantation, or conditions such as recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB), SCCs arise more frequently and follow a particularly aggressive course. Notably, such SCC types display molecular similarities, despite their differing etiologies. We leveraged the similarities in transcriptomes between tumors from organ transplant recipients and RDEB-patients, augmented with data from more common head and neck (HN)-SCCs, to identify drugs that can be repurposed to treat these SCCs. The in silico approach used is based on the assumption that SCC-derived transcriptome profiles reflect critical tumor pathways that, if reversed towards healthy tissue, will attenuate the malignant phenotype. We determined tumor-specific signatures based on differentially expressed genes, which were then used to mine drug-perturbation data. By leveraging recent efforts in the systematic profiling and cataloguing of thousands of small molecule compounds, we identified drugs including selumetinib that specifically target key molecules within the MEK signaling cascade, representing candidates with the potential to be effective in the treatment of these rare and aggressive SCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Zauner
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.W.); (S.D.); (M.A.); (U.K.); (J.P.H.); (C.G.-G.); (J.W.B.); (V.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Monika Wimmer
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.W.); (S.D.); (M.A.); (U.K.); (J.P.H.); (C.G.-G.); (J.W.B.); (V.W.)
| | - Sonja Dorfer
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.W.); (S.D.); (M.A.); (U.K.); (J.P.H.); (C.G.-G.); (J.W.B.); (V.W.)
| | - Michael Ablinger
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.W.); (S.D.); (M.A.); (U.K.); (J.P.H.); (C.G.-G.); (J.W.B.); (V.W.)
| | - Ulrich Koller
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.W.); (S.D.); (M.A.); (U.K.); (J.P.H.); (C.G.-G.); (J.W.B.); (V.W.)
| | - Josefina Piñón Hofbauer
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.W.); (S.D.); (M.A.); (U.K.); (J.P.H.); (C.G.-G.); (J.W.B.); (V.W.)
| | - Christina Guttmann-Gruber
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.W.); (S.D.); (M.A.); (U.K.); (J.P.H.); (C.G.-G.); (J.W.B.); (V.W.)
| | - Johann W. Bauer
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.W.); (S.D.); (M.A.); (U.K.); (J.P.H.); (C.G.-G.); (J.W.B.); (V.W.)
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Verena Wally
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.W.); (S.D.); (M.A.); (U.K.); (J.P.H.); (C.G.-G.); (J.W.B.); (V.W.)
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Ablinger M, Lettner T, Friedl N, Potocki H, Palmetzhofer T, Koller U, Illmer J, Liemberger B, Hainzl S, Klausegger A, Reisenberger M, Lambert J, Van Gele M, Desmet E, Van Maelsaeke E, Wimmer M, Zauner R, Bauer JW, Wally V. Personalized Development of Antisense Oligonucleotides for Exon Skipping Restores Type XVII Collagen Expression in Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3326. [PMID: 33805154 PMCID: PMC8036626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermediate junctional epidermolysis bullosa caused by mutations in the COL17A1 gene is characterized by the frequent development of blisters and erosions on the skin and mucous membranes. The rarity of the disease and the heterogeneity of the underlying mutations renders therapy developments challenging. However, the high number of short in-frame exons facilitates the use of antisense oligonucleotides (AON) to restore collagen 17 (C17) expression by inducing exon skipping. In a personalized approach, we designed and tested three AONs in combination with a cationic liposomal carrier for their ability to induce skipping of COL17A1 exon 7 in 2D culture and in 3D skin equivalents. We show that AON-induced exon skipping excludes the targeted exon from pre-mRNA processing, which restores the reading frame, leading to the expression of a slightly truncated protein. Furthermore, the expression and correct deposition of C17 at the dermal-epidermal junction indicates its functionality. Thus, we assume AON-mediated exon skipping to be a promising tool for the treatment of junctional epidermolysis bullosa, particularly applicable in a personalized manner for rare genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ablinger
- Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, EB House Austria, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.A.); (T.L.); (N.F.); (H.P.); (T.P.); (U.K.); (J.I.); (B.L.); (S.H.); (A.K.); (M.R.); (M.W.); (R.Z.); (J.W.B.)
| | - Thomas Lettner
- Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, EB House Austria, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.A.); (T.L.); (N.F.); (H.P.); (T.P.); (U.K.); (J.I.); (B.L.); (S.H.); (A.K.); (M.R.); (M.W.); (R.Z.); (J.W.B.)
| | - Nicole Friedl
- Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, EB House Austria, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.A.); (T.L.); (N.F.); (H.P.); (T.P.); (U.K.); (J.I.); (B.L.); (S.H.); (A.K.); (M.R.); (M.W.); (R.Z.); (J.W.B.)
| | - Hannah Potocki
- Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, EB House Austria, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.A.); (T.L.); (N.F.); (H.P.); (T.P.); (U.K.); (J.I.); (B.L.); (S.H.); (A.K.); (M.R.); (M.W.); (R.Z.); (J.W.B.)
| | - Theresa Palmetzhofer
- Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, EB House Austria, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.A.); (T.L.); (N.F.); (H.P.); (T.P.); (U.K.); (J.I.); (B.L.); (S.H.); (A.K.); (M.R.); (M.W.); (R.Z.); (J.W.B.)
| | - Ulrich Koller
- Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, EB House Austria, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.A.); (T.L.); (N.F.); (H.P.); (T.P.); (U.K.); (J.I.); (B.L.); (S.H.); (A.K.); (M.R.); (M.W.); (R.Z.); (J.W.B.)
| | - Julia Illmer
- Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, EB House Austria, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.A.); (T.L.); (N.F.); (H.P.); (T.P.); (U.K.); (J.I.); (B.L.); (S.H.); (A.K.); (M.R.); (M.W.); (R.Z.); (J.W.B.)
| | - Bernadette Liemberger
- Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, EB House Austria, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.A.); (T.L.); (N.F.); (H.P.); (T.P.); (U.K.); (J.I.); (B.L.); (S.H.); (A.K.); (M.R.); (M.W.); (R.Z.); (J.W.B.)
| | - Stefan Hainzl
- Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, EB House Austria, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.A.); (T.L.); (N.F.); (H.P.); (T.P.); (U.K.); (J.I.); (B.L.); (S.H.); (A.K.); (M.R.); (M.W.); (R.Z.); (J.W.B.)
| | - Alfred Klausegger
- Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, EB House Austria, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.A.); (T.L.); (N.F.); (H.P.); (T.P.); (U.K.); (J.I.); (B.L.); (S.H.); (A.K.); (M.R.); (M.W.); (R.Z.); (J.W.B.)
| | - Manuela Reisenberger
- Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, EB House Austria, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.A.); (T.L.); (N.F.); (H.P.); (T.P.); (U.K.); (J.I.); (B.L.); (S.H.); (A.K.); (M.R.); (M.W.); (R.Z.); (J.W.B.)
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jo Lambert
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (J.L.); (M.V.G.); (E.D.); (E.V.M.)
| | - Mireille Van Gele
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (J.L.); (M.V.G.); (E.D.); (E.V.M.)
| | - Eline Desmet
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (J.L.); (M.V.G.); (E.D.); (E.V.M.)
| | - Els Van Maelsaeke
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (J.L.); (M.V.G.); (E.D.); (E.V.M.)
| | - Monika Wimmer
- Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, EB House Austria, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.A.); (T.L.); (N.F.); (H.P.); (T.P.); (U.K.); (J.I.); (B.L.); (S.H.); (A.K.); (M.R.); (M.W.); (R.Z.); (J.W.B.)
| | - Roland Zauner
- Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, EB House Austria, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.A.); (T.L.); (N.F.); (H.P.); (T.P.); (U.K.); (J.I.); (B.L.); (S.H.); (A.K.); (M.R.); (M.W.); (R.Z.); (J.W.B.)
| | - Johann W. Bauer
- Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, EB House Austria, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.A.); (T.L.); (N.F.); (H.P.); (T.P.); (U.K.); (J.I.); (B.L.); (S.H.); (A.K.); (M.R.); (M.W.); (R.Z.); (J.W.B.)
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Verena Wally
- Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, EB House Austria, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.A.); (T.L.); (N.F.); (H.P.); (T.P.); (U.K.); (J.I.); (B.L.); (S.H.); (A.K.); (M.R.); (M.W.); (R.Z.); (J.W.B.)
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11
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Ablinger M, Felder TK, Wimmer M, Zauner R, Hofbauer P, Lettner T, Wolkersdorfer M, Lagler FB, Diem A, Bauer JW, Wally V. Basal pharmacokinetic parameters of topically applied diacerein in pediatric patients with generalized severe epidermolysis bullosa simplex. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2018; 13:193. [PMID: 30382914 PMCID: PMC6211505 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-018-0940-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Generalized severe epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS-gen sev) is caused by mutations within either the KRT5 or KRT14 gene, phenotypically resulting in blistering and wounding of the skin and mucous membranes after minor mechanical friction. In a clinical phase 2/3 trial, diacerein has recently been shown to significantly reduce blister numbers upon topical application. In this study we addressed basic pharmacokinetic parameters of locally applied diacerein in vitro and in vivo. Ex vivo experiments using a Franz diffusion cell confirmed the uptake and bio-transformation of diacerein to rhein in a porcine skin model. Rhein, the active metabolite of diacerein, was also detected in both urine and serum samples of two EBS-gen sev patients who topically applied a 1% diacerein ointment over a period of 4 weeks. The accumulated systemic levels of rhein in EBS-gen sev patients were lower than reported levels after oral application. These preliminary findings point towards the uptake and prolonged persistance of diacerein / rhein within the intended target organ - the skin. Further, they imply an acceptable safety profile at the systemic level. Trial registration DRKS. DRKS00005412. Registered 6 November 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ablinger
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas K Felder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Monika Wimmer
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Roland Zauner
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Hofbauer
- Landesapotheke Salzburg, Department of Production, Hospital Pharmacy, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Lettner
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Wolkersdorfer
- Landesapotheke Salzburg, Department of Production, Hospital Pharmacy, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Florian B Lagler
- Institute for Inborn Errors of Metabolism and Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anja Diem
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johann W Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Salzburg of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Verena Wally
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
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12
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Peking P, Breitenbach JS, Ablinger M, Muss WH, Poetschke FJ, Kocher T, Koller U, Hainzl S, Kitzmueller S, Bauer JW, Reichelt J, Lettner T, Wally V. An ex vivo RNA trans-splicing strategy to correct human generalized severe epidermolysis bullosa simplex. Br J Dermatol 2018; 180:141-148. [PMID: 30099737 PMCID: PMC6334280 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Generalized severe epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS‐gen sev) is a genetic blistering skin disease in which autosomal dominant mutations in either the keratin KRT5 or KRT14 genes lead to impaired function of the intermediate filament cytoskeleton in the basal epidermis. Here we present an ex vivo RNA trans‐splicing‐based therapeutic approach to correct the phenotype. Objectives To correct a mutation within exon 1 of the KRT14 gene, using a 5′‐trans‐splicing approach, where any mutation within the first seven exons could be replaced by a single therapeutic molecule. Methods A therapeutic RNA trans‐splicing molecule containing wild‐type exons 1–7 was stably transduced into an EBS patient‐derived keratinocyte line. Trans‐splicing was confirmed via reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy. Skin equivalents generated from corrected keratinocytes were grafted onto nude mice and analysed about 8 weeks post‐transplantation for regular epidermal stratification, trans‐splicing‐induced green fluorescent protein expression and blistering. Results Transplanted skin equivalents generated from trans‐splicing‐corrected patient keratinocytes showed a stable and blister‐free epidermis. KRT14 correction disrupted EBS‐gen sev‐associated proinflammatory signalling, as shown at the mRNA and protein levels. Disruption of the pathogenic feedback loop in addition to overall downregulation of KRT14 expression highlighted the effect of KRT14 correction on the EBS pathomechanism. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that trans‐splicing‐mediated mRNA therapy is an effective method for the correction of dominantly inherited KRT14 mutations at the transcriptional level. This results in the rescue of the EBS‐gen sev phenotype and stabilization of the epidermis in a xenograft mouse model. What's already known about this topic? RTM163, described in this study, was previously used in a transient in vitro transfection system, where the ability to correct KRT14 at the mRNA level was demonstrated.
What does this study add? In this study, we stably transduced RTM163 in a second patient‐derived keratinocyte line. Successful trans‐splicing was confirmed in this cell line. The expression of disease‐related marker genes, which are characteristically deregulated in epidermolysis bullosa simplex, were analysed. For the first time this study showed that RNA trans‐splicing molecule‐transduced patient keratinocytes can differentiate into a phenotypically normal and blister‐free epidermis in a xenograft mouse model.
What is the translational message? This study shows the feasibility of using spliceosome‐mediated RNA trans‐splicing to generate a stable and blister‐free epidermis in vivo. Combined with pre‐existing ex vivo gene therapeutic methods, this might be a valid option for future treatments of dominantly inherited genodermatoses.
Linked Comment: Bremer and van den Akker. Br J Dermatol 2019; 180:17–19.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Peking
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.,Cell Therapy Institute, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (Sci-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - J S Breitenbach
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - M Ablinger
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - W H Muss
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - F J Poetschke
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - T Kocher
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - U Koller
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - S Hainzl
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - S Kitzmueller
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - J W Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - J Reichelt
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - T Lettner
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - V Wally
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
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13
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Wally V, Hovnanian A, Ly J, Buckova H, Brunner V, Lettner T, Ablinger M, Felder TK, Hofbauer P, Wolkersdorfer M, Lagler FB, Hitzl W, Laimer M, Kitzmüller S, Diem A, Bauer JW. Diacerein orphan drug development for epidermolysis bullosa simplex: A phase 2/3 randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 2018; 78:892-901.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Kocher T, Peking P, Klausegger A, Murauer EM, Hofbauer JP, Wally V, Lettner T, Hainzl S, Ablinger M, Bauer JW, Reichelt J, Koller U. Cut and Paste: Efficient Homology-Directed Repair of a Dominant Negative KRT14 Mutation via CRISPR/Cas9 Nickases. Mol Ther 2017; 25:2585-2598. [PMID: 28888469 PMCID: PMC5675592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With the ability to induce rapid and efficient repair of disease-causing mutations, CRISPR/Cas9 technology is ideally suited for gene therapy approaches for recessively and dominantly inherited monogenic disorders. In this study, we have corrected a causal hotspot mutation in exon 6 of the keratin 14 gene (KRT14) that results in generalized severe epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS-gen sev), using a double-nicking strategy targeting intron 7, followed by homology-directed repair (HDR). Co-delivery into EBS keratinocytes of a Cas9 D10A nickase (Cas9n), a predicted single guide RNA pair specific for intron 7, and a minicircle donor vector harboring the homology donor template resulted in a recombination efficiency of >30% and correction of the mutant KRT14 allele. Phenotypic correction of EBS-gen sev keratinocytes was demonstrated by immunofluorescence analysis, revealing the absence of disease-associated K14 aggregates within the cytoplasm. We achieved a promising safety profile for the CRISPR/Cas9 double-nicking approach, with no detectable off-target activity for a set of predicted off-target genes as confirmed by next generation sequencing. In conclusion, we demonstrate a highly efficient and specific gene-editing approach for KRT14, offering a causal treatment option for EBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kocher
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Patricia Peking
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alfred Klausegger
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eva Maria Murauer
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Josefina Piñón Hofbauer
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Verena Wally
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Lettner
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Hainzl
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Ablinger
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johann Wolfgang Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Julia Reichelt
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ulrich Koller
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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15
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Ablinger M, Felder T, Wimmer M, Zauner R, Hofbauer P, Wolkersdorfer M, Lagler F, Diem A, Bauer J, Wally V. 031 Topically applied diacerein: Basic pharmacokinetics in generalized-severe epidermolysis bullosa simplex. J Invest Dermatol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.07.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Potocki H, Lettner T, Ablinger M, Wimmer M, Zauner R, Friedl N, Reichelt J, Bauer J, Wally V. 205 Altering the splice pattern of COL17A1 with antisense oligonucleotides. J Invest Dermatol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.07.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Machado Y, Duinkerken S, Hoepflinger V, Mayr M, Korotchenko E, Kurtaj A, Pablos I, Steiner M, Stoecklinger A, Lübbers J, Schmid M, Ritter U, Scheiblhofer S, Ablinger M, Wally V, Hochmann S, Raninger AM, Strunk D, van Kooyk Y, Thalhamer J, Weiss R. Synergistic effects of dendritic cell targeting and laser-microporation on enhancing epicutaneous skin vaccination efficacy. J Control Release 2017; 266:87-99. [PMID: 28919557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to its unique immunological properties, the skin is an attractive target tissue for allergen-specific immunotherapy. In our current work, we combined a dendritic cell targeting approach with epicutaneous immunization using an ablative fractional laser to generate defined micropores in the upper layers of the skin. By coupling the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 to mannan from S. cerevisiae via mild periodate oxidation we generated hypoallergenic Bet-mannan neoglycoconjugates, which efficiently targeted CD14+ dendritic cells and Langerhans cells in human skin explants. Mannan conjugation resulted in sustained release from the skin and retention in secondary lymphoid organs, whereas unconjugated antigen showed fast renal clearance. In a mouse model, Bet-mannan neoglycoconjugates applied via laser-microporated skin synergistically elicited potent humoral and cellular immune responses, superior to intradermal injection. The induced antibody responses displayed IgE-blocking capacity, highlighting the therapeutic potential of the approach. Moreover, application via micropores, but not by intradermal injection, resulted in a mixed TH1/TH17-biased immune response. Our data clearly show that applying mannan-neoglycoconjugates to an organ rich in dendritic cells using laser-microporation is superior to intradermal injection. Due to their low IgE binding capacity and biodegradability, mannan neoglycoconjugates therefore represent an attractive formulation for allergen-specific epicutaneous immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoan Machado
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sanne Duinkerken
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Melissa Mayr
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Almedina Kurtaj
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Isabel Pablos
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Markus Steiner
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Joyce Lübbers
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Uwe Ritter
- Department of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Michael Ablinger
- Division of Experimental Dermatology, EB House Austria, Department of Dermatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Verena Wally
- Division of Experimental Dermatology, EB House Austria, Department of Dermatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sarah Hochmann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Cell Therapy, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Austria
| | - Anna M Raninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Cell Therapy, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Austria
| | - Dirk Strunk
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Cell Therapy, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Austria
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Josef Thalhamer
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard Weiss
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
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18
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Kocher T, Asslaber D, Zaborsky N, Flenady S, Denk U, Reinthaler P, Ablinger M, Geisberger R, Bauer JW, Seiffert M, Hartmann TN, Greil R, Egle A, Piñón Hofbauer J. CD4+ T cells, but not non-classical monocytes, are dispensable for the development of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in the TCL1-tg murine model. Leukemia 2016; 30:1409-13. [PMID: 26522084 PMCID: PMC4895160 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Kocher
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- EB House Austria, Research Program for the Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - D Asslaber
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - N Zaborsky
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - S Flenady
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - U Denk
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - P Reinthaler
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - M Ablinger
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - R Geisberger
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - J W Bauer
- EB House Austria, Research Program for the Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - M Seiffert
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T N Hartmann
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - R Greil
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - A Egle
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - J Piñón Hofbauer
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- EB House Austria, Research Program for the Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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