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Mönnich D, Nagl M, Forster L, Rosier N, Igel P, Pockes S. Discovery of a Tritiated Radioligand with High Affinity and Selectivity for the Histamine H 3 Receptor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:1589-1595. [PMID: 37974943 PMCID: PMC10641923 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Radioligands used previously for histamine H3 receptor (H3R) are accompanied by a number of disadvantages. In this study, we report the synthesis of the new H3R radioligand [3H]UR-MN259 ([3H]11) with high (radio)chemical purity and stability. The radioligand exhibits sub-nanomolar affinity for the target receptor (pKi (H3R) = 9.56) and displays an outstanding selectivity profile within the histamine receptor family (>100,000-fold selective). [3H]UR-MN259 is ideally suitable for the characterization of H3R ligands in competition binding and shows one-site binding to the H3R in saturation binding experiments. The radiotracer shows fast association to the receptor (τassoc = 6.11 min), as well as full dissociation from the receptor (τdissoc = 14.48 min) in kinetic binding studies. The distinguished profile of [3H]UR-MN259 makes it a highly promising pharmacological tool to further investigate the role of the H3R in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Mönnich
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin Nagl
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Forster
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Rosier
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Igel
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Pockes
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
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2
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Lüthin S, Zollinger A, Basso W, Bisig M, Caspari N, Eng V, Frey CF, Grimm F, Igel P, Lüthi S, Regli W, Roelfstra L, Rosskopf M, Steiner B, Stöckli M, Waidyasekera D, Waldmeier P, Schnyder M, Torgerson PR, Hertzberg H. Strongyle faecal egg counts in Swiss horses: A retrospective analysis after the introduction of a selective treatment strategy. Vet Parasitol 2023; 323:110027. [PMID: 37837729 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
The standard parasite management of horses based on regular anthelmintic treatments, now practiced for decades has resulted in a worrying expansion of resistant helminth populations, which may considerably impair control on the farm level. The aim of the present study was to obtain a retrospective (year 2010 - 2016) nationwide analysis of faecal egg count (FEC) data from the Swiss adult horse population, related to horse age and geographic region. Thirteen labs provided a total of 16,387 FEC data of horses aged four to 39 years (average: 13.6 years). The annual number of performed FEC tests increased from 38 to 4,939 within the observation period. Independent of the annual sample size the yearly patterns of the FEC were very similar. Seventy-eight percent (n = 12,840) of the samples were negative and 90 % (n = 14,720) showed a FEC below 200 strongyle eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces. The annual mean strongyle FEC ranged between 60 and 88 EPG with a total mean of 75 EPG. Horses aged 4-7 years showed a significantly (p < 0.00001) higher mean FEC compared with the other age groups, differences were not significant among the older horses. Based on ZIP codes, samples were allocated by 70.0 %, 6.0 % and 0.2 % to the German-, French- and Italian-speaking regions of Switzerland, respectively. With 222 EPG the mean FEC in the French part of Switzerland was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in the German-speaking region (60 EPG). Eggs of Parascaris spp., anoplocephalids and Strongyloides westeri were found in 0.36 %, 0.32 % and 0.01 % of the samples, respectively. Based on 3,813 questionnaire feedbacks from owners in 2017 covering a total of 12,689 horses, sixty-eight percent (n = 8,476) were dewormed without diagnosis, two percent (n = 240) were not dewormed at all, whereas for 30 % (n = 3,721) the selective anthelmintic treatment (SAT) concept was applied. The SAT implementation rate differed significantly (p < 0.0005) between regions, with 33 %, 20 % and 25 % for the German-, French- and Italian-speaking areas, respectively. The rate of horses spending 16-24 h on pasture per day was significantly higher in the French-speaking region compared to the German-speaking part of Switzerland (p < 0.0001). In addition, pasture hygiene was practiced at a significantly lower rate in the French-speaking part compared to the German- and Italian-speaking regions (both p < 0.0001). Overall, the shift towards the SAT-concept represents a very promising development with respect to mitigating the further spread of anthelmintic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lüthin
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Zollinger
- Agroscope, Swiss National Stud Farm SNSF, Les Longs-Prés, 1580 Avenches, Switzerland
| | - W Basso
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - M Bisig
- Bisig Tierärzte AG, Wildbrunnstrasse 3, 8722 Kaltbrunn, Switzerland
| | - N Caspari
- IDEXX Diavet Labor AG, Schlyffistrasse 10, 8806 Bäch SZ, Switzerland
| | - V Eng
- Tierarztpraxis Arche, Sonnenrain 4, 6133 Hergiswil b. Willisau, Switzerland
| | - C F Frey
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - F Grimm
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P Igel
- Tierärztliche Gemeinschaftspraxis Zücken, Zückerain 5, 6017 Ruswil, Switzerland
| | - S Lüthi
- Tierarztpraxis Dr. med. vet. Sybil Lüthi, Attenreute 6, 9315 Neukirch (Egnach), Switzerland
| | - W Regli
- Labor Zentral, Stationsweg 3, 6232 Geuensee, Switzerland
| | - L Roelfstra
- Animal Diagnostic Sàrl, Avenue de Beauregard 28, 2036 Cormondrèche, Switzerland
| | - M Rosskopf
- IDEXX Diavet Labor AG, Schlyffistrasse 10, 8806 Bäch SZ, Switzerland
| | - B Steiner
- Zoetis Schweiz GmbH, Rue de la Jeunesse 2, 2800 Delémont, Switzerland
| | - M Stöckli
- Pferdeklinik Dalchenhof, Talchenweg 7, 4805 Brittnau, Switzerland
| | - D Waidyasekera
- Tierarztpraxis am Pfannenstil, Zelgmatt 69, 8132 Egg b. Zürich, Switzerland
| | - P Waldmeier
- Tierarztpraxis Waldmeier GmbH, Hauptstrasse 15, 5273 Oberhofen AG, Switzerland
| | - M Schnyder
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P R Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H Hertzberg
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Health Balance Tiergesundheit, Flawilerstrasse 35, 9244 Niederuzwil, Switzerland.
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Igel P, Fürst AE, Jackson MA. The prevalence of equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis and the role of interincisal angulation in disease severity in a representative cohort of horses in Switzerland. SCHWEIZ ARCH TIERH 2023; 165:564-572. [PMID: 37646096 DOI: doi.org/10.17236/sat00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH) is an increasingly diagnosed degenerative dental disease in aged horses. The primary aim of this retrospective study was to determine the prevalence of EOTRH in horses admitted to the Equine Hospital, University of Zurich, for dental procedures from 2004 to 2017. A secondary goal was to measure and compare interincisal angles on two-dimensional radiographs of horses with EOTRH to determine whether the interincisal angle is associated with age and severity of the disease. Radiographs were assessed for the presence of lysis and/or hypercementosis, and the number and position of the teeth affected were determined. Each tooth was also evaluated using the modified classification system introduced by Rehrl et al. (2018), in which stage 0 indicates no radiographic abnormalities and stage 3 denotes severe abnormalities. The overall stage was defined by the tooth with the most severe lesions. The interincisal angle was determined in horses that had suitable radiographs. The medical records of 838 horses admitted for dental procedures were evaluated, and 85 (10,1 %) had clinical evidence of EOTRH. The mean interincisal angle was 136,06 ° in horses with mild to moderate EOTRH and 135,10 ° (SD = 11,90 °) in severely affected patients. In conclusion, the angle measurements on lateral radiographs were highly reproducible. However, the interincisal angle was not associated with age or the severity of EOTRH. The interincisal angle and the disease pattern were not correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Igel
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich
| | - A E Fürst
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich
| | - M A Jackson
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich
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Geyer R, Igel P, Kaske M, Elz S, Buschauer A. Synthesis, SAR and selectivity of 2-acyl- and 2-cyano-1-hetarylalkyl-guanidines at the four histamine receptor subtypes: a bioisosteric approach. Med Chem Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00245d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pop N, Igel P, Brennauer A, Cabrele C, Bernhardt G, Seifert R, Buschauer A. Functional reconstitution of human neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y2and Y4receptors in Sf9 insect cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2011; 31:271-85. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2011.583253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Schnell D, Brunskole I, Ladova K, Schneider EH, Igel P, Dove S, Buschauer A, Seifert R. Expression and functional properties of canine, rat, and murine histamine H₄ receptors in Sf9 insect cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2011; 383:457-70. [PMID: 21359967 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-011-0612-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The histamine H₄ receptor (H₄R) is expressed on cells of the immune system including eosinophils, dendritic cells, and T cells and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, and pruritus. Analysis of the H₄R in these diseases depends on the use of animal models. However, there are substantial pharmacological differences between various H₄R species orthologs. The purpose of this study was to analyze the pharmacological properties of canine, rat, and murine H₄R in comparison to human H₄R expressed in Sf9 insect cells. Only hH₄R and cH₄R exhibited a sufficiently high [³H]histamine affinity for radioligand binding studies. Generally, cH₄R exhibited lower ligand-affinities than hH₄R. Similarly, in high-affinity GTPase studies, ligands were more potent at hH₄R than at other H₄R species orthologs. Unlike the other H₄R species orthologs, hH₄R exhibited high agonist-independent (constitutive) activity. Most strikingly, the prototypical H₄R antagonist (1-[(5-chloro-1H-indol-2-yl)carbonyl]-4-methylpiperazine) (JNJ7777120) exhibited partial agonistic activity at cH₄R, rH₄R, and mH₄R, whereas at hH₄R, JNJ7777120 was a partial inverse agonist. H₄R agonists from the class of N ( G )-acylated imidazolylpropylguanidines and cyanoguanidines exhibited substantial differences in terms of affinity, potency, and efficacy among H₄R species orthologs, too. The species-dependent pharmacological profiles are not due to the highly variable amino acid sequence position 341. Finally, H₄R species orthologs differ from each other in terms of regulation by NaCl. Collectively, there are profound pharmacological differences between H₄R species orthologs. Most importantly, caution must be exerted when interpreting pharmacological effects of "the prototypical H₄R antagonist" JNJ7777120 as H₄R antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schnell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Abstract
Since its discovery 10 years ago the histamine H(4) receptor (H(4)R) has attracted attention as a potential drug target, for instance, for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic diseases. Potent and selective ligands including agonists are required as pharmacological tools to study the role of the H(4)R in vitro and in vivo. Many H(4)R agonists, which were identified among already known histamine receptor ligands, show only low or insufficient H(4)R selectivity. In addition, the investigation of numerous H(4)R agonists in animal models is hampered by species-dependent discrepancies regarding potencies and histamine receptor selectivities of the available compounds, especially when comparing human and rodent receptors. This article gives an overview about structures, potencies, and selectivities of various compounds showing H(4)R agonistic activity and summarizes the structure-activity relationships of selected compound classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Igel
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Kleinmaier R, Keller M, Igel P, Buschauer A, Gschwind RM. Conformations, Conformational Preferences, and Conformational Exchange of N′-Substituted N-Acylguanidines: Intermolecular Interactions Hold the Key. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:11223-33. [DOI: 10.1021/ja103756y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Kleinmaier
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Max Keller
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Igel
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Armin Buschauer
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ruth M. Gschwind
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Igel P, Geyer R, Strasser A, Dove S, Seifert R, Buschauer A. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of cyanoguanidine-type and structurally related histamine H4 receptor agonists. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6297-313. [PMID: 19791743 DOI: 10.1021/jm900526h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we identified high-affinity human histamine H3 (hH3R) and H4 receptor (hH4R) ligands among a series of NG-acylated imidazolylpropylguanidines, which were originally designed as histamine H2 receptor (H2R) agonists. Aiming at selectivity for hH4R, the acylguanidine group was replaced with related moieties. Within a series of cyanoguanidines, 2-cyano-1-[4-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)butyl]-3-[(2-phenylthio)ethyl]guanidine (UR-PI376, 67) was identified as the most potent hH4R agonist (pEC50 = 7.47, alpha = 0.93) showing negligible hH1R and hH2R activities and significant selectivity over the hH3R (pKB = 6.00, alpha = -0.28), as determined in steady-state GTPase assays using membrane preparations of hH(x)R-expressing Sf9 cells. In contrast to previously described selective H4R agonists, this compound and other 3-substituted derivatives are devoid of agonistic activity at the other HR subtypes. Modeling of the binding mode of 67 suggests that the cyanoguanidine moiety forms charge-assisted hydrogen bonds not only with the conserved Asp-94 but also with the hH4R-specific Arg-341 residue. 2-Carbamoyl-1-[2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethyl]-3-(3-phenylpropyl)guanidine (UR-PI97, 88) was unexpectedly identified as a highly potent and selective hH3R inverse agonist (pKB = 8.42, >300-fold selectivity over the other HR subtypes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Igel
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitatsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Igel P, Schneider E, Schnell D, Elz S, Seifert R, Buschauer A. NG-Acylated Imidazolylpropylguanidines as Potent Histamine H4 Receptor Agonists: Selectivity by Variation of the NG-Substituent. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2623-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jm9000693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Igel
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany, and Institute of Pharmacology, Medical School of Hannover, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Erich Schneider
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany, and Institute of Pharmacology, Medical School of Hannover, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - David Schnell
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany, and Institute of Pharmacology, Medical School of Hannover, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sigurd Elz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany, and Institute of Pharmacology, Medical School of Hannover, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Roland Seifert
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany, and Institute of Pharmacology, Medical School of Hannover, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Armin Buschauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany, and Institute of Pharmacology, Medical School of Hannover, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
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Igel P, Schnell D, Bernhardt G, Seifert R, Buschauer A, Kraus A, Ghorai P, Birnkammer T, Elz S, Dove S. Inside Cover: Tritium-Labeled N1-[3-(1 H-imidazol-4-yl)propyl]- N2-propionylguanidine ([ 3H]UR-PI294), a High-Affinity Histamine H 3and H 4Receptor Radioligand / N G-Acylated Aminothiazolylpropylguanidines as Potent and Selective Histamine H 2Receptor Agonists (ChemMedChem 2/2009). ChemMedChem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200990005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Igel P, Schnell D, Bernhardt G, Seifert R, Buschauer A. Tritium-LabeledN1-[3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propyl]-N2-propionylguanidine ([3H]UR-PI294), a High-Affinity Histamine H3and H4Receptor Radioligand. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:225-31. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ghorai P, Kraus A, Keller M, Götte C, Igel P, Schneider E, Schnell D, Bernhardt G, Dove S, Zabel M, Elz S, Seifert R, Buschauer A. Acylguanidines as Bioisosteres of Guanidines: NG-Acylated Imidazolylpropylguanidines, a New Class of Histamine H2 Receptor Agonists. J Med Chem 2008; 51:7193-204. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800841w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prasanta Ghorai
- Departments of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Chemical Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anja Kraus
- Departments of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Chemical Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Max Keller
- Departments of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Chemical Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Götte
- Departments of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Chemical Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Igel
- Departments of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Chemical Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Erich Schneider
- Departments of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Chemical Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - David Schnell
- Departments of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Chemical Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Günther Bernhardt
- Departments of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Chemical Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Dove
- Departments of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Chemical Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Zabel
- Departments of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Chemical Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sigurd Elz
- Departments of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Chemical Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Roland Seifert
- Departments of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Chemical Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Armin Buschauer
- Departments of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Chemical Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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