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Carvajal M, Saenz C, Fuentes N, Guevara R, Muñoz E, Prado-Vivar B, Diaz E, Alfonso-Cortes F, Coloma J, Grunauer M, Rojas-Silva P, Cardenas PA, Barragan V. SARS-CoV-2 infection in brown-headed spider monkeys ( Ateles fusciceps) at a wildlife rescue center on the coast of Ecuador-South America. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0274123. [PMID: 38364080 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02741-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Human populations can be affected in unpredictable ways by the emergence and spread of zoonotic diseases. The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease of 2019) pandemic was a reminder of how devastating these events can be if left unchecked. However, once they have spread globally, the impact of these diseases when entering non-exposed wildlife populations is unknown. The current study reports the infection of brown-headed spider monkeys (Ateles fusciceps) at a wildlife rescue center in Ecuador. Four monkeys were hospitalized, and all tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) by RT-qPCR (Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR). Fecal samples (n = 12) from monkeys at the rescue center also tested positive; three zookeepers responsible for feeding and deworming the monkeys also tested positive, suggesting human-animal transmission. Whole genome sequencing identified most samples' omicron clade 22B BA.5 lineage. These findings highlight the threat posed by an emerging zoonotic disease in wildlife species and the importance of preventing spillover and spillback events during epidemic or pandemic events.IMPORTANCEAlthough COVID-19 (coronavirus disease of 2019) has been primarily contained in humans through widespread vaccination, the impact and incidence of SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) and its transmission and epidemiology in wildlife may need to be addressed. In some natural environments, the proximity of animals to humans is difficult to control, creating perfect scenarios where susceptible wildlife can acquire the virus from humans. In these places, it is essential to understand how transmission can occur and to develop protocols to prevent infection. This study reports the infection of brown-headed spider monkeys with SARS-CoV-2, a red-listed monkey species, at a wildlife recovery center in Ecuador. This study reports the infection of brown-headed spider monkeys with SARS-CoV-2, indicating the potential for transmission between humans and wildlife primates and the importance of preventing such events in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateo Carvajal
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Instituto de Microbiología, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Carolina Saenz
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Hospital de Fauna Silvestre TUERI-USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Rommel Guevara
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Instituto de Microbiología, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Erika Muñoz
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Instituto de Microbiología, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Belen Prado-Vivar
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Instituto de Microbiología, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Eduardo Diaz
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | | | - Michelle Grunauer
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Paul A Cardenas
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Instituto de Microbiología, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Veronica Barragan
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Instituto de Microbiología, Quito, Ecuador
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Cardenas PA, Cox MJ, Willis-Owen SA, Moffatt MF, Cookson WO, Cooper PJ. Delayed acquisition of airway commensals in antibiotic naïve children and its relationship with wheezing in rural Ecuador. Front Allergy 2023; 4:1214951. [PMID: 37637137 PMCID: PMC10449644 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1214951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The hygiene hypothesis identified a relationship between living in rural areas and acquiring protective environmental factors against the development of asthma and atopy. In our previous study, we found a correlation between particular bacterial species and early-onset wheezing in infants from the rural tropics of Ecuador who were corticosteroid-naïve and had limited antibiotic exposure. We now describe a longitudinal study of infants conducted to determine the age-related changes of the microbiome and its relationship with wheezing. Methods We performed an amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene from the oropharyngeal samples obtained from 110 infants who had a history of recurrent episodic wheezing sampled at different ages (7, 12, and 24 months) and compared it to the sequencing of the oropharyngeal samples from 150 healthy infants sampled at the same time points. Bioinformatic analyses were conducted using QIIME and R. Results As expected, the microbiota diversity consistently increased as the infants grew older. Considering age-based microbiota changes, we found that infants with wheeze had significantly lower species richness than the healthy infants at 7 months, but not at 12 or 24 months. Most of the core and accessory organisms increased in abundance and prevalence with age, except for a few which decreased. At 7 months of age, infants with wheeze had notably higher levels of a single Streptococcus operational taxonomic unit and core microbiota member than controls. Conclusions In a cohort with limited antibiotic and corticosteroid use, a progressively more complex and diverse respiratory microbial community develops with age. The respiratory microbiota in early life is altered in infants with wheeze, but this does not hold true in older infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Cardenas
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Instituto de Microbiología, COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Michael J. Cox
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Miriam F. Moffatt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William O. Cookson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Cooper
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
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Prado-Vivar MB, Ortiz L, Reyes J, Villacis E, Fornasini M, Baldeon ME, Cardenas PA. Molecular typing of a large nosocomial outbreak of KPC-producing bacteria in the biggest tertiary-care hospital of Quito, Ecuador. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 19:328-332. [PMID: 31116967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen associated with nosocomial infections worldwide. Isolates with a K. pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing phenotype show reduced susceptibility to first-choice antibiotics. Between 2012-2013, the largest public tertiary-care hospital in Quito (Ecuador) reported an outbreak of KPC-producing bacteria with more than 800 cases. We developed a molecular epidemiological approach to analyse the clonality of K. pneumoniae isolates recovered from selected hospital services and patient samples. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed based on microbial isolates and their corresponding records from the hospital and referred to Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública (INSPI). From 800 isolates that were collected between 2012-2013, a total of 100 isolates were randomly selected for this study. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Genotypic detection and phylogenetic relationship analysis were performed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The blaKPC carbapenemase gene was also amplified by PCR and was sequenced using Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Molecular analysis showed that the outbreak had a polyclonal origin with two predominant genotypes, comprising sequence types ST25 and ST258, present in 38 and 36 cases, respectively. These genotypes were found in all studied hospital services including general surgery, intensive care unit and emergency. TheblaKPC-5 gene was the most prevalent blaKPC variant in this study. CONCLUSION These data indicate that KPC-producing polyclonal K. pneumoniae are frequent causes of nosocomial hospital outbreaks in South America. Similar genotypes have been reported in Colombia, Argentina, Brazil, North America and Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Belen Prado-Vivar
- Instituto de Microbiología, COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Vía Interoceánica, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador; Centro de Investigación Traslacional (CIT), Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Lizeth Ortiz
- Centro de Investigación Traslacional (CIT), Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Jorge Reyes
- Instituto de Microbiología, COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Vía Interoceánica, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador; Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública (INSPI), Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Eduardo Villacis
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública (INSPI), Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Marco Fornasini
- Centro de Investigación Traslacional (CIT), Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador; Center for Biomedical Research (CENBIO), Eugenio Espejo College of Health Science, Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Manuel E Baldeon
- Centro de Investigación Traslacional (CIT), Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador; Center for Biomedical Research (CENBIO), Eugenio Espejo College of Health Science, Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Paul A Cardenas
- Instituto de Microbiología, COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Vía Interoceánica, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador; Centro de Investigación Traslacional (CIT), Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador.
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Muñoz EB, Santander S, Rojas-Silva P, Cardenas PA, Fornasini M, Cifuentes SC, Salvador D, Baldeón ME. Diagnostic Efficacy of Molecular Techniques for Detection and Identification of Leishmania Species in Human Whole Blood and Skin Samples from Ecuador. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:803-805. [PMID: 27481055 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microscopic examination is the standard method for diagnosis of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis despite its low sensitivity. This study compared the diagnosis efficacy of microscopic examination versus polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods and DNA sequencing using whole blood and skin lesion samples from patients with suspected leishmaniasis. The presence of Leishmania was determined by microscopy and amplification of 18S ribosomal RNA gene from blood and skin samples of 22 patients. Twenty individuals were positive for leishmaniasis. Microscopic analysis identified 85%, whereas PCR identified 100% of positive cases from skin and 90% from blood. Cytochrome b gene (cyt-b) amplification and sequencing identified Leishmania guyanensis, Leishmania shawi, and Leishmania naiffi from skin and blood samples. This study demonstrated the usefulness of whole blood and molecular techniques for the diagnosis and species identification of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika B Muñoz
- Centro de Investigación Traslacional, Universidad de Las Américas (CIT-UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Stephanie Santander
- Centro de Investigación Traslacional, Universidad de Las Américas (CIT-UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Patricio Rojas-Silva
- Centro de Investigación Traslacional, Universidad de Las Américas (CIT-UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Paul A Cardenas
- Centro de Investigación Traslacional, Universidad de Las Américas (CIT-UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Marco Fornasini
- Centro de Investigación Traslacional, Universidad de Las Américas (CIT-UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sara C Cifuentes
- Centro de Investigación Traslacional, Universidad de Las Américas (CIT-UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Manuel E Baldeón
- Centro de Investigación Traslacional, Universidad de Las Américas (CIT-UDLA), Quito, Ecuador.
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Abadie V, Abraham C, Adams DH, Agace WW, Alexander-Brett J, Alkhairy O, Ambite I, Anderson DJ, Artis D, Atmar RL, Aymeric L, Bachert C, Bakema JE, Baker K, Beagley KW, Befus A, Bemark M, Berin MC, Berings M, Berzofsky JA, Bilej M, Biswas N, Blumberg RS, Bienenstock J, Bogdanos D, Boirivant M, Boonnak K, Bracke KR, Brandtzaeg P, Braun J, Bringer MA, Broadbent AJ, Bronson R, Brusselle GG, Bulmer JN, Butler J, Cardenas PA, Cebra JJ, Cella M, Cerutti A, Challacombe SJ, Chattha K, Cheroutre H, Chiba T, Chorny A, Clements JD, Colonna M, Cookson WO, Corbeil LB, Corthésy B, Cripps AW, van Crombruggen K, Pires da Cunha A, Cunningham-Rundles S, Curtiss R, Darfeuille-Michaud A, de Jonge WJ, Deban L, Denning TL, Di Santo JP, Diefenbach A, DiRita VJ, Downey J, Du MQ, Edelblum KL, van Egmond M, Epple HJ, Fagarasan S, Fahey JV, Ferris MJ, Fichtner-Feigl S, Fidel PL, Flach M, Flavell R, Fleit HB, Franchini G, Freytag LC, Fuchs A, Fujihashi K, Fuss IJ, Gagliani N, Garcia MR, Garrett WS, Gershwin ME, Gevaert P, Gleeson M, Godaly G, Goldblum RM, Gour N, Gursel M, Hajishengallis G, Hammad H, Hammarström L, Hänninen A, Hanson LÅ, Hayday A, Herzog R, Hodgins DC, Holgate ST, Holmgren J, Holtzman MJ, Hook EW, Huber S, Hurwitz JL, Ivanyi J, Iwasaki A, Jabri B, Jackson S, Jacobs J, Jalkanen S, Janoff EN, Jerse AE, Jeyanathan M, Julian BA, Kacskovics I, Kaetzel CS, Kaushic C, Kelsall BL, Kessans S, Kesselring R, Kilian M, Kiyono H, Klinman DM, Korotkova M, Kronenberg M, Krysko O, Kurono Y, Kverka M, Lambrecht BN, Lamm ME, Lantz O, Lash GE, Lavelle E, Lefrancois L, Leung PS, Levine MM, Lim DJ, Lippolis J, Louis NA, Luster AD, Lutay N, Lycke N, Macpherson AJ, Mantis NJ, Marcotte H, Martin DH, Mason HS, Massa HM, Matoba N, Mayer L, Maynard CL, McElrath MJ, McEntee C, McGhee JR, McGuckin MA, Mestecky J, Mikhak Z, Miller RD, Moldoveanu Z, Montgomery PC, Mor T, Neurath MF, Neyt K, Nicholson LK, Novak J, Nowicki S, O’Hagan D, O’Sullivan NL, Ogra P, Orihuela C, Ouellette AJ, Owen RL, Pabst O, Parkos CA, Parreño V, Patel MV, Perez-Novo C, Perkins DJ, Prussin C, Pudney J, Raghavan S, Rainard P, Ramani S, Randall TD, Raska M, Renukaradhya GJ, Rescigno M, Rosenthal KL, Rothenberg ME, Ruemmele FM, Russell MW, Saif LJ, Salinas I, Salmi M, Salmon H, Sampson HA, Sansonetti P, Schneider T, Serafini N, Sharma D, Shen Z, Shi HN, Shirlaw PJ, Shivhare SB, Smith PD, Smith PM, Smith DJ, Smythies LE, Spencer J, Strober W, Subbarao K, Svanborg C, Svennerholm AM, Taubman MA, Telemo E, Thornhill MH, Thornton DJ, Thuenemann E, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H, Tristram D, Trivedi P, Tuomanen E, Turanek J, Turner JR, Underdown BJ, van Helden MJ, Veazey RS, Verdu EF, Vlasova A, Vliagoftis H, Vogel SN, Walker WA, Wang X, Watanabe T, Weaver CT, Weiner HL, Wells JM, Wen T, Whittum-Hudson J, Whitsett JA, Williams IR, Wills-Karp M, Wira CR, Woof JM, Wotherspoon AC, Xing Z, Xu H, Zaph C, Zeissig S, Zeitz M. Contributors. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.01002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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