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Cuthbertson L, Löber U, Ish-Horowicz JS, McBrien CN, Churchward C, Parker JC, Olanipekun MT, Burke C, McGowan A, Davies GA, Lewis KE, Hopkin JM, Chung KF, O'Carroll O, Faul J, Creaser-Thomas J, Andrews M, Ghosal R, Piatek S, Willis-Owen SAG, Bartolomaeus TUP, Birkner T, Dwyer S, Kumar N, Turek EM, William Musk A, Hui J, Hunter M, James A, Dumas ME, Filippi S, Cox MJ, Lawley TD, Forslund SK, Moffatt MF, Cookson WOC. Genomic attributes of airway commensal bacteria and mucosa. Commun Biol 2024; 7:171. [PMID: 38347162 PMCID: PMC10861553 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05840-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities at the airway mucosal barrier are conserved and highly ordered, in likelihood reflecting co-evolution with human host factors. Freed of selection to digest nutrients, the airway microbiome underpins cognate management of mucosal immunity and pathogen resistance. We show here the initial results of systematic culture and whole-genome sequencing of the thoracic airway bacteria, identifying 52 novel species amongst 126 organisms that constitute 75% of commensals typically present in heathy individuals. Clinically relevant genes encode antimicrobial synthesis, adhesion and biofilm formation, immune modulation, iron utilisation, nitrous oxide (NO) metabolism and sphingolipid signalling. Using whole-genome content we identify dysbiotic features that may influence asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We match isolate gene content to transcripts and metabolites expressed late in airway epithelial differentiation, identifying pathways to sustain host interactions with microbiota. Our results provide a systematic basis for decrypting interactions between commensals, pathogens, and mucosa in lung diseases of global significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Cuthbertson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ulrike Löber
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Cooperation of Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, 10785, Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan S Ish-Horowicz
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Claire N McBrien
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Colin Churchward
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jeremy C Parker
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Conor Burke
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Connolly Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aisling McGowan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Connolly Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gwyneth A Davies
- Population Data Science and Health Data Research UK BREATHE Hub, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Keir E Lewis
- College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Respiratory Medicine, Hywel Dda University Health Board, Llanelli, UK
| | - Julian M Hopkin
- College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Orla O'Carroll
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Connolly Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Faul
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Connolly Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joy Creaser-Thomas
- College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Mark Andrews
- Respiratory Medicine, Hywel Dda University Health Board, Llanelli, UK
| | - Robin Ghosal
- Respiratory Medicine, Hywel Dda University Health Board, Llanelli, UK
| | - Stefan Piatek
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Theda U P Bartolomaeus
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Cooperation of Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, 10785, Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Till Birkner
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Cooperation of Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Dwyer
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nitin Kumar
- Host-Microbiota Interactions Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Elena M Turek
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A William Musk
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jennie Hui
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Michael Hunter
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alan James
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Marc-Emmanuel Dumas
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- U1283 INSERM / UMR8199 CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, University of Lille, Lille, France
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarah Filippi
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael J Cox
- University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, 150183, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, Birmingham, UK
| | - Trevor D Lawley
- Host-Microbiota Interactions Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Sofia K Forslund
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), 13125, Berlin, Germany.
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Cooperation of Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, 10785, Berlin, Germany.
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Miriam F Moffatt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Njovu IK, Nalumaga PP, Ampaire L, Nuwagira E, Mwesigye J, Musinguzi B, Kassaza K, Taseera K, Kiguli Mukasa J, Bazira J, Iramiot JS, Baguma A, Bongomin F, Kwizera R, Achan B, Cox MJ, King JS, May R, Ballou ER, Itabangi H. Investigating Metabolic and Molecular Ecological Evolution of Opportunistic Pulmonary Fungal Coinfections: Protocol for a Laboratory-Based Cross-Sectional Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2023; 12:e48014. [PMID: 37581914 PMCID: PMC10466149 DOI: 10.2196/48014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungal-bacterial cocolonization and coinfections pose an emerging challenge among patients suspected of having pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB); however, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms and microbiome interactions are poorly understood. Understanding how environmental microbes, such as fungi and bacteria, coevolve and develop traits to evade host immune responses and resist treatment is critical to controlling opportunistic pulmonary fungal coinfections. In this project, we propose to study the coexistence of fungal and bacterial microbial communities during chronic pulmonary diseases, with a keen interest in underpinning fungal etiological evolution and the predominating interactions that may exist between fungi and bacteria. OBJECTIVE This is a protocol for a study aimed at investigating the metabolic and molecular ecological evolution of opportunistic pulmonary fungal coinfections through determining and characterizing the burden, etiological profiles, microbial communities, and interactions established between fungi and bacteria as implicated among patients with presumptive PTB. METHODS This will be a laboratory-based cross-sectional study, with a sample size of 406 participants. From each participant, 2 sputa samples (one on-spot and one early morning) will be collected. These samples will then be analyzed for both fungal and bacterial etiology using conventional metabolic and molecular (intergenic transcribed spacer and 16S ribosomal DNA-based polymerase chain reaction) approaches. We will also attempt to design a genome-scale metabolic model for pulmonary microbial communities to analyze the composition of the entire microbiome (ie, fungi and bacteria) and investigate host-microbial interactions under different patient conditions. This analysis will be based on the interplays of genes (identified by metagenomics) and inferred from amplicon data and metabolites (identified by metabolomics) by analyzing the full data set and using specific computational tools. We will also collect baseline data, including demographic and clinical history, using a patient-reported questionnaire. Altogether, this approach will contribute to a diagnostic-based observational study. The primary outcome will be the overall fungal and bacterial diagnostic profile of the study participants. Other diagnostic factors associated with the etiological profile, such as incidence and prevalence, will also be analyzed using univariate and multivariate schemes. Odds ratios with 95% CIs will be presented with a statistical significance set at P<.05. RESULTS The study has been approved by the Mbarara University Research Ethic Committee (MUREC1/7-07/09/20) and the Uganda National Council of Science and Technology (HS1233ES). Following careful scrutiny, the protocol was designed to enable patient enrollment, which began in March 2022 at Mbarara University Teaching Hospital. Data collection is ongoing and is expected to be completed by August 2023, and manuscripts will be submitted for publication thereafter. CONCLUSIONS Through this protocol, we will explore the metabolic and molecular ecological evolution of opportunistic pulmonary fungal coinfections among patients with presumptive PTB. Establishing key fungal-bacterial cross-kingdom synergistic relationships is crucial for instituting fungal bacterial coinfecting etiology. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN Registry ISRCTN33572982; https://tinyurl.com/caa2nw69. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/48014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Kiiza Njovu
- Medical Mycology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Pauline Petra Nalumaga
- Medical Mycology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Lucas Ampaire
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Edwin Nuwagira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - James Mwesigye
- Medical Mycology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Benson Musinguzi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Muni University, Arua, Uganda
| | - Kennedy Kassaza
- Medical Mycology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Kabanda Taseera
- Medical Mycology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - James Kiguli Mukasa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Health Sciences, Soroti University, Soroti, Uganda
| | - Joel Bazira
- Medical Mycology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Jacob Stanley Iramiot
- Mycology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Busitema University, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Andrew Baguma
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kabale University, Kabale, Uganda
| | - Felix Bongomin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Richard Kwizera
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Beatrice Achan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Michael J Cox
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jason S King
- School of Biosciences, Sheffield University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Robin May
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth R Ballou
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Herbert Itabangi
- Medical Mycology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
- Mycology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Busitema University, Mbale, Uganda
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Cardenas PA, Cox MJ, Willis-Owen SA, Moffatt MF, Cookson WO, Cooper PJ. Delayed acquisition of airway commensals in antibiotic naïve children and its relationship with wheezing in rural Ecuador. Front Allergy 2023; 4:1214951. [PMID: 37637137 PMCID: PMC10449644 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1214951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The hygiene hypothesis identified a relationship between living in rural areas and acquiring protective environmental factors against the development of asthma and atopy. In our previous study, we found a correlation between particular bacterial species and early-onset wheezing in infants from the rural tropics of Ecuador who were corticosteroid-naïve and had limited antibiotic exposure. We now describe a longitudinal study of infants conducted to determine the age-related changes of the microbiome and its relationship with wheezing. Methods We performed an amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene from the oropharyngeal samples obtained from 110 infants who had a history of recurrent episodic wheezing sampled at different ages (7, 12, and 24 months) and compared it to the sequencing of the oropharyngeal samples from 150 healthy infants sampled at the same time points. Bioinformatic analyses were conducted using QIIME and R. Results As expected, the microbiota diversity consistently increased as the infants grew older. Considering age-based microbiota changes, we found that infants with wheeze had significantly lower species richness than the healthy infants at 7 months, but not at 12 or 24 months. Most of the core and accessory organisms increased in abundance and prevalence with age, except for a few which decreased. At 7 months of age, infants with wheeze had notably higher levels of a single Streptococcus operational taxonomic unit and core microbiota member than controls. Conclusions In a cohort with limited antibiotic and corticosteroid use, a progressively more complex and diverse respiratory microbial community develops with age. The respiratory microbiota in early life is altered in infants with wheeze, but this does not hold true in older infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Cardenas
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Instituto de Microbiología, COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Michael J. Cox
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Miriam F. Moffatt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William O. Cookson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Cooper
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
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Cox MJ, Smith AJR, Brierley AS, Potts JM, Wotherspoon S, Terauds A. Scientific echosounder data provide a predator's view of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba). Sci Data 2023; 10:284. [PMID: 37193719 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02187-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Raw acoustic data were collected in East Antarctica from the RSV Aurora Australis during two surveys: the Krill Availability, Community Trophodynamics and AMISOR Surveys (KACTAS) and the Krill Acoustics and Oceanography Survey (KAOS) in the East Antarctic (centre coordinate 66.5° S, 63° E). The KACTAS survey was conducted between 14th to 21st January and 2001, and the KAOS survey was conducted between 16 January and 1 February 2003. We examine the Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) component of these surveys and provide scientific echosounder (EK500 and EK60) data collected at 38, 120 and 200 kHz, cold water (-1 °C) echosounder calibration parameters and accompanying krill length frequency distributions obtained from trawl data. We processed the acoustic data to apply calibration values and remove noise. The processed data were used to isolate echoes arising from swarms of krill and to estimate metrics for each krill swarm, including internal density and individual swarm biomass. The krill swarm data provide insights to a predators' views of krill distribution and density.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Cox
- Southern Ocean Ecosystem Program, Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia.
- Integrated Digital East Antarctica Program (IDEA), Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - A J R Smith
- Australian Antarctic Program Partnership, Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, nipaluna / Hobart, TAS 7004, Australia
| | - A S Brierley
- Pelagic Ecology Research Group, School of Biology, Scottish Oceans Institute, Gatty Marine Laboratory, University of St Andrews, East Sands, St Andrews, Fife, St Andrews, KY16 8LB, Scotland, UK
| | - J M Potts
- Secretariat of the Pacific Community, CPS - B.P. D5, 98848, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - S Wotherspoon
- Southern Ocean Ecosystem Program, Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - A Terauds
- Integrated Digital East Antarctica Program (IDEA), Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
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Chotirmall SH, Bogaert D, Chalmers JD, Cox MJ, Hansbro PM, Huang YJ, Molyneaux PL, O’Dwyer DN, Pragman AA, Rogers GB, Segal LN, Dickson RP. Therapeutic Targeting of the Respiratory Microbiome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 206:535-544. [PMID: 35549655 PMCID: PMC9716896 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202112-2704pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay H. Chotirmall
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Debby Bogaert
- Center for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - James D. Chalmers
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Cox
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yvonne J. Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Philip L. Molyneaux
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David N. O’Dwyer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Alexa A. Pragman
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Geraint B. Rogers
- Microbiome and Host Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Infection and Immunity, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Leopoldo N. Segal
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York; and
| | - Robert P. Dickson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Weil Institute for Critical Care Research and Innovation, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Ahmed B, Cox MJ, Cuthbertson L, James P, Gardner L, Cookson W, Davies J, Moffatt M, Bush A. Comparison of the airway microbiota in children with chronic suppurative lung disease. BMJ Open Respir Res 2021; 8:8/1/e001106. [PMID: 34949574 PMCID: PMC8705203 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2021-001106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The airway microbiota is important in chronic suppurative lung diseases, such as primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) and cystic fibrosis (CF). This comparison has not previously been described but is important because difference between the two diseases may relate to the differing prognoses and lead to pathological insights and potentially, new treatments. OBJECTIVES To compare the longitudinal development of the airway microbiota in children with PCD to that of CF and relate this to age and clinical status. METHODS Sixty-two age-matched children (age range 0.5-17 years) with PCD or CF (n=31 in each group) were recruited prospectively and followed for 1.1 years. Throat swabs or sputum as well as clinical information were collected at routine clinical appointments. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The microbiota was highly individual and more diverse in PCD and differed in community composition when compared with CF. While Streptococcus was the most abundant genus in both conditions, Pseudomonas was more abundant in CF with Haemophilus more abundant in PCD (Padj=0.0005). In PCD only, an inverse relationship was seen in the relative abundance of Streptococcus and Haemophilus with age. CONCLUSIONS Bacterial community composition differs between children with PCD and those with CF. Pseudomonas is more prevalent in CF and Haemophilus in PCD, at least until infection with Pseudomonas supervenes. Interactions between organisms, particularly members of Haemophilus, Streptococcus and Pseudomonas genera appear important. Study of the interactions between these organisms may lead to new therapies or risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Ahmed
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK .,Department of Respiratory Paediatrics, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Michael J Cox
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Phillip James
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Laura Gardner
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Respiratory Paediatrics, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Jane Davies
- Department of Respiratory Paediatrics, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.,Gene Therapy, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Andrew Bush
- Department of Respiratory Paediatrics, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
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Turek EM, Cox MJ, Hunter M, Hui J, James P, Willis-Owen SAG, Cuthbertson L, James A, Musk AW, Moffatt MF, Cookson WOCM. Airway microbial communities, smoking and asthma in a general population sample. EBioMedicine 2021; 71:103538. [PMID: 34425308 PMCID: PMC8387768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normal airway microbial communities play a central role in respiratory health but are poorly characterized. Cigarette smoking is the dominant global environmental influence on lung function, and asthma has become the most prevalent chronic respiratory disease worldwide. Both conditions have major microbial components that are incompletely defined. METHODS We investigated airway bacterial communities in a general population sample of 529 Australian adults. Posterior oropharyngeal swabs were analyzed by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The microbiota were characterized according to their prevalence, abundance and network memberships. FINDINGS The microbiota were similar across the general population, and were strongly organized into co-abundance networks. Smoking was associated with diversity loss, negative effects on abundant taxa, profound alterations to network structure and expansion of Streptococcus spp. By contrast, the asthmatic microbiota were selectively affected by an increase in Neisseria spp. and by reduced numbers of low abundance but prevalent organisms. INTERPRETATION Our study shows that the healthy airway microbiota in this population were contained within a highly structured ecosystem, suggesting balanced relationships between the microbiome and human host factors. The marked abnormalities in smokers may contribute to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. The narrow spectrum of abnormalities in asthmatics encourages investigation of damaging and protective effects of specific bacteria. FUNDING The study was funded by the Asmarley Trust and a Wellcome Joint Senior Investigator Award to WOCC and MFM (WT096964MA and WT097117MA). The Busselton Healthy Ageing Study is supported by the Government of Western Australia (Office of Science, Department of Health) the City of Busselton, and private donations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M Turek
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Centre for Genomic Medicine, Imperial College London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Cox
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Centre for Genomic Medicine, Imperial College London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Hunter
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Australia; Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jennie Hui
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Australia; Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Western Australia, Australia; PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Phillip James
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Centre for Genomic Medicine, Imperial College London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom
| | - Saffron A G Willis-Owen
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Centre for Genomic Medicine, Imperial College London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom
| | - Leah Cuthbertson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Centre for Genomic Medicine, Imperial College London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom
| | - Alan James
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Pulmonary Physiology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, UWA Medical School, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - A William Musk
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Australia; Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory Medicine Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, UWA Medical School, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Miriam F Moffatt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Centre for Genomic Medicine, Imperial College London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom.
| | - William O C M Cookson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Centre for Genomic Medicine, Imperial College London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom.
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Rajesh S, Cox MJ, Runau F. Molecular advances in pancreatic cancer: A genomic, proteomic and metabolomic approach. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:5171-5180. [PMID: 34497442 PMCID: PMC8384751 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i31.5171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents a challenging pathology with very poor outcomes and is increasing in incidence within the general population. The majority of patients are diagnosed incidentally with insidious symptoms and hence present late in the disease process. This significantly affects patient outcomes: the only cure is surgical resection but only up to 20% of patients present with resectable disease at the time of clinical presentation. The use of “omic” technology is expanding rapidly in the field of personalised medicine - using genomic, proteomic and metabolomic approaches allows researchers and clinicians to delve deep into the core molecular processes of this difficult disease. This review gives an overview of the current findings in PDAC using these “omic” approaches and summarises useful markers in aiding clinicians treating PDAC. Future strategies incorporating these findings and potential application of these methods are presented in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srujan Rajesh
- Department of General Surgery, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Cox
- Department of General Surgery, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, United Kingdom
| | - Franscois Runau
- Department of General Surgery, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, United Kingdom
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9
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Gregorova M, Morse D, Brignoli T, Steventon J, Hamilton F, Albur M, Arnold D, Thomas M, Halliday A, Baum H, Rice C, Avison MB, Davidson AD, Santopaolo M, Oliver E, Goenka A, Finn A, Wooldridge L, Amulic B, Boyton RJ, Altmann DM, Butler DK, McMurray C, Stockton J, Nicholls S, Cooper C, Loman N, Cox MJ, Rivino L, Massey RC. Post-acute COVID-19 associated with evidence of bystander T-cell activation and a recurring antibiotic-resistant bacterial pneumonia. eLife 2020; 9:e63430. [PMID: 33331820 PMCID: PMC7775105 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe the case of a COVID-19 patient who developed recurring ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa that acquired increasing levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in response to treatment. Metagenomic analysis revealed the AMR genotype, while immunological analysis revealed massive and escalating levels of T-cell activation. These were both SARS-CoV-2 and P. aeruginosa specific, and bystander activated, which may have contributed to this patient's persistent symptoms and radiological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Gregorova
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Daniel Morse
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Tarcisio Brignoli
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Joseph Steventon
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Alice Halliday
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Holly Baum
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Christopher Rice
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Matthew B Avison
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Davidson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Marianna Santopaolo
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Oliver
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Anu Goenka
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Adam Finn
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Linda Wooldridge
- Bristol Veterinary School in the Faculty of Health SciencesBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Borko Amulic
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Rosemary J Boyton
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Lung Division, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation TrustLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Daniel M Altmann
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - David K Butler
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Claire McMurray
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Joanna Stockton
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Sam Nicholls
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Charles Cooper
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Loman
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael J Cox
- Lung Division, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation TrustLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Laura Rivino
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Ruth C Massey
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
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10
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Cox MJ, Jaensch S, Van de Waeter J, Cougnaud L, Seynaeve D, Benalla S, Koo SJ, Van Den Wyngaert I, Neefs JM, Malkov D, Bittremieux M, Steemans M, Peeters PJ, Wegner JK, Ceulemans H, Gustin E, Chong YT, Göhlmann HWH. Tales of 1,008 small molecules: phenomic profiling through live-cell imaging in a panel of reporter cell lines. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13262. [PMID: 32764586 PMCID: PMC7411054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69354-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenomic profiles are high-dimensional sets of readouts that can comprehensively capture the biological impact of chemical and genetic perturbations in cellular assay systems. Phenomic profiling of compound libraries can be used for compound target identification or mechanism of action (MoA) prediction and other applications in drug discovery. To devise an economical set of phenomic profiling assays, we assembled a library of 1,008 approved drugs and well-characterized tool compounds manually annotated to 218 unique MoAs, and we profiled each compound at four concentrations in live-cell, high-content imaging screens against a panel of 15 reporter cell lines, which expressed a diverse set of fluorescent organelle and pathway markers in three distinct cell lineages. For 41 of 83 testable MoAs, phenomic profiles accurately ranked the reference compounds (AUC-ROC ≥ 0.9). MoAs could be better resolved by screening compounds at multiple concentrations than by including replicates at a single concentration. Screening additional cell lineages and fluorescent markers increased the number of distinguishable MoAs but this effect quickly plateaued. There remains a substantial number of MoAs that were hard to distinguish from others under the current study's conditions. We discuss ways to close this gap, which will inform the design of future phenomic profiling efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Cox
- Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Steffen Jaensch
- Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | - Seong Joo Koo
- Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Jean-Marc Neefs
- Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Mart Bittremieux
- Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Margino Steemans
- Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Pieter J Peeters
- Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jörg Kurt Wegner
- Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Hugo Ceulemans
- Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Gustin
- Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Yolanda T Chong
- Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium.,Recursion, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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11
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Cuthbertson L, Felton I, James P, Cox MJ, Bilton D, Schelenz S, Loebinger MR, Cookson WOC, Simmonds NJ, Moffatt MF. The fungal airway microbiome in cystic fibrosis and non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. J Cyst Fibros 2020; 20:295-302. [PMID: 32540174 PMCID: PMC8048771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of fungal disease is increasing in CF and non-CF bronchiectasis. Effective management of fungal disease requires an understanding of the mycobiome. Culture methods alone are inadequate for the accurate diagnosis of fungal disease. Our study provides a framework to characterize fungal airway disease using NGS. NGS can improve detection and clinical management of fungal infections.
Background The prevalence of fungal disease in cystic fibrosis (CF) and non-CF bronchiectasis is increasing and the clinical spectrum is widening. Poor sensitivity and a lack of standard diagnostic criteria renders interpretation of culture results challenging. In order to develop effective management strategies, a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of the airways fungal microbiome is required. The study aimed to use DNA sequences from sputum to assess the load and diversity of fungi in adults with CF and non-CF bronchiectasis. Methods Next generation sequencing of the ITS2 region was used to examine fungal community composition (n = 176) by disease and underlying clinical subgroups including allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis, non-tuberculous mycobacteria, and fungal bronchitis. Patients with no known active fungal disease were included as disease controls. Results ITS2 sequencing greatly increased the detection of fungi from sputum. In patients with CF fungal diversity was lower, while burden was higher than those with non-CF bronchiectasis. The most common operational taxonomic unit (OTU) in patients with CF was Candida parapsilosis (20.4%), whereas in non-CF bronchiectasis sputum Candida albicans (21.8%) was most common. CF patients with overt fungal bronchitis were dominated by Aspergillus spp., Exophiala spp., Candida parapsilosis or Scedosporium spp. Conclusion This study provides a framework to more accurately characterize the extended spectrum of fungal airways diseases in adult suppurative lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Cuthbertson
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Imogen Felton
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Phillip James
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Michael J Cox
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Diana Bilton
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Silke Schelenz
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Michael R Loebinger
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - William O C Cookson
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK.
| | - Nicholas J Simmonds
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Miriam F Moffatt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Cox
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Nicholas Loman
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Debby Bogaert
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Justin O'Grady
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Cox
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Nicholas Loman
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Debby Bogaert
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Justin O'Grady
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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14
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Carney SM, Clemente JC, Cox MJ, Dickson RP, Huang YJ, Kitsios GD, Kloepfer KM, Leung JM, LeVan TD, Molyneaux PL, Moore BB, O'Dwyer DN, Segal LN, Garantziotis S. Methods in Lung Microbiome Research. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:283-299. [PMID: 31661299 PMCID: PMC7055701 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0273tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung microbiome is associated with host immune response and health outcomes in experimental models and patient cohorts. Lung microbiome research is increasing in volume and scope; however, there are no established guidelines for study design, conduct, and reporting of lung microbiome studies. Standardized approaches to yield reliable and reproducible data that can be synthesized across studies will ultimately improve the scientific rigor and impact of published work and greatly benefit microbiome research. In this review, we identify and address several key elements of microbiome research: conceptual modeling and hypothesis framing; study design; experimental methodology and pitfalls; data analysis; and reporting considerations. Finally, we explore possible future directions and research opportunities. Our goal is to aid investigators who are interested in this burgeoning research area and hopefully provide the foundation for formulating consensus approaches in lung microbiome research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yvonne J Huang
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Georgios D Kitsios
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kirsten M Kloepfer
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Janice M Leung
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Philip L Molyneaux
- Fibrosis Research Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Foundation National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Leopoldo N Segal
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; and
| | - Stavros Garantziotis
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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15
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Groves HT, Higham SL, Moffatt MF, Cox MJ, Tregoning JS. Respiratory Viral Infection Alters the Gut Microbiota by Inducing Inappetence. mBio 2020; 11:e03236-19. [PMID: 32071269 PMCID: PMC7029140 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03236-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are extremely common, but their impacts on the composition and function of the gut microbiota are poorly understood. We previously observed a significant change in the gut microbiota after viral lung infection. Here, we show that weight loss during respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or influenza virus infection was due to decreased food consumption, and that the fasting of mice altered gut microbiota composition independently of infection. While the acute phase tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) response drove early weight loss and inappetence during RSV infection, this was not sufficient to induce changes in the gut microbiota. However, the depletion of CD8+ cells increased food intake and prevented weight loss, resulting in a reversal of the gut microbiota changes normally observed during RSV infection. Viral infection also led to changes in the fecal gut metabolome, with a significant shift in lipid metabolism. Sphingolipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) valerate were all increased in abundance in the fecal metabolome following RSV infection. Whether this and the impact of infection-induced anorexia on the gut microbiota are part of a protective anti-inflammatory response during respiratory viral infections remains to be determined.IMPORTANCE The gut microbiota has an important role in health and disease: gut bacteria can generate metabolites that alter the function of immune cells systemically. Understanding the factors that can lead to changes in the gut microbiome may help to inform therapeutic interventions. This is the first study to systematically dissect the pathway of events from viral lung infection to changes in gut microbiota. We show that the cellular immune response to viral lung infection induces inappetence, which in turn alters the gut microbiome and metabolome. Strikingly, there was an increase in lipids that have been associated with the resolution of disease. This opens up new paths of investigation: first, what is the (presumably secreted) factor made by the T cells that can induce inappetence? Second, is inappetence an adaptation that accelerates recovery from infection, and if so, does the microbiome play a role in this?
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen T Groves
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie L Higham
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam F Moffatt
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Cox
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - John S Tregoning
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Miller EJ, Potts JM, Cox MJ, Miller BS, Calderan S, Leaper R, Olson PA, O'Driscoll RL, Double MC. The characteristics of krill swarms in relation to aggregating Antarctic blue whales. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16487. [PMID: 31712639 PMCID: PMC6848198 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52792-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We model the presence of rare Antarctic blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus intermedia) in relation to the swarm characteristics of their main prey species, Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba). A combination of visual observations and recent advances in passive acoustic technology were used to locate Antarctic blue whales, whilst simultaneously using active underwater acoustics to characterise the distribution, size, depth, composition and density of krill swarms. Krill swarm characteristics and blue whale presence were examined at a range of spatiotemporal scales to investigate sub meso-scale (i.e., <100 km) foraging behaviour. Results suggest that at all scales, Antarctic blue whales are more likely to be detected within the vicinity of krill swarms with a higher density of krill, those found shallower in the water column, and those of greater vertical height. These findings support hypotheses that as lunge-feeders of extreme size, Antarctic blue whales target shallow, dense krill swarms to maximise their energy intake. As both Antarctic krill and blue whales play a key role in the Southern Ocean ecosystem, the nature of their predator-prey dynamics is an important consideration, not only for the recovery of this endangered species in a changing environment, but for the future management of Antarctic krill fisheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Miller
- Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia. .,E Miller Consulting, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - J M Potts
- The Analytical Edge, PO Box 47, Blackmans Bay, Tasmania, Australia
| | - M J Cox
- Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - B S Miller
- Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - S Calderan
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, University of the Highlands and Islands, Oban, Argyll, UK
| | - R Leaper
- International Fund for Animal Welfare, 87-90 Albert Embankment, Lambeth, London, UK
| | - P A Olson
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - R L O'Driscoll
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Limited, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - M C Double
- Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
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17
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Cuthbertson L, Oo SWC, Cox MJ, Khoo SK, Cox DW, Chidlow G, Franks K, Prastanti F, Borland ML, Gern JE, Smith DW, Bizzintino JA, Laing IA, Le Souëf PN, Moffatt MF, Cookson WOC. Viral respiratory infections and the oropharyngeal bacterial microbiota in acutely wheezing children. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223990. [PMID: 31622414 PMCID: PMC6797130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute viral wheeze in children is a major cause of hospitalisation and a major risk factor for the development of asthma. However, the role of the respiratory tract microbiome in the development of acute wheeze is unclear. To investigate whether severe wheezing episodes in children are associated with bacterial dysbiosis in the respiratory tract, oropharyngeal swabs were collected from 109 children with acute wheezing attending the only tertiary paediatric hospital in Perth, Australia. The bacterial community from these samples was explored using next generation sequencing and compared to samples from 75 non-wheezing controls. No significant difference in bacterial diversity was observed between samples from those with wheeze and healthy controls. Within the wheezing group, attendance at kindergarten or preschool was however, associated with increased bacterial diversity. Rhinovirus (RV) infection did not have a significant effect on bacterial community composition. A significant difference in bacterial richness was observed between children with RV-A and RV-C infection, however this is likely due to the differences in age group between the patient cohorts. The bacterial community within the oropharynx was found to be diverse and heterogeneous. Age and attendance at day care or kindergarten were important factors in driving bacterial diversity. However, wheeze and viral infection were not found to significantly relate to the bacterial community. Bacterial airway microbiome is highly variable in early life and its role in wheeze remains less clear than viral influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Cuthbertson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, England, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Stephen W. C. Oo
- Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Respiratory Department, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Michael J. Cox
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Siew-Kim Khoo
- Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Des W. Cox
- Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Glenys Chidlow
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, QEII Medical Centre, Perth, Australia
| | - Kimberley Franks
- Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Franciska Prastanti
- Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Meredith L. Borland
- Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Emergency Department, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, Australia
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - James E. Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David W. Smith
- Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, QEII Medical Centre, Perth, Australia
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Joelene A. Bizzintino
- Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Ingrid A. Laing
- Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter N. Le Souëf
- Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Miriam F. Moffatt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - William O. C. Cookson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, England, United Kingdom
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, England, United Kingdom
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Ahmed
- Department of Respiratory Paediatrics, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Michael J Cox
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, London, UK
| | - Leah Cuthbertson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, London, UK
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19
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Wootton DG, Cox MJ, Gloor GB, Litt D, Hoschler K, German E, Court J, Eneje O, Keogan L, Macfarlane L, Wilks S, Diggle PJ, Woodhead M, Moffatt MF, Cookson WOC, Gordon SB. A Haemophilus sp. dominates the microbiota of sputum from UK adults with non-severe community acquired pneumonia and chronic lung disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2388. [PMID: 30787368 PMCID: PMC6382935 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The demographics and comorbidities of patients with community acquired pneumonia (CAP) vary enormously but stratified treatment is difficult because aetiological studies have failed to comprehensively identify the pathogens. Our aim was to describe the bacterial microbiota of CAP and relate these to clinical characteristics in order to inform future trials of treatment stratified by co-morbidity. CAP patients were prospectively recruited at two UK hospitals. We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to identify the dominant bacteria in sputum and compositional data analysis to determine associations with patient characteristics. We analysed sputum samples from 77 patients and found a Streptococcus sp. and a Haemophilus sp. were the most relatively abundant pathogens. The Haemophilus sp. was more likely to be dominant in patients with pre-existing lung disease, and its relative abundance was associated with qPCR levels of Haemophilus influenzae. The most abundant Streptococcus sp. was associated with qPCR levels of Streptococcus pneumoniae but dominance could not be predicted from clinical characteristics. These data suggest chronic lung disease influences the microbiota of sputum in patients with CAP. This finding could inform a trial of stratifying empirical CAP antibiotics to target Haemophilus spp. in addition to Streptococcus spp. in those with chronic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Wootton
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
- Department of Respiratory Research, Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Michael J Cox
- Section of Genomic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gregory B Gloor
- Departments of Biochemistry and Applied Mathematics, University of Western Ontario, Ontario, ON, Canada
| | - David Litt
- Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Reference Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Katja Hoschler
- Virus Reference Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Esther German
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joanne Court
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Odiri Eneje
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lynne Keogan
- Department of Respiratory Research, Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Laura Macfarlane
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sarah Wilks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Peter J Diggle
- CHICAS, Lancaster University Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Mark Woodhead
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre and Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Miriam F Moffatt
- Section of Genomic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - William O C Cookson
- Section of Genomic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen B Gordon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- The Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
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Serra PM, Cox MJ, Chisholm CM. The effect of astigmatic axis on visual acuity measured with different alphabets in Roman alphabet readers. Clin Optom (Auckl) 2018; 10:93-102. [PMID: 30319300 PMCID: PMC6181807 DOI: 10.2147/opto.s166786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Astigmatism produces meridional variations in the retinal blur pattern, thus interacting with object spatial detail and altering visual performance as the axis changes. This study investigates the influence of astigmatic axis orientation on visual acuity (VA) for four alphabets used worldwide. METHODS Visual acuity was measured monocularly in 25 Roman alphabet users (mean age: 25.6±7.5 years) using computer-presented logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (log-MAR) charts with letters from four different alphabets (Arabic, Chinese, Roman, and Tamil). VA was assessed under the effect of four optical conditions: best distance correction and three astigmatic conditions (using a +2.00 cylindrical diopter trial case lens with its axis oriented at 180, 45, or 90 degrees). For each alphabet, single optotypes were presented on a monitor viewed from a distance of 4.0 m, and a matching technique was used to identify the letters. RESULTS The degradation in VA with astigmatic defocus was influenced by the alphabet used (p<0.001) and by the astigmatic axis (p<0.001). Interactions in VA degradation between astigmatic axes and alphabet (p<0.001) showed differences within 0.10 logMAR. These interactions were more pronounced in alphabets with higher dominance of curves and vertical (Tamil) and horizontal (Arabic) detail. CONCLUSION Interactions between alphabet and type of astigmatism indicate that the effects of meridional blur on letter discrimination differ between alphabets. These findings have relevance in the way VA is assessed in populations using different typographies, and ultimately in the impact of astigmatic axis on their visual performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Serra
- Bradford School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK,
| | - Michael J Cox
- Bradford School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK,
| | - Catharine M Chisholm
- Bradford School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK,
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Ahmed B, Cox MJ, Cuthbertson L, James PL, Cookson WOC, Davies JC, Moffatt MF, Bush A. Comparison of the upper and lower airway microbiota in children with chronic lung diseases. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201156. [PMID: 30071000 PMCID: PMC6071972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale The lower airway microbiota is important in normal immunological development and chronic lung diseases (CLDs). Young children cannot expectorate and because of the uncertainty whether upper airway samples reflect the lower airway microbiota, there have been few longitudinal paediatric studies to date. Objectives To assess whether throat swabs (TS) and cough swabs (CS) are representative of the lower airway microbiota. Methods TS, CS, bronchoalveolar lavage and bronchial brushings were prospectively collected from 49 children undergoing fibreoptic bronchoscopy for CLDs. Bacterial DNA was extracted and the 16S rRNA gene V4 region sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq. Results 5.97 million high quality reads were obtained from 168 samples (47 TS, 37 CS, 42 BALF and 42 bronchial brushings). CS sequenced poorly. At a community level, no difference in alpha diversity (richness, evenness or Shannon Diversity Index) was seen between lower airway samples and TS (P > 0.05). Less than 6.31% of beta diversity variation related to sampling method for TS (P = 0.001). Variation between pathologies and individual patients was greater (20%, 54% respectively P ≤ 0.001) than between TS and lower airway samples. There was strong correlation in the relative abundance of genera between samples (r = 0.78, P < 0.001). Similarity between upper and lower airway samples was observed to be less for individuals where one sample type was dominated by a single organism. Conclusions At the community structure level, TS correlate with lower airway samples and distinguish between different CLDs. TS may be a useful sample for the study of the differences in longitudinal changes in the respiratory microbiota between different CLDs. Differences are too great however for TS to be used for clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Ahmed
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Respiratory Paediatrics, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael J. Cox
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leah Cuthbertson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip L. James
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jane C. Davies
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Respiratory Paediatrics, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam F. Moffatt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Bush
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Respiratory Paediatrics, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
SummaryBoth factor V Leiden and the C677T methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene mutation are associated with premature vascular disease, and yet are found at surprisingly high allele frequencies in European populations, 2.7% and 35% respectively. We have investigated the prevalence of these mutations in 87 UK residents over the age of ninety, to look for any evidence of their association with premature death.Five factor V Leiden heterozygotes were found, giving an allele frequency of 2.9%, similar to that in the general UK population. The frequency of the thermolabile C677T MTHFR mutation was 36% with 11% homozygotes, again similar to that in the UK population; these genotypes are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, suggesting that there is not strong selection against the homozygous state. One person was both heterozygous for factor V Leiden and homozygous for the C677T mutation. This study suggests that neither factor V Leiden nor thermolabile MTHFR are risk factors for premature death.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Rees
- The MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Y T Liu
- The MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - M J Cox
- The MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - P Elliott
- Department of Haematology, The John Radcliffe, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - J S Wainscoat
- Department of Haematology, The John Radcliffe, Headington, Oxford, UK
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Pai M, Adhikari NKJ, Ostermann M, Heels-Ansdell D, Douketis JD, Skrobik Y, Qushmaq I, Meade M, Guyatt G, Geerts W, Walsh MW, Crowther MA, Friedrich JO, Burry L, Bellomo R, Brandão da Silva N, Costa Filho R, Cox MJ, Alves Silva S, Cook DJ. Low-molecular-weight heparin venous thromboprophylaxis in critically ill patients with renal dysfunction: A subgroup analysis of the PROTECT trial. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198285. [PMID: 29856817 PMCID: PMC5983525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is concern about excessive bleeding when low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) are used for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis in renal dysfunction. Our objective was to evaluate whether LMWH VTE prophylaxis was safe and effective in critically ill patients with renal dysfunction by conducting a subgroup analysis of PROTECT, a randomized blinded trial. Methods We studied intensive care unit (ICU) patients with pre-ICU dialysis-dependent end-stage renal disease (ESRD; pre-specified subgroup; n = 118), or severe renal dysfunction at ICU admission (defined as ESRD or non-dialysis dependent with creatinine clearance [CrCl] <30 ml/min; post hoc subgroup; n = 590). We compared dalteparin, 5000 IU daily, with unfractionated heparin (UFH), 5000 IU twice daily, and considered outcomes of proximal leg deep vein thrombosis (DVT); pulmonary embolism (PE); any VTE; and major bleeding. Adjusted hazard ratios [HR] were calculated using Cox regression. Results In patients with ESRD, there was no significant difference in DVT (8.3% vs. 5.2%, p = 0.76), any VTE (10.0% vs. 6.9%; p = 0.39) or major bleeding (5.0% vs. 8.6%; p = 0.32) between UFH and dalteparin. In patients with severe renal dysfunction, there was no significant difference in any VTE (10.0% vs. 6.4%; p = 0.07) or major bleeding (8.9% vs. 11.0%; p = 0.66) but an increase in DVT with dalteparin (7.6% vs. 3.7%; p = 0.04). Interaction p-values for comparisons of HRs (ESRD versus not) were non-significant. Conclusions In critically ill patients with ESRD, or severe renal dysfunction, there was no significant difference in any VTE or major bleeding between UFH and dalteparin. Patients with severe renal dysfunction who received dalteparin had more proximal DVTs than those on UFH; this finding did not hold in patients with ESRD alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menaka Pai
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Hamilton Regional Laboratory Medicine Program, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Neill K. J. Adhikari
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marlies Ostermann
- Department of Critical Care, Guys and St Thomas Hospital, London, England
| | - Diane Heels-Ansdell
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - James D. Douketis
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Yoanna Skrobik
- Department of Medicine, Hôpital Maisonneuve Rosemont, Montréal, Canada
| | - Ismael Qushmaq
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maureen Meade
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Gordon Guyatt
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - William Geerts
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael W. Walsh
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Mark A. Crowther
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Hamilton Regional Laboratory Medicine Program, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Jan O. Friedrich
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Rinaldo Bellomo
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (ANZIC-RC), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Michael J. Cox
- St. John's Mercy Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - Deborah J. Cook
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Groves HT, Cuthbertson L, James P, Moffatt MF, Cox MJ, Tregoning JS. Respiratory Disease following Viral Lung Infection Alters the Murine Gut Microbiota. Front Immunol 2018; 9:182. [PMID: 29483910 PMCID: PMC5816042 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota have profound effects on human health. Consequently, there is great interest in identifying, characterizing, and understanding factors that initiate these changes. Despite their high prevalence, studies have only recently begun to investigate how viral lung infections have an impact on the gut microbiota. There is also considerable interest in whether the gut microbiota could be manipulated during vaccination to improve efficacy. In this highly controlled study, we aimed to establish the effect of viral lung infection on gut microbiota composition and the gut environment using mouse models of common respiratory pathogens respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza virus. This was then compared to the effect of live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) vaccination. Both RSV and influenza virus infection resulted in significantly altered gut microbiota diversity, with an increase in Bacteroidetes and a concomitant decrease in Firmicutes phyla abundance. Although the increase in the Bacteroidetes phylum was consistent across several experiments, differences were observed at the family and operational taxonomic unit level. This suggests a change in gut conditions after viral lung infection that favors Bacteroidetes outgrowth but not individual families. No change in gut microbiota composition was observed after LAIV vaccination, suggesting that the driver of gut microbiota change is specific to live viral infection. Viral lung infections also resulted in an increase in fecal lipocalin-2, suggesting low-grade gut inflammation, and colonic Muc5ac levels. Owing to the important role that mucus plays in the gut environment, this may explain the changes in microbiota composition observed. This study demonstrates that the gut microbiota and the gut environment are altered following viral lung infections and that these changes are not observed during vaccination. Whether increased mucin levels and gut inflammation drive, or are a result of, these changes is still to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen T Groves
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Department of Medicine, Section of Virology, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leah Cuthbertson
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip James
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam F Moffatt
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Cox
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John S Tregoning
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Department of Medicine, Section of Virology, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Lung diseases caused by microbial infections affect hundreds of millions of children and adults throughout the world. In Western populations, the treatment of lung infections is a primary driver of antibiotic resistance. Traditional therapeutic strategies have been based on the premise that the healthy lung is sterile and that infections grow in a pristine environment. As a consequence, rapid advances in our understanding of the composition of the microbiota of the skin and bowel have not yet been matched by studies of the respiratory tree. The recognition that the lungs are as populated with microorganisms as other mucosal surfaces provides the opportunity to reconsider the mechanisms and management of lung infections. Molecular analyses of the lung microbiota are revealing profound adverse responses to widespread antibiotic use, urbanization and globalization. This Opinion article proposes how technologies and concepts flowing from the Human Microbiome Project can transform the diagnosis and treatment of common lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William O C M Cookson
- Asmarley Centre for Genomic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Michael J Cox
- Asmarley Centre for Genomic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Miriam F Moffatt
- Asmarley Centre for Genomic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK
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Molyneaux PL, Willis-Owen SAG, Cox MJ, James P, Cowman S, Loebinger M, Blanchard A, Edwards LM, Stock C, Daccord C, Renzoni EA, Wells AU, Moffatt MF, Cookson WOC, Maher TM. Host-Microbial Interactions in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195:1640-1650. [PMID: 28085486 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201607-1408oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Changes in the respiratory microbiome are associated with disease progression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The role of the host response to the respiratory microbiome remains unknown. OBJECTIVES To explore the host-microbial interactions in IPF. METHODS Sixty patients diagnosed with IPF were prospectively enrolled together with 20 matched control subjects. Subjects underwent bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and peripheral whole blood was collected into PAXgene tubes for all subjects at baseline. For subjects with IPF, additional samples were taken at 1, 3, and 6 months and (if alive) 1 year. Gene expression profiles were generated using Affymetrix Human Gene 1.1 ST arrays. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS By network analysis of gene expression data, we identified two gene modules that strongly associated with a diagnosis of IPF, BAL bacterial burden (determined by 16S quantitative polymerase chain reaction), and specific microbial operational taxonomic units, as well as with lavage and peripheral blood neutrophilia. Genes within these modules that are involved in the host defense response include NLRC4, PGLYRP1, MMP9, and DEFA4. The modules also contain two genes encoding specific antimicrobial peptides (SLPI and CAMP). Many of these particular transcripts were associated with survival and showed longitudinal overexpression in subjects experiencing disease progression, further strengthening the relationship of the transcripts with disease. CONCLUSIONS Integrated analysis of the host transcriptome and microbial signatures demonstrated an apparent host response to the presence of an altered or more abundant microbiome. These responses remained elevated in longitudinal follow-up, suggesting that the bacterial communities of the lower airways may act as persistent stimuli for repetitive alveolar injury in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L Molyneaux
- 1 National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,2 Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Michael J Cox
- 1 National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip James
- 1 National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Cowman
- 1 National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,2 Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Michael Loebinger
- 1 National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,2 Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrew Blanchard
- 3 Fibrosis Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay M Edwards
- 3 Fibrosis Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Carmel Stock
- 1 National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,2 Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Cécile Daccord
- 1 National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,2 Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Elisabetta A Renzoni
- 1 National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,2 Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Athol U Wells
- 2 Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Miriam F Moffatt
- 1 National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William O C Cookson
- 1 National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,2 Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Toby M Maher
- 1 National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,2 Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and
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Cox MJ. Ventilator-associated pneumonia: when is a pathogen not a pathogen? Thorax 2017; 72:774-775. [PMID: 28465409 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-209997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Molyneaux PL, Cox MJ, Wells AU, Kim HC, Ji W, Cookson WOC, Moffatt MF, Kim DS, Maher TM. Changes in the respiratory microbiome during acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Res 2017; 18:29. [PMID: 28143484 PMCID: PMC5286769 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0511-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (AE-IPF) have been defined as events of clinically significant respiratory deterioration with an unidentifiable cause. They carry a significant mortality and morbidity and while their exact pathogenesis remains unclear, the possibility remains that hidden infection may play a role. The aim of this pilot study was to determine whether changes in the respiratory microbiota occur during an AE-IPF. Bacterial DNA was extracted from bronchoalveolar lavage from patients with stable IPF and those experiencing an AE-IPF. A hyper-variable region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene (16S rRNA) was amplified, quantified and pyrosequenced. Culture independent techniques demonstrate AE-IPF is associated with an increased BAL bacterial burden compared to stable disease and highlight shifts in the composition of the respiratory microbiota during an AE-IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L Molyneaux
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.,Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Michael J Cox
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | - Ho Cheol Kim
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wonjun Ji
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | - Dong Soon Kim
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea
| | - Toby M Maher
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK. .,Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK. .,Fibrosis Research Group, Inflammation, Repair & Development Section, NHLI, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Depner M, Ege MJ, Cox MJ, Dwyer S, Walker AW, Birzele LT, Genuneit J, Horak E, Braun-Fahrländer C, Danielewicz H, Maier RM, Moffatt MF, Cookson WO, Heederik D, von Mutius E, Legatzki A. Bacterial microbiota of the upper respiratory tract and childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 139:826-834.e13. [PMID: 27576124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with asthma and healthy controls differ in bacterial colonization of the respiratory tract. The upper airways have been shown to reflect colonization of the lower airways, the actual site of inflammation in asthma, which is hardly accessible in population studies. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize the bacterial communities at 2 sites of the upper respiratory tract obtained from children from a rural area and to relate these to asthma. METHODS The microbiota of 327 throat and 68 nasal samples from school-age farm and nonfarm children were analyzed by 454-pyrosequencing of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene. RESULTS Alterations in nasal microbiota but not of throat microbiota were associated with asthma. Children with asthma had lower α- and β-diversity of the nasal microbiota as compared with healthy control children. Furthermore, asthma presence was positively associated with a specific operational taxonomic unit from the genus Moraxella in children not exposed to farming, whereas in farm children Moraxella colonization was unrelated to asthma. In nonfarm children, Moraxella colonization explained the association between bacterial diversity and asthma to a large extent. CONCLUSIONS Asthma was mainly associated with an altered nasal microbiota characterized by lower diversity and Moraxella abundance. Children living on farms might not be susceptible to the disadvantageous effect of Moraxella. Prospective studies may clarify whether Moraxella outgrowth is a cause or a consequence of loss in diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Depner
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Markus J Ege
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Michael J Cox
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Dwyer
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan W Walker
- Pathogen Genomics Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Lena T Birzele
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jon Genuneit
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Horak
- Division of Cardiology and Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescents, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Hanna Danielewicz
- Department of Pediatrics, Allergology and Cardiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Raina M Maier
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz
| | - Miriam F Moffatt
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William O Cookson
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dick Heederik
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erika von Mutius
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Antje Legatzki
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Cox MJ, Chong YT, Boone C, Andrews B. Liquid Growth of Arrayed Fluorescently Tagged Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains for Live-Cell High-Throughput Microscopy Screens. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2016; 2016:pdb.prot088799. [PMID: 27037071 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot088799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This protocol describes culturing arrays of fluorescently tagged yeast strains to early log-phase in a 96-well format for imaging on a high-throughput (HTP) microscope. The method assumes the use of the synthetic genetic array (SGA) technique to create the array of marked strains. When this approach is coupled with automated image analysis, the subcellular distribution and abundance of tagged proteins can be systematically and quantitatively examined in different genetic backgrounds and/or under different growth regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Cox
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1 Canada
| | - Yolanda T Chong
- Janssen Pharmaceutica, Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium 2340
| | - Charles Boone
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1 Canada
| | - Brenda Andrews
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1 Canada
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Molyneaux PL, Cox MJ, Willis-Owen SAG, Mallia P, Russell KE, Russell AM, Murphy E, Johnston SL, Schwartz DA, Wells AU, Cookson WOC, Maher TM, Moffatt MF. The role of bacteria in the pathogenesis and progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 190:906-13. [PMID: 25184687 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201403-0541oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease of unknown cause that leads to respiratory failure and death within 5 years of diagnosis. Overt respiratory infection and immunosuppression carry a high morbidity and mortality, and polymorphisms in genes related to epithelial integrity and host defense predispose to IPF. OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of bacteria in the pathogenesis and progression of IPF. METHODS We prospectively enrolled patients diagnosed with IPF according to international criteria together with healthy smokers, nonsmokers, and subjects with moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as control subjects. Subjects underwent bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), from which genomic DNA was isolated. The V3-V5 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified, allowing quantification of bacterial load and identification of communities by 16S rRNA quantitative polymerase chain reaction and pyrosequencing. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Sixty-five patients with IPF had double the burden of bacteria in BAL fluid compared with 44 control subjects. Baseline bacterial burden predicted the rate of decline in lung volume and risk of death and associated independently with the rs35705950 polymorphism of the MUC5B mucin gene, a proven host susceptibility factor for IPF. Sequencing yielded 912,883 high-quality reads from all subjects. We identified Haemophilus, Streptococcus, Neisseria, and Veillonella spp. to be more abundant in cases than control subjects. Regression analyses indicated that these specific operational taxonomic units as well as bacterial burden associated independently with IPF. CONCLUSIONS IPF is characterized by an increased bacterial burden in BAL that predicts decline in lung function and death. Trials of antimicrobial therapy are needed to determine if microbial burden is pathogenic in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip L Molyneaux
- 1 National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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Salter SJ, Cox MJ, Turek EM, Calus ST, Cookson WO, Moffatt MF, Turner P, Parkhill J, Loman NJ, Walker AW. Reagent and laboratory contamination can critically impact sequence-based microbiome analyses. BMC Biol 2014; 12:87. [PMID: 25387460 PMCID: PMC4228153 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-014-0087-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1961] [Impact Index Per Article: 196.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The study of microbial communities has been revolutionised in recent years by the widespread adoption of culture independent analytical techniques such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metagenomics. One potential confounder of these sequence-based approaches is the presence of contamination in DNA extraction kits and other laboratory reagents. Results In this study we demonstrate that contaminating DNA is ubiquitous in commonly used DNA extraction kits and other laboratory reagents, varies greatly in composition between different kits and kit batches, and that this contamination critically impacts results obtained from samples containing a low microbial biomass. Contamination impacts both PCR-based 16S rRNA gene surveys and shotgun metagenomics. We provide an extensive list of potential contaminating genera, and guidelines on how to mitigate the effects of contamination. Conclusions These results suggest that caution should be advised when applying sequence-based techniques to the study of microbiota present in low biomass environments. Concurrent sequencing of negative control samples is strongly advised. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-014-0087-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah J Salter
- Pathogen Genomics Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
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Sim K, Shaw AG, Randell P, Cox MJ, McClure ZE, Li MS, Haddad M, Langford PR, Cookson WOCM, Moffatt MF, Kroll JS. Dysbiosis anticipating necrotizing enterocolitis in very premature infants. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 60:389-97. [PMID: 25344536 PMCID: PMC4415053 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and targeted culture, we compared microbiota in fecal samples from infants with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and controls. Two significant signatures were associated with NEC: 1 with dominant Clostridium perfringens and 1 with dominant Enterobacteriaceae. Background. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating inflammatory bowel disease of premature infants speculatively associated with infection. Suspected NEC can be indistinguishable from sepsis, and in established cases an infant may die within hours of diagnosis. Present treatment is supportive. A means of presymptomatic diagnosis is urgently needed. We aimed to identify microbial signatures in the gastrointestinal microbiota preceding NEC diagnosis in premature infants. Methods. Fecal samples and clinical data were collected from a 2-year cohort of 369 premature neonates. Next-generation sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA gene regions was used to characterize the microbiota of prediagnosis fecal samples from 12 neonates with NEC, 8 with suspected NEC, and 44 controls. Logistic regression was used to determine clinical characteristics and operational taxonomic units (OTUs) discriminating cases from controls. Samples were cultured and isolates identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–time of flight. Clostridial isolates were typed and toxin genes detected. Results. A clostridial OTU was overabundant in prediagnosis samples from infants with established NEC (P = .006). Culture confirmed the presence of Clostridium perfringens type A. Fluorescent amplified fragment-length polymorphism typing established that no isolates were identical. Prediagnosis samples from NEC infants not carrying profuse C. perfringens revealed an overabundance of a Klebsiella OTU (P = .049). Prolonged continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy with supplemental oxygen was also associated with increased NEC risk. Conclusions. Two fecal microbiota signatures (Clostridium and Klebsiella OTUs) and need for prolonged CPAP oxygen signal increased risk of NEC in presymptomatic infants. These biomarkers will assist development of a screening tool to allow very early diagnosis of NEC. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT01102738.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael J Cox
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Genomics, National Heart and Lung Institute
| | | | - Ming-Shi Li
- Department of Medicine, Section of Paediatrics
| | - Munther Haddad
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Miriam F Moffatt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Genomics, National Heart and Lung Institute
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Lauzier F, Muscedere J, Deland E, Kutsogiannis DJ, Jacka M, Heels-Ansdell D, Crowther M, Cartin-Ceba R, Cox MJ, Zytaruk N, Foster D, Sinuff T, Clarke F, Thompson P, Hanna S, Cook D. Thromboprophylaxis patterns and determinants in critically ill patients: a multicenter audit. Crit Care 2014; 18:R82. [PMID: 24766968 PMCID: PMC4057024 DOI: 10.1186/cc13844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Heparin is safe and prevents venous thromboembolism in critical illness. We aimed to determine the guideline concordance for thromboprophylaxis in critically ill patients and its predictors, and to analyze factors associated with the use of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), as it may be associated with a lower risk of pulmonary embolism and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia without increasing the bleeding risk. Methods We performed a retrospective audit in 28 North American intensive care units (ICUs), including all consecutive medical-surgical patients admitted in November 2011. We documented ICU thromboprophylaxis and reasons for omission. Guideline concordance was determined by adding days in which patients without contraindications received thromboprophylaxis to days in which patients with contraindications did not receive it, divided by the total number of patient-days. We used multilevel logistic regression including time-varying, center and patient-level covariates to determine the predictors of guideline concordance and use of LMWH. Results We enrolled 1,935 patients (62.3 ± 16.7 years, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation [APACHE] II score 19.1 ± 8.3). Patients received thromboprophylaxis with unfractionated heparin (UFH) (54.0%) or LMWH (27.6%). Guideline concordance occurred for 95.5% patient-days and was more likely in patients who were sicker (odds ratio (OR) 1.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17, 1.75 per 10-point increase in APACHE II), heavier (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.05, 1.65 per 10-m/kg2 increase in body mass index), had cancer (OR 3.22, 95% CI 1.81, 5.72), previous venous thromboembolism (OR 3.94, 95% CI 1.46,10.66), and received mechanical ventilation (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.32,2.52). Reasons for not receiving thromboprophylaxis were high risk of bleeding (44.5%), current bleeding (16.3%), no reason (12.9%), recent or upcoming invasive procedure (10.2%), nighttime admission or discharge (9.7%), and life-support limitation (6.9%). LMWH was less often administered to sicker patients (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.48, 0.89 per 10-point increase in APACHE II), surgical patients (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.24, 0.72), those receiving vasoactive drugs (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.35, 0.64) or renal replacement therapy (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.05, 0.23). Conclusions Guideline concordance for thromboprophylaxis was high, but LMWH was less commonly used, especially in patients who were sicker, had surgery, or received vasopressors or renal replacement therapy, representing a potential quality improvement target.
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San Diego JP, Newton T, Quinn BFA, Cox MJ, Woolford MJ. Levels of agreement between student and staff assessments of clinical skills in performing cavity preparation in artificial teeth. Eur J Dent Educ 2014; 18:58-64. [PMID: 24423177 DOI: 10.1111/eje.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the level of agreement between staff and students' assessment of clinical skills in performing tasks related to cavity preparation on a traditional dental manikin. METHODS Two studies were conducted with two successive student cohorts: Study 1-138 year 1 BDS students in a 2009/10 cohort and Study 2-135 students in a 2010/11 cohort. Staff members and students rated the students' performance in preparing a cavity on a traditional dental manikin using artificial teeth: hand-held (Study 1) and located in a lower jaw (Study 2). A 5-item criterion-related scoring rubric was developed. The rubric assessed students' abilities to hold the instrument correctly, determine the angle of entry to the tooth, remove the caries, conserve healthy tissues and avoid pulp exposure. RESULTS Agreement between the students' self-assessment and the staff's assessment was high for three of the five criteria (i.e. removal of artificial caries on the cavity wall, removal of artificial caries from the cavity floor and avoidance of pulp exposure). Levels of agreement for the remaining two criteria were moderate. A change in task difficulty affected the levels of agreement between staff and students, such that the more difficult the task, the greater the discrepancy in ratings. CONCLUSIONS Students tend to overrate the quality of their performance when compared with staff ratings. Task difficulty has an impact on levels of agreement.
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Molyneaux PL, Mallia P, Cox MJ, Footitt J, Willis-Owen SAG, Homola D, Trujillo-Torralbo MB, Elkin S, Kon OM, Cookson WOC, Moffatt MF, Johnston SL. Outgrowth of the bacterial airway microbiome after rhinovirus exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 188:1224-31. [PMID: 23992479 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201302-0341oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Rhinovirus infection is followed by significantly increased frequencies of positive, potentially pathogenic sputum cultures in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, it remains unclear whether these represent de novo infections or an increased load of organisms from the complex microbial communities (microbiome) in the lower airways. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of rhinovirus infection on the airway bacterial microbiome. METHODS Subjects with COPD (n = 14) and healthy control subjects with normal lung function (n = 17) were infected with rhinovirus. Induced sputum was collected at baseline before rhinovirus inoculation and again on Days 5, 15, and 42 after rhinovirus infection and DNA was extracted. The V3-V5 region of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene was amplified and pyrosequenced, resulting in 370,849 high-quality reads from 112 of the possible 124 time points. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS At 15 days after rhinovirus infection, there was a sixfold increase in 16S copy number (P = 0.007) and a 16% rise in numbers of proteobacterial sequences, most notably in potentially pathogenic Haemophilus influenzae (P = 2.7 × 10(-20)), from a preexisting community. These changes occurred only in the sputum microbiome of subjects with COPD and were still evident 42 days after infection. This was in contrast to the temporal stability demonstrated in the microbiome of healthy smokers and nonsmokers. CONCLUSIONS After rhinovirus infection, there is a rise in bacterial burden and a significant outgrowth of Haemophilus influenzae from the existing microbiota of subjects with COPD. This is not observed in healthy individuals. Our findings suggest that rhinovirus infection in COPD alters the respiratory microbiome and may precipitate secondary bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L Molyneaux
- 1 National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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Molyneaux PL, Cox MJ, Mallia P, Johnston SL, Moffatt MF, Cookson WOC, Maher TM. S38 The role of the respiratory microbiome in Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Thorax 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204457.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Duff RM, Simmonds NJ, Davies JC, Wilson R, Alton EW, Pantelidis P, Cox MJ, Cookson WOCM, Bilton D, Moffatt MF. A molecular comparison of microbial communities in bronchiectasis and cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2013; 41:991-3. [PMID: 23543647 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00052712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Piazza G, Anderson FA, Ortel TL, Cox MJ, Rosenberg DJ, Rahimian S, Pendergast WJ, McLaren GD, Welker JA, Akus JJ, Stevens SM, Elliott CG, Freeman AL, Patton WF, Dabbagh O, Wyman A, Huang W, Rao AF, Goldhaber SZ. Randomized trial of physician alerts for thromboprophylaxis after discharge. Am J Med 2013; 126:435-42. [PMID: 23510945 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many hospitalized Medical Service patients are at risk for venous thromboembolism in the months after discharge. We conducted a multicenter randomized controlled trial to test whether a hospital staff member's thromboprophylaxis alert to an Attending Physician before discharge will increase the rate of extended out-of-hospital prophylaxis and, in turn, reduce the incidence of symptomatic venous thromboembolism at 90 days. METHODS From April 2009 to January 2010, we enrolled hospitalized Medical Service patients using the point score system developed by Kucher et al to identify those at high risk for venous thromboembolism who were not ordered to receive thromboprophylaxis after discharge. There were 2513 eligible patients from 18 study sites randomized by computer in a 1:1 ratio to the alert group or the control group. RESULTS Patients in the alert group were more than twice as likely to receive thromboprophylaxis at discharge as controls (22.0% vs 9.7%, P <.0001). Based on an intention-to-treat analysis, symptomatic venous thromboembolism at 90 days (99.9% follow-up) occurred in 4.5% of patients in the alert group, compared with 4.0% of controls (hazard ratio 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 0.74-1.69). The rate of major bleeding at 30 days in the alert group was similar to that of the control group (1.2% vs 1.2%, hazard ratio 0.94; 95% confidence interval, 0.44-2.01). CONCLUSIONS Alerting providers to extend thromboprophylaxis after hospital discharge in Medical Service patients increased the rate of prophylaxis but did not decrease the rate of symptomatic venous thromboembolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Piazza
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Tripathy SP, Shafiullah SN, Cox MJ. Influence of correspondence noise and spatial scaling on the upper limit for spatial displacement in fully-coherent random-dot kinematogram stimuli. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42995. [PMID: 23056172 PMCID: PMC3467235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Correspondence noise is a major factor limiting direction discrimination performance in random-dot kinematograms [1]. In the current study we investigated the influence of correspondence noise on Dmax, which is the upper limit for the spatial displacement of the dots for which coherent motion is still perceived. Human direction discrimination performance was measured, using 2-frame kinematograms having leftward/rightward motion, over a 200-fold range of dot-densities and a four-fold range of dot displacements. From this data Dmax was estimated for the different dot densities tested. A model was proposed to evaluate the correspondence noise in the stimulus. This model summed the outputs of a set of elementary Reichardt-type local detectors that had receptive fields tiling the stimulus and were tuned to the two directions of motion in the stimulus. A key assumption of the model was that the local detectors would have the radius of their catchment areas scaled with the displacement that they were tuned to detect; the scaling factor k linking the radius to the displacement was the only free parameter in the model and a single value of k was used to fit all of the psychophysical data collected. This minimal, correspondence-noise based model was able to account for 91% of the variability in the human performance across all of the conditions tested. The results highlight the importance of correspondence noise in constraining the largest displacement that can be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srimant P Tripathy
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom.
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Cox MJ, Schäfer H, Nightingale PD, McDonald IR, Murrell JC. Diversity of methyl halide-degrading microorganisms in oceanic and coastal waters. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2012; 334:111-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Cox
- School of Life Sciences; University of Warwick; Coventry; UK
| | - Hendrik Schäfer
- School of Life Sciences; University of Warwick; Coventry; UK
| | | | - Ian R. McDonald
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Waikato; Hamilton; New Zealand
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Sim K, Cox MJ, Wopereis H, Martin R, Knol J, Li MS, Cookson WOCM, Moffatt MF, Kroll JS. Improved detection of bifidobacteria with optimised 16S rRNA-gene based pyrosequencing. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32543. [PMID: 22470420 PMCID: PMC3314643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The 16S rRNA gene is conserved across all bacteria and as such is routinely targeted in PCR surveys of bacterial diversity. PCR primer design aims to amplify as many different 16S rRNA gene sequences from as wide a range of organisms as possible, though there are no suitable 100% conserved regions of the gene, leading to bias. In the gastrointestinal tract, bifidobacteria are a key genus, but are often under-represented in 16S rRNA surveys of diversity. We have designed modified, ‘bifidobacteria-optimised’ universal primers, which we have demonstrated detection of bifidobacterial sequence present in DNA mixtures at 2% abundance, the lowest proportion tested. Optimisation did not compromise the detection of other organisms in infant faecal samples. Separate validation using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) shows that the proportions of bifidobacteria detected in faecal samples were in agreement with those obtained using 16S rRNA based pyrosequencing. For future studies looking at faecal microbiota, careful selection of primers will be key in order to ensure effective detection of bifidobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Sim
- Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom.
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Roediger FC, Slusher NA, Allgaier S, Cox MJ, Pletcher SD, Goldberg AN, Lynch SV. Nucleic acid extraction efficiency and bacterial recovery from maxillary sinus mucosal samples obtained by brushing or biopsy. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2011; 24:263-5. [PMID: 20819463 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2010.24.3472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common disease with a complex pathophysiology involving a microbial component. Culture-independent molecular analysis represents a promising new approach to clarify the microbiology of CRS, but standardized, optimized sampling methods still have not been defined. This study was designed to compare nucleic acid extraction rates and recovery of bacteria for two methods of sampling the maxillary sinus, mucosal biopsy, and brushing. METHODS Samples were obtained from 20 patients undergoing maxillary sinus surgery. Total extracted nucleic acid concentration and bacterial burden were compared between sample types. RESULTS Total nucleic acid concentration varied across patients. No statistically significant difference in mean total DNA concentration from mucosal biopsy specimens or brushings was observed. However, compared with biopsy specimens, brush samples possessed a significant (p < 0.035) increase in bacterial copy number. CONCLUSION Endoscopically directed mucosal brushings of the maxillary sinus provide equivalent concentrations of total DNA to mucosal biopsy specimens but possess greater concentrations of bacterial DNA, likely because of the greater surface area sampled by this method. Given the additional advantage of lower risk associated with obtaining brush samples, we suggest they represent the preferred sampling method for future genomic sinus studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick C Roediger
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Fujimura KE, Johnson CC, Ownby DR, Cox MJ, Brodie EL, Havstad SL, Zoratti EM, Woodcroft KJ, Bobbitt KR, Wegienka G, Boushey HA, Lynch SV. Man's best friend? The effect of pet ownership on house dust microbial communities. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:410-2, 412.e1-3. [PMID: 20633927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Cox MJ, Allgaier M, Taylor B, Baek MS, Huang YJ, Daly RA, Karaoz U, Andersen GL, Brown R, Fujimura KE, Wu B, Tran D, Koff J, Kleinhenz ME, Nielson D, Brodie EL, Lynch SV. Airway microbiota and pathogen abundance in age-stratified cystic fibrosis patients. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11044. [PMID: 20585638 PMCID: PMC2890402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial communities in the airways of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are, as in other ecological niches, influenced by autogenic and allogenic factors. However, our understanding of microbial colonization in younger versus older CF airways and the association with pulmonary function is rudimentary at best. Using a phylogenetic microarray, we examine the airway microbiota in age stratified CF patients ranging from neonates (9 months) to adults (72 years). From a cohort of clinically stable patients, we demonstrate that older CF patients who exhibit poorer pulmonary function possess more uneven, phylogenetically-clustered airway communities, compared to younger patients. Using longitudinal samples collected form a subset of these patients a pattern of initial bacterial community diversification was observed in younger patients compared with a progressive loss of diversity over time in older patients. We describe in detail the distinct bacterial community profiles associated with young and old CF patients with a particular focus on the differences between respective "early" and "late" colonizing organisms. Finally we assess the influence of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator (CFTR) mutation on bacterial abundance and identify genotype-specific communities involving members of the Pseudomonadaceae, Xanthomonadaceae, Moraxellaceae and Enterobacteriaceae amongst others. Data presented here provides insights into the CF airway microbiota, including initial diversification events in younger patients and establishment of specialized communities of pathogens associated with poor pulmonary function in older patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Cox
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Martin Allgaier
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Byron Taylor
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Marshall S. Baek
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yvonne J. Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Adult Cystic Fibrosis Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rebecca A. Daly
- Ecology Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Ulas Karaoz
- Ecology Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Gary L. Andersen
- Ecology Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Ronald Brown
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kei E. Fujimura
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Brian Wu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Pediatric Cystic Fibrosis Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Diem Tran
- Pediatric Cystic Fibrosis Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Koff
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Adult Cystic Fibrosis Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mary Ellen Kleinhenz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Adult Cystic Fibrosis Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Dennis Nielson
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Pediatric Cystic Fibrosis Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Eoin L. Brodie
- Ecology Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Susan V. Lynch
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Huang YJ, Kim E, Cox MJ, Brodie EL, Brown R, Wiener-Kronish JP, Lynch SV. A persistent and diverse airway microbiota present during chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. OMICS 2010; 14:9-59. [PMID: 20141328 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2009.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are a major source of morbidity and contribute significantly to healthcare costs. Although bacterial infections are implicated in nearly 50% of exacerbations, only a handful of pathogens have been consistently identified in COPD airways, primarily by culture-based methods, and the bacterial microbiota in acute exacerbations remains largely uncharacterized. The aim of this study was to comprehensively profile airway bacterial communities using a culture-independent microarray, the 16S rRNA PhyloChip, of a cohort of COPD patients requiring ventilatory support and antibiotic therapy for exacerbation-related respiratory failure. PhyloChip analysis revealed the presence of over 1,200 bacterial taxa representing 140 distinct families, many previously undetected in airway diseases; bacterial community composition was strongly influenced by the duration of intubation. A core community of 75 taxa was detected in all patients, many of which are known pathogens. Bacterial community diversity in COPD airways is substantially greater than previously recognized and includes a number of potential pathogens detected in the setting of antibiotic exposure. Comprehensive assessment of the COPD airway microbiota using high-throughput, culture-independent methods may prove key to understanding the relationships between airway bacterial colonization, acute exacerbation, and clinical outcomes in this and other chronic inflammatory airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne J Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0538, USA
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Cox MJ, Huang YJ, Fujimura KE, Liu JT, McKean M, Boushey HA, Segal MR, Brodie EL, Cabana MD, Lynch SV. Lactobacillus casei abundance is associated with profound shifts in the infant gut microbiome. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8745. [PMID: 20090909 PMCID: PMC2807455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colonization of the infant gut by microorganisms over the first year of life is crucial for development of a balanced immune response. Early alterations in the gastrointestinal microbiota of neonates has been linked with subsequent development of asthma and atopy in older children. Here we describe high-resolution culture-independent analysis of stool samples from 6-month old infants fed daily supplements of Lactobacillus casei subsp. Rhamnosus (LGG) or placebo in a double-blind, randomized Trial of Infant Probiotic Supplementation (TIPS). Bacterial community composition was examined using a high-density microarray, the 16S rRNA PhyloChip, and the microbial assemblages of infants with either high or low LGG abundance were compared. Communities with high abundance of LGG exhibited promotion of phylogenetically clustered taxa including a number of other known probiotic species, and were significantly more even in their distribution of community members. Ecologically, these aspects are characteristic of communities that are more resistant to perturbation and outgrowth of pathogens. PhyloChip analysis also permitted identification of taxa negatively correlated with LGG abundance that have previously been associated with atopy, as well as those positively correlated that may prove useful alternative targets for investigation as alternative probiotic species. From these findings we hypothesize that a key mechanism for the protective effect of LGG supplementation on subsequent development of allergic disease is through promotion of a stable, even, and functionally redundant infant gastrointestinal community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Cox
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yvonne J. Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kei E. Fujimura
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jane T. Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michelle McKean
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Homer A. Boushey
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mark R. Segal
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Eoin L. Brodie
- Ecology Department, Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Cabana
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Susan V. Lynch
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cox MJ, Coplen DE, Austin PF. The incidence of disorders of sexual differentiation and chromosomal abnormalities of cryptorchidism and hypospadias stratified by meatal location. J Urol 2008; 180:2649-52; discussion 2652. [PMID: 18951572 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Routine karyotype analysis has been recommended for patients with cryptorchidism and hypospadias. However, it is unclear whether karyotyping should be obtained in all patients, or tailored to the severity or degree of hypospadias. Therefore, we analyzed the incidence of chromosomal abnormalities in patients with distal or proximal hypospadias and concomitant cryptorchidism. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reviewed the records of patients with cryptorchidism and hypospadias treated at a pediatric hospital between 1994 and 2006. Data collected included karyotype analysis, gonad palpability, and meatal and testes location at time of surgery. Patients with retractile testes and congenital adrenal hyperplasia were excluded from analysis. RESULTS We identified 44 patients with hypospadias and cryptorchidism (26 with proximal and 18 with distal hypospadias). Karyotype information was available in 25 patients (19 with proximal and 6 with distal hypospadias). None of the patients with distal hypospadias and cryptorchidism had an abnormality of a sex chromosome. In contrast, chromosomal abnormalities were present in 6 of 19 individuals (32%) with proximal hypospadias and cryptorchidism. The most common abnormality was mixed gonadal dysgenesis in 3 patients, followed by autosomal translocations in 2 and 48XY aneuploidy in 1. CONCLUSIONS When karyotype information was stratified by meatal location with cryptorchidism we found no significant chromosomal abnormalities in distal hypospadias and cryptorchidism, whereas a third of patients with proximal hypospadias and cryptorchidism had an abnormal karyotype. Karyotype analysis appears to be important in individuals with cryptorchidism and proximal hypospadias but of little benefit in patients with distal hypospadias and palpable undescended testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Cox
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Washington University, St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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