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Cheptoo Rono P, Munyao Mutie F, Kathambi V, Wei N, Muema Watuma B, Nanjala C, Wagutu GK, Kirika PM, Malombe I, Hu GW, Wang QF. An annotated plant checklist of the transboundary volcanic Mt Elgon, East Africa. PhytoKeys 2023; 223:1-174. [PMID: 37252062 PMCID: PMC10209612 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.223.97401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mt Elgon is an ancient transboundary volcanic mountain found at the Kenya-Uganda boarder possessing high plant diversity. This study documents an updated checklist of the mountain's vascular plants obtained through random-walk field excursions and retrieval of herbarium specimen tracing back to 1900. We compiled 1709 species from 673 genera in 131 families. One new species of the family Cucurbitaceae was also reported. This checklist records respective habitat, habits, elevation ranges, voucher numbers and global distribution ranges of each species. Native and exotic species were also distinguished, where 8.4% of the total species in 49 families were exotic species. There were 103 endemic species, while 14 species were found to be both rare and endemic. IUCN conservation status revealed 2 Critically Endangered, 4 Endangered, 9 Vulnerable and 2 Near Threatened species. This study presents the first and most comprehensive plant inventory of Mt Elgon that will facilitate further ecological and phylogenetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peninah Cheptoo Rono
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaCAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, ChinaSino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Fredrick Munyao Mutie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaCAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, ChinaSino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Vivian Kathambi
- East African Herbarium, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 45166 00100, Nairobi, KenyaEast African Herbarium, National Museums of KenyaNairobiKenya
| | - Neng Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaCAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, ChinaSino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Benjamin Muema Watuma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaCAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, ChinaSino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Consolata Nanjala
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaCAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, ChinaSino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Godfrey Kinyori Wagutu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaCAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, ChinaSino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, ChineseAcademy of Sciences, Wuhan, ChinaKey Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, ChineseAcademy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Paul M. Kirika
- East African Herbarium, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 45166 00100, Nairobi, KenyaEast African Herbarium, National Museums of KenyaNairobiKenya
| | - Itambo Malombe
- East African Herbarium, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 45166 00100, Nairobi, KenyaEast African Herbarium, National Museums of KenyaNairobiKenya
| | - Guang-Wan Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaCAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, ChinaSino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Qing-Feng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaCAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, ChinaSino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
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Kaasalainen U, Tuovinen V, Kirika PM, Mollel NP, Hemp A, Rikkinen J. Diversity of Leptogium (Collemataceae, Ascomycota) in East African Montane Ecosystems. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020314. [PMID: 33546461 PMCID: PMC7913733 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical mountains and especially their forests are hot spots of biodiversity threatened by human population pressure and climate change. The diversity of lichens in tropical Africa is especially poorly known. Here we use the mtSSU and nuITS molecular markers together with morphology and ecology to assess Leptogium (Peltigerales, Ascomycota) diversity in the tropical mountains of Taita Hills and Mt. Kasigau in Kenya and Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. The sampled habitats cover a wide range of ecosystems from savanna to alpine heath vegetation and from relatively natural forests to agricultural environments and plantation forests. We demonstrate that Leptogium diversity in Africa is much higher than previously known and provide preliminary data on over 70 putative species, including nine established species previously known from the area and over 60 phylogenetically, morphologically, and/or ecologically defined Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs). Many traditional species concepts are shown to represent morphotypes comprised of several taxa. Many of the species were only found from specific ecosystems and/or restricted habitats and are thus threatened by ongoing habitat fragmentation and degradation of the natural environment. Our results emphasize the importance of molecular markers in species inventories of highly diverse organism groups and geographical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Kaasalainen
- Department of Geobiology, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstraβe 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Correspondence: or
| | - Veera Tuovinen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Paul M. Kirika
- National Museums of Kenya, East African Herbarium, Museum Hill Road, P.O. Box 45166, Nairobi 00100, Kenya;
| | - Neduvoto P. Mollel
- National Herbarium, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha 23201, Tanzania;
| | - Andreas Hemp
- Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany;
| | - Jouko Rikkinen
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Rono PC, Dong X, Yang JX, Mutie FM, Oulo MA, Malombe I, Kirika PM, Hu GW, Wang QF. Initial Complete Chloroplast Genomes of Alchemilla (Rosaceae): Comparative Analysis and Phylogenetic Relationships. Front Genet 2020; 11:560368. [PMID: 33362846 PMCID: PMC7756076 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.560368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Alchemilla L., known for its medicinal and ornamental value, is widely distributed in the Holarctic regions with a few species found in Asia and Africa. Delimitation of species within Alchemilla is difficult due to hybridization, autonomous apomixes, and polyploidy, necessitating efficient molecular-based characterization. Herein, we report the initial complete chloroplast (cp) genomes of Alchemilla. The cp genomes of two African (Afromilla) species Alchemilla pedata and Alchemilla argyrophylla were sequenced, and phylogenetic and comparative analyses were conducted in the family Rosaceae. The cp genomes mapped a typical circular quadripartite structure of lengths 152,438 and 152,427 base pairs (bp) in A. pedata and A. argyrophylla, respectively. Alchemilla cp genomes were composed of a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRa/IRb) of length 25,923 and 25,915 bp, separating the small single copy (SSC) region of 17,980 and 17,981 bp and a large single copy (LSC) region of 82,612 and 82,616 bp in A. pedata and A. argyrophylla, respectively. The cp genomes encoded 114 unique genes including 88 protein-coding genes, 37 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and 4 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. Additionally, 88 and 95 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 37 and 40 tandem repeats were identified in A. pedata and A. argyrophylla, respectively. Significantly, the loss of group II intron in atpF gene in Alchemilla species was detected. Phylogenetic analysis based on 26 whole cp genome sequences and 78 protein-coding gene sequences of 27 Rosaceae species revealed a monophyletic clustering of Alchemilla nested within subfamily Rosoideae. Based on a protein-coding region, negative selective pressure (Ka/Ks < 1) was detected with an average Ka/Ks value of 0.1322 in A. argyrophylla and 0.1418 in A. pedata. The availability of complete cp genome in the genus Alchemilla will contribute to species delineation and further phylogenetic and evolutionary studies in the family Rosaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peninah Cheptoo Rono
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Xin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fredrick Munyao Mutie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Millicent A Oulo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Itambo Malombe
- East African Herbarium, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Paul M Kirika
- East African Herbarium, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Guang-Wan Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing-Feng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Muggia L, Nelsen MP, Kirika PM, Barreno E, Beck A, Lindgren H, Lumbsch HT, Leavitt SD. Formally described species woefully underrepresent phylogenetic diversity in the common lichen photobiont genus Trebouxia (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta): An impetus for developing an integrated taxonomy. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 149:106821. [PMID: 32294545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lichens provide valuable systems for studying symbiotic interactions. In lichens, these interactions are frequently described in terms of availability, selectivity and specificity of the mycobionts and photobionts towards one another. The lichen-forming, green algal genus Trebouxia Puymaly is among the most widespread photobiont, associating with a broad range of lichen-forming fungi. To date, 29 species have been described, but studies consistently indicate that the vast majority of species-level lineages still lack formal description, and new, previously unrecognized lineages are frequently reported. To reappraise the diversity and the evolutionary relationships of species-level lineages in Trebouxia, we assembled DNA sequence data from over 1600 specimens, compiled from a range of sequences from previously published studies, axenic algal cultures, and lichens collected from poorly sampled regions. From these samples, we selected representatives of the currently known genetic diversity in the lichenized Trebouxia and inferred a phylogeny from multi-locus sequence data (ITS, rbcL, cox2). We demonstrate that the current formally described species woefully underrepresent overall species-level diversity in this important lichen-forming algal genus. We anticipate that an integrative taxonomic approach, incorporating morphological and physiological data from axenic cultures with genetic data, will be required to establish a robust, comprehensive taxonomy for Trebouxia. The data presented here provide an important impetus and reference dataset for more reliably characterizing diversity in lichenized algae and in using lichens to investigate the evolution of symbioses and holobionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Muggia
- University of Trieste, Department of Life Sciences, via Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Paul M Kirika
- Botany Department, EA Herbarium, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eva Barreno
- Botánica, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Fac. CC. Biológicas, Universitat de València, C/ Dr. Moliner, 50. 46100-Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andreas Beck
- Botanische Staatssammlung München, SNSB-BSM, Menzinger Str. 67, D-80638 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Steven D Leavitt
- Department of Biology and M. L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.
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Wei X, Schmitt I, Hodkinson B, Flakus A, Kukwa M, Divakar PK, Kirika PM, Otte J, Meiser A, Lumbsch HT. Circumscription of the genus Lepra, a recently resurrected genus to accommodate the "Variolaria"-group of Pertusaria sensu lato (Pertusariales, Ascomycota). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180284. [PMID: 28700682 PMCID: PMC5507398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertusarialean lichens include more than 300 species belonging to several independent phylogenetic lineages. Only some of these phylogenetic clades have been comprehensively sampled for molecular data, and formally described as genera. Here we present a taxonomic treatment of a group of pertusarialean lichens formerly known as “Pertusaria amara-group”, “Monomurata-group”, or “Variolaria-group”, which includes widespread and well-known taxa such as P. amara, P. albescens, or P. ophthalmiza. We generated a 6-locus data set with 79 OTUs representing 75 species. The distinction of the Variolaria clade is supported and consequently, the resurrection of the genus Lepra is followed. Thirty-five new combinations into Lepra are proposed and the new species Lepra austropacifica is described from mangroves in the South Pacific. Lepra is circumscribed to include species with disciform ascomata, a weakly to non-amyloid hymenial gel, strongly amyloid asci without clear apical amyloid structures, containing 1 or 2, single-layered, thin-walled ascospores. Chlorinated xanthones are not present, but thamnolic and picrolichenic acids occur frequently, as well as orcinol depsides. Seventy-one species are accepted in the genus. Although the distinction of the genus from Pertusaria is strongly supported, the relationships of Lepra remain unresolved and the genus is tentatively placed in Pertusariales incertae sedis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Imke Schmitt
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Adam Flakus
- Laboratory of Lichenology, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, Kraków, Poland
| | - Martin Kukwa
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, WitaStwosza 59, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Pradeep K. Divakar
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramon y Cajal s/n, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul M. Kirika
- Botany Department, NationalMuseums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jürgen Otte
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anjuli Meiser
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - H. Thorsten Lumbsch
- Science & Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Lumbsch HT, Kirika PM, Divakar PK, Crespo A, Mugambi G, Orock EA, Leavitt SD, Gatheri GW. Phylogenetic studies uncover a predominantly African lineage in a widely distributed lichen-forming fungal species. MycoKeys 2016. [DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.14.8971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Divakar PK, Crespo A, Wedin M, Leavitt SD, Hawksworth DL, Myllys L, McCune B, Randlane T, Bjerke JW, Ohmura Y, Schmitt I, Boluda CG, Alors D, Roca-Valiente B, Del-Prado R, Ruibal C, Buaruang K, Núñez-Zapata J, Amo de Paz G, Rico VJ, Molina MC, Elix JA, Esslinger TL, Tronstad IKK, Lindgren H, Ertz D, Gueidan C, Saag L, Mark K, Singh G, Dal Grande F, Parnmen S, Beck A, Benatti MN, Blanchon D, Candan M, Clerc P, Goward T, Grube M, Hodkinson BP, Hur JS, Kantvilas G, Kirika PM, Lendemer J, Mattsson JE, Messuti MI, Miadlikowska J, Nelsen M, Ohlson JI, Pérez-Ortega S, Saag A, Sipman HJM, Sohrabi M, Thell A, Thor G, Truong C, Yahr R, Upreti DK, Cubas P, Lumbsch HT. Evolution of complex symbiotic relationships in a morphologically derived family of lichen-forming fungi. New Phytol 2015; 208:1217-1226. [PMID: 26299211 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We studied the evolutionary history of the Parmeliaceae (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota), one of the largest families of lichen-forming fungi with complex and variable morphologies, also including several lichenicolous fungi. We assembled a six-locus data set including nuclear, mitochondrial and low-copy protein-coding genes from 293 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The lichenicolous lifestyle originated independently three times in lichenized ancestors within Parmeliaceae, and a new generic name is introduced for one of these fungi. In all cases, the independent origins occurred c. 24 million yr ago. Further, we show that the Paleocene, Eocene and Oligocene were key periods when diversification of major lineages within Parmeliaceae occurred, with subsequent radiations occurring primarily during the Oligocene and Miocene. Our phylogenetic hypothesis supports the independent origin of lichenicolous fungi associated with climatic shifts at the Oligocene-Miocene boundary. Moreover, diversification bursts at different times may be crucial factors driving the diversification of Parmeliaceae. Additionally, our study provides novel insight into evolutionary relationships in this large and diverse family of lichen-forming ascomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K Divakar
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Crespo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mats Wedin
- Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 50007, SE-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steven D Leavitt
- Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - David L Hawksworth
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leena Myllys
- Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, PO Box 7, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Bruce McCune
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331-2902, USA
| | - Tiina Randlane
- Institute of Ecology & Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai Street 38, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Jarle W Bjerke
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), FRAM - High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, NO-9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Yoshihito Ohmura
- National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0005, Japan
| | - Imke Schmitt
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre BiK-F, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 85 D-60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carlos G Boluda
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Alors
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Roca-Valiente
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Del-Prado
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Constantino Ruibal
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kawinnat Buaruang
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, 10240, Thailand
| | - Jano Núñez-Zapata
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Amo de Paz
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor J Rico
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Carmen Molina
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/ Tulipón s/n., 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - John A Elix
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Building 137, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Theodore L Esslinger
- Department of Biological Sciences Dept. 2715, North Dakota State University, PO Box 6050, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA
| | - Inger Kristin K Tronstad
- Tromsø University Museum, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, PO Box 6050, Langnes, NO-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hanna Lindgren
- Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, PO Box 7, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Damien Ertz
- Department of Bryophytes-Thallophytes, Domaine de Bouchout, National Botanic Garden of Belgium, 1860, Meise, Belgium
| | - Cécile Gueidan
- Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Lauri Saag
- Institute of Ecology & Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai Street 38, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Kristiina Mark
- Institute of Ecology & Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai Street 38, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Garima Singh
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre BiK-F, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Francesco Dal Grande
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre BiK-F, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sittiporn Parnmen
- Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Tivanon Road, Nonthaburi, 11000, Thailand
| | - Andreas Beck
- Department of Lichenology and Bryology, Botanische Staatssammlung, Menzinger Str. 67 D-80638, München, Germany
| | - Michel Navarro Benatti
- Instituto de Botânica, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Micologia, Caixa Postal 68041, 04045-972, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Dan Blanchon
- Biodiversity and Animal Welfare Research Group, Department of Natural Sciences, Unitec Institute of Technology, Private Bag 92025, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Mehmet Candan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Anadolu University, EskiŞehir, Turkey
| | - Philippe Clerc
- Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, CP 60, 1292, Chambésy, Switzerland
| | - Trevor Goward
- UBC Herbarium, Beaty Museum, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Martin Grube
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Brendan P Hodkinson
- Grice Lab, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, BRB 1046A, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jae-Seoun Hur
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, 540-742, Korea
| | | | - Paul M Kirika
- Botany Department, National Museums of Kenya, PO Box 45166-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Lendemer
- Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY, 10458-5126, USA
| | - Jan-Eric Mattsson
- School of Life Sciences, Södertörn University, SE-141 89, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - María Inés Messuti
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA) - CONICET, Universidad del Comahue, Quintral 1250, 8400, Sán Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | | | - Matthew Nelsen
- Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - Jan I Ohlson
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 50007, SE-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sergio Pérez-Ortega
- Departamento de Biogeoquímica y Ecología Microbiana, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, c/ Serrano 115, E-28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andres Saag
- Institute of Ecology & Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai Street 38, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Harrie J M Sipman
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohammad Sohrabi
- Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), 15815-115, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arne Thell
- Biologal Museum, Lund University, Box 117, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Göran Thor
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Camille Truong
- Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, CP 60, 1292, Chambésy, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Yahr
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK
| | - Dalip K Upreti
- National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Paloma Cubas
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - H Thorsten Lumbsch
- Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
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