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Kwiringira JN, Rujumba J, Ariho P, Mugisha J, Zakumumpa H, Mohling EWP, Akugizibwe M, Tumwebaze IK, Onyutha C. Correction: "Here, your only relative is money?" why slum social networks do not facilitate neighborhood community development: insights through a sanitation lens. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:968. [PMID: 38580982 PMCID: PMC10998382 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17360-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Rujumba
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Paulino Ariho
- Department of Sociology and Population Studies, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - James Mugisha
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Henry Zakumumpa
- School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Elizabeth W Perry Mohling
- Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, School of Public Health, National Safe Care Training and Research Center, Georgia State University, Georgia, USA
| | - Mathias Akugizibwe
- Department of Sociology and Population Studies, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Charles Onyutha
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda
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Kwiringira JN, Rujumba J, Ariho P, Mugisha J, Zakumumpa H, Mohling EWP, Akugizibwe M, Tumwebaze IK, Onyutha C. "Here, your only relative is money…" why slum social networks do not facilitate neighborhood community development: insights through a sanitation lens. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2341. [PMID: 38007444 PMCID: PMC10676606 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Though social networks which are deemed vehicles of community development exist in slum areas, underdevelopment still persists in these areas. We explored the nature and role of social networks in facilitating community development in the slums of Kampala through a sanitation lens. METHODS Qualitative Social Network Analysis (SNA) was done to understand the nature of slum social networks primarily through the analysis of sanitation behavior. Data were collected through six Focus Group Discussions (FGD), six In-depth Interviews (IDIs), and 18 Key Informant Interviews (KII) with Government, civil society and private stakeholders. We used both inductive and deductive thematic analysis. RESULTS Four themes emerged in our analysis; i); Unsupportive environments, uncooperative neighbours and uncertainty of tenure: participants reported slums as unsupportive of community development due to a shortage of space, poverty and unplanned services. Tenants perceived landlords as exploitative and predatory and wished the tables are turned. This notion of cyclic exploitation did not encourage collective action for community good. Short-term economic survival trumped long-term community interests ii) Patronage and poor service delivery: varying degrees of patronage led to multiple forms of illegalities and violations such as tax evasion. Due to vested interests and corruption among public officials, the slum population was lethargic. iii) Intersecting realities of poverty and unemployment: slum dwellers lived on the margins daily. Hence, poor living conditions were a secondary concern. iv) Social relations for personal development: Slum social networks were driven by individual interests rather than community good. Slum dwellers prioritized connections with people of common socio-economic interests. As such social networks were instrumental only if they 'added value'. CONCLUSION Social networks in slums are only concerned about survival needs. Slums require responses that address the complexity of slum formation and broader livelihood challenges, as well as re-assessing the meaning of community. We posit that more needs to be done in understanding the meaning and workings of a sociology beyond physical societies. Poverty is a modifier of social systems and processes and should be a concern for all stakeholders involved in slum development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Rujumba
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Paulino Ariho
- Department of Sociology and Population Studies, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - James Mugisha
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Henry Zakumumpa
- School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Elizabeth W Perry Mohling
- Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, School of Public Health, National Safe Care Training and Research Center, Georgia State University, Georgia, USA
| | - Mathias Akugizibwe
- Department of Sociology and Population Studies, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Charles Onyutha
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda
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Maniragaba F, Nzabona A, Lwanga C, Ariho P, Kwagala B. Factors that influence safe water drinking practices among older persons in slums of Kampala: Analyzing disparities in boiling water. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291980. [PMID: 37738226 PMCID: PMC10516437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Safe drinking water practice is a key public health promotion strategy for reducing the spread of waterborne diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that influence boiling water practice among older persons in informal settlements of Kampala. METHODS We collected primary data on "Access to safe water and health services among older persons in informal settlements of Kampala in October 2022. The study interviewed 593 men and women aged 60 years and older. The Complementary log-log multivariable technique was used to establish the association between boiling water practice and selected independent variables. RESULTS The results show that nearly 8% of the respondents did not boil their water for drinking. The findings show that the female older persons had increased odds of boiling water to make it safe for drinking compared to their male counterparts (OR = 1.859, 95% CI = 1.384-2.495). Other factors associated with boiling water practice among older persons in the informal settlements of Kampala were; living alone, quality of house, and type of water source. CONCLUSION Basing on our findings, we find that older women are more likely to use safe drinking water practice (boiling) compared to the male older persons. Health education majorly targeting older men about the importance and health benefits associated with safe water drinking practices should be prioritized by policy makers. There is need to improve housing conditions of older persons to minimize typhoid, diarrhea and other health risks associated with drinking unsafely managed water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Maniragaba
- Department of Population Studies, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Charles Lwanga
- Department of Population Studies, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Paulino Ariho
- Department of Population Studies, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Betty Kwagala
- Department of Population Studies, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Orwa J, Gatimu SM, Ariho P, Temmerman M, Luchters S. Trends and factors associated with declining lifetime fertility among married women in Kenya between 2003 and 2014: an analysis of Kenya demographic health surveys. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:718. [PMID: 37081486 PMCID: PMC10116796 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15620-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, fertility has declined in the last three decades. In sub-Saharan Africa Including Kenya, this decline started more recent and at a slower pace compared to other regions. Despite a significant fertility decline in Kenya, there are disparities in intra- and interregional fertility. Reduction in lifetime fertility has health benefits for both the mother and child, thus it is important to improve women and children health outcomes associated with high fertility. The study, therefore evaluated the factors associate with change in lifetime fertility among married women of reproductive age in Kenya between 2003 and 2014. METHODS The study used the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS) datasets of 2003, 2008 and 2014. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to calculate the mean number of children ever born and to assess the change in fertility across different factors. Poisson regression model with robust standard errors was used to study the relationship between number of children ever born (lifetime fertility) and independent variables. A Poisson-based multivariate decomposition for the nonlinear response model was performed to identify and quantify the contribution of demographic, socioeconomic and reproductive correlates, to the change in lifetime fertility between 2003 and 2014. RESULTS The study included 3,917, 4,002, and 7,332 weighted samples of women of reproductive age in 2003, 2008, and 2014, respectively. The mean number of children born declined from 3.8 (95% CI: 3.6-3.9) in 2003 to 3.5 (95% CI: 3.4--3.7) in 2008 and 3.4 (95% CI: 3.3-3.4) in 2014 (p = 0.001). The expected number of children reduced with the age at first sexual intercourse, the age at first marriage across the survey years, and household wealth index. Women who had lost one or more children in the past were likely to have increased number of children. The changes in the effects of women's characteristics between the surveys explained 96.4% of the decline. The main contributors to the change in lifetime fertility was the different in women level of education. CONCLUSION The lifetime fertility declined by one-tenth between 2003 and 2014; majorly as a result of the effects of characteristics of women in terms of level of education. These highlights a need to implement education policies that promotes women education focuses on gender equality and women empowerment. Continuous strengthening of the healthcare systems (access to quality antenatal care, skilled delivery, and postpartum care) to reduce child mortality is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Orwa
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Population Health, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, P.O. Box 30270 - 00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Samwel Maina Gatimu
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Diabetic Foot Foundation of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Paulino Ariho
- Department of Population Studies, School of Statistics and Planning, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Marleen Temmerman
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Centre of Excellence for Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stanley Luchters
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Centre for Sexual Health and HIV/AIDS Research (CeSHHAR), Harare, Zimbabwe
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, UK
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Kwiringira JN, Mugisha J, Akugizibwe M, Ariho P. 'When will the doctor be around so that I come by?!' Geo-socio effects on health care supply, access and utilisation: experiences from Kalangala Islands, Uganda. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:1163. [PMID: 34702272 PMCID: PMC8549200 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-07204-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The study set out to give an in-depth intersection of geo, eco-socio exposition of the factors relating to geography, healthcare supply and utilization in an island setting. This analysis is informed by what has emerged to be known as social epidemiology. We provide in-depth explanation of context to health care access, utilization and outcomes. We argue that health care delivery has multiple intersections that are experientially complex, multi-layered and multi-dimensional to the disadvantage of vulnerable population segments of society in the study area. Methods We used a cross-sectional qualitative exploratory design. Qualitative methods facilitated an in-depth exploration and understanding of this island dispersed and peripheral setting. Data sources included a review of relevant literature and an ethnographic exploration of the lived experiences of community members while seeking and accessing health care. Data collection methods included in-depth interviews (IDI) from selected respondents, observation, focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews (KII). Results We report based on the health care systems model which posits that, health care activities are diverse but interconnected in a complex way. The identified themes are; the role of geography, access (geographical and financial) to health services, demand and utilization, Supplies, staffing and logistical barriers and a permissive and transient society. When and how to travel for care was beyond a matter of having a health need/ being sick and need arising. A motivated workforce is as critical as health facilities themselves in determining healthcare outcomes. Conclusion Geography doesn’t work and affect health outcomes in isolation. Measures that target only individuals will not be adequate to tackle health inequalities because aspects of the collective social group and physical environment may also need to be changed in order to reduce health variations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Mugisha
- Department of Sociology and Social Administration, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mathias Akugizibwe
- Department of Sociology and Social Administration, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Paulino Ariho
- Department of Sociology and Social Administration, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda
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Wasswa R, Kabagenyi A, Ariho P. Multilevel mixed effects analysis of individual and community level factors associated with modern contraceptive use among married women in Uganda. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1457. [PMID: 34315436 PMCID: PMC8314485 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In spite of the universal right for women to decide freely for themselves when, and how many children they want to have in life, married women in Uganda are less likely to use modern contraceptives as compared to other marital categories. This study examines the individual and community factors associated with modern contraceptive use among married women in Uganda. Methods The study used data from the 2016 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey which comprised of 8671 married women aged 15–49 years who were fecund and non-pregnant at the time of the survey. Analysis was done using a multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression model. Results Findings showed that married women who were; Muslims (AOR = 0.78, CI = 0.66–0.91), had more than five children (AOR = 0.76, CI = 0.61–0.98), staying in communities with high poverty (AOR = 0.78, CI = 0.65–0.93), with older age at first birth (AOR = 0.94, CI = 0.92–0.96) as well as having spousal age difference of more than 9 years (AOR = 0.86, CI = 0.76–0.98) were associated with low modern contraceptive use. Women living in communities with higher age at first marriage (AOR = 0.93, CI = 0.88–0.98) or higher sexual debut (AOR = 0.91, CI = 0.85–0.98) were also associated with reduced odds of modern contraception. In addition, older women (AOR = 1.03, CI = 1.01–1.04), having secondary/higher education (AOR = 1.93, CI = 1.58–2.37), living in a rich household (AOR = 1.32, CI = 1.14–1.53), short distance to health facility (AOR = 1.18, CI = 1.06–1.31), high community education (AOR = 1.38, CI = 1.17–1.62), high community exposure to family planning messages (AOR = 1.24, CI = 1.08–1.42), and communities with high proportion of women working (AOR = 1.22, CI = 1.06–1.39) were more likely to use modern contraceptives. Conclusion The study revealed that both individual and community factors were important in explaining the factors associated with modern contraceptive use among married women in Uganda. Therefore, there is need to invest in community based programs like: family planning outreach services, mass media campaigns and community mobilization activities to help in dissemination of family planning information, increase awareness and promotion in use of modern contraceptives. Also, expansion of higher education and the need to make family planning services available and accessible to areas with limited physical access to health facilities will lead to sustained increase in uptake of modern contraceptives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Wasswa
- Department of Statistical Methods and Actuarial Science, School of Statistics & Planning, College of Business and Management Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Allen Kabagenyi
- Department of Population Studies, School of Statistics & Planning, College of Business and Management Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Paulino Ariho
- Department of Sociology and Social Administration, Kyambogo University, P.O. Box 1, Kampala, Uganda
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Kwiringira JN, Kabumbuli R, Zakumumpa H, Mugisha J, Akugizibwe M, Ariho P, Rujumba J. Re-conceptualizing sustainable urban sanitation in Uganda: why the roots of 'Slumification' must be dealt with. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:992. [PMID: 34039319 PMCID: PMC8157622 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Country-wide urbanization in Uganda has continued amidst institutional challenges. Previous interventions in the water and sanitation sector have not addressed the underlying issues of a poorly managed urbanization processes. Poor urbanisation is linked to low productivity, urban poverty, unemployment, limited capacity to plan and offer basic services as well as a failure to enforce urban standards. Methods This ethnographic study was carried out in three urban centres of Gulu, Mbarara and Kampala. We explored relationships between urban livelihoods and sustainable urban sanitation, using the economic sociology of urban sanitation framework. This framework locates the urbanization narrative within a complex system entailing demand, supply, access, use and sustainability of slum sanitation. We used both inductive and deductive thematic analysis. Results More than any other city in Uganda, Kampala was plagued with poor sanitation services characterized by a mismatch between demand and the available capacity for service provision. Poor slum sanitation was driven by; the need to escape rural poverty through urban migration, urban governance deficits, corruption and the survival imperative, poor service delivery and lack of capacity, pervasive (urban) informality, lack of standards: ‘to whom it may concern’ attitudes and the normalization of risk as a way of life. Amidst a general lack of affordability, there was a critical lack of public good conscience. Most urbanites were trapped in poverty, whereby economic survival trumped for the need for meeting desirable sanitation standards. Conclusions Providing sustainable urban livelihoods and meeting sanitation demands is nested within sustainable livelihoods. Previous interventions have labored to fix the sanitation problem in slums without considering the drivers of this problem. Sustainable urban livelihoods are critical in reducing slums, improving slum living and curtailing the onset of slumification. Urban authorities need to make urban centres economically vibrant as an integral strategy for attaining better sanitation standards. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-11029-8.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Kabumbuli
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Henry Zakumumpa
- College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - James Mugisha
- Department of Sociology and Social Administration, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mathias Akugizibwe
- Department of Sociology and Social Administration, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Paulino Ariho
- Department of Sociology and Social Administration, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph Rujumba
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Ariho P, Kabagenyi A. Age at first marriage, age at first sex, family size preferences, contraception and change in fertility among women in Uganda: analysis of the 2006-2016 period. BMC Womens Health 2020; 20:8. [PMID: 31948426 PMCID: PMC6966849 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-020-0881-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uganda's fertility was almost unchanging until the year 2006 when some reductions became visible. Compared to age at first marriage and contraceptive use, age at sexual debut and family size preferences are rarely examined in studies of fertility decline. In this study, we analyzed the contribution of age at first marriage, age at first sex, family size preferences and contraceptive use to change in fertility in Uganda between 2006 and 2016. METHODS Using data from the 2006 and 2016 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS), we applied a nonlinear multivariate decomposition technique to quantify the contribution of age at first marriage, age at first sex, family size preference and contraceptive use to the change in fertility observed during the 2006-2016 period. RESULTS The findings indicate that 37 and 63% of the change in fertility observed between 2006 and 2016 was respectively associated with changing characteristics and changing fertility behavior of the women. Changes in proportion of women by; age at first marriage, age at first sex, family size preferences and contraceptive use were respectively associated with 20.6, 10.5 and 8.4% and 8.2% of the change in fertility but only fertility behavior resulting from age at first sex was significantly related to the change in fertility with a contribution of 43.5%. CONCLUSIONS The study quantified the contribution of age at first marriage, age at first sex, family size preferences and contraceptive use to the change in fertility observed between 2006 and 2016. We highlight that of the four factors, only age at sexual debut made a significant contribution on the two components of the decomposition. There is need to address the low age at first sex, accessibility, demand for family planning services and youth-friendly family planning services to young unmarried women such that they can achieve their desired fertility. The contribution of other factors such as education attainment by women and place of residence and their relationship with changes in fertility calls for addressing if further reduction in fertility is to be realised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulino Ariho
- Department of Sociology and Social Administration, Kyambogo University, P.O. Box, 1, Kyambogo, Uganda.
| | - Allen Kabagenyi
- Department of Population Studies, School of Statistics & Planning, College of Business and Management Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box, 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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Ariho P, Kabagenyi A, Nzabona A. Determinants of change in fertility pattern among women in Uganda during the period 2006-2011. Fertil Res Pract 2018; 4:4. [PMID: 29983990 PMCID: PMC6020355 DOI: 10.1186/s40738-018-0049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Studies on fertility in Uganda have attributed fertility reduction to a shift in the overall characteristics of women of reproductive age. It is not clear whether the reduction in fertility is due to changing socioeconomic and demographic characteristics over time or stems from the shifts in the reproductive behavior of women. In this paper we examine how fertility rates have changed between 2006 and 2011 and whether these changes have resulted from changing characteristics or from changing reproductive behavior of women. Methods Using the 2006 and 2011 Demographic and Health Survey data for Uganda, Multivariate Poisson Decomposition techniques were applied to evaluate observed changes in fertility. Results Changing characteristics of women aged 15–49 years significantly contributed to the overall change in fertility from 2006 to 2011. The change observed in older age at first marriage was the major contributor to the changes in fertility. The contribution that can be attributed to changes in reproductive behavior was not significant. Conclusions This study finds that the major contribution to the reduction in fertility between 2006 and 2011 was from increased education and delayed marriage among women. Continued improvement in secondary school completion, will lead to older age at first marriage and will continue to be an important factor in Uganda’s declining fertility rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulino Ariho
- 1Department of Population Studies, School of Statistics & Planning, College of Business and Management Sciences, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.,2Department of Sociology and Social Administration, Kyambogo University, P.O.Box 1, Kyambogo, Uganda
| | - Allen Kabagenyi
- 1Department of Population Studies, School of Statistics & Planning, College of Business and Management Sciences, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Abel Nzabona
- 1Department of Population Studies, School of Statistics & Planning, College of Business and Management Sciences, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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