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Dertschnig S, Evans P, Santos E Sousa P, Manzo T, Ferrer IR, Stauss HJ, Bennett CL, Chakraverty R. Graft-versus-host disease reduces lymph node display of tissue-restricted self-antigens and promotes autoimmunity. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:1896-1911. [PMID: 31917684 PMCID: PMC7108931 DOI: 10.1172/jci133102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is initially triggered by alloreactive T cells, which damage peripheral tissues and lymphoid organs. Subsequent transition to chronic GVHD involves the emergence of autoimmunity, although the underlying mechanisms driving this process are unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that acute GVHD blocks peripheral tolerance of autoreactive T cells by impairing lymph node (LN) display of peripheral tissue–restricted antigens (PTAs). At the initiation of GVHD, LN fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) rapidly reduced expression of genes regulated by DEAF1, an autoimmune regulator-like transcription factor required for intranodal expression of PTAs. Subsequently, GVHD led to the selective elimination of the FRC population, and blocked the repair pathways required for its regeneration. We used a transgenic mouse model to show that the loss of presentation of an intestinal PTA by FRCs during GVHD resulted in the activation of autoaggressive T cells and gut injury. Finally, we show that FRCs normally expressed a unique PTA gene signature that was highly enriched for genes expressed in the target organs affected by chronic GVHD. In conclusion, acute GVHD damages and prevents repair of the FRC network, thus disabling an essential platform for purging autoreactive T cells from the repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Dertschnig
- UCL Cancer Institute, and.,Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela Evans
- UCL Cancer Institute, and.,Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Santos E Sousa
- UCL Cancer Institute, and.,Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ivana R Ferrer
- UCL Cancer Institute, and.,Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hans J Stauss
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare L Bennett
- UCL Cancer Institute, and.,Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ronjon Chakraverty
- UCL Cancer Institute, and.,Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
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Ferrer IR, West HC, Henderson S, Ushakov DS, Santos E Sousa P, Strid J, Chakraverty R, Yates AJ, Bennett CL. A wave of monocytes is recruited to replenish the long-term Langerhans cell network after immune injury. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/38/eaax8704. [PMID: 31444235 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aax8704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A dense population of embryo-derived Langerhans cells (eLCs) is maintained within the sealed epidermis without contribution from circulating cells. When this network is perturbed by transient exposure to ultraviolet light, short-term LCs are temporarily reconstituted from an initial wave of monocytes but thought to be superseded by more permanent repopulation with undefined LC precursors. However, the extent to which this process is relevant to immunopathological processes that damage LC population integrity is not known. Using a model of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, where alloreactive T cells directly target eLCs, we have asked whether and how the original LC network is ultimately restored. We find that donor monocytes, but not dendritic cells, are the precursors of long-term LCs in this context. Destruction of eLCs leads to recruitment of a wave of monocytes that engraft in the epidermis and undergo a sequential pathway of differentiation via transcriptionally distinct EpCAM+ precursors. Monocyte-derived LCs acquire the capacity of self-renewal, and proliferation in the epidermis matched that of steady-state eLCs. However, we identified a bottleneck in the differentiation and survival of epidermal monocytes, which, together with the slow rate of renewal of mature LCs, limits repair of the network. Furthermore, replenishment of the LC network leads to constitutive entry of cells into the epidermal compartment. Thus, immune injury triggers functional adaptation of mechanisms used to maintain tissue-resident macrophages at other sites, but this process is highly inefficient in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana R Ferrer
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK and Cancer Institute Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer Studies, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Heather C West
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK and Cancer Institute Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer Studies, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Stephen Henderson
- Bill Lyons Informatics Centre, Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Dmitry S Ushakov
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Newcomen Street, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Pedro Santos E Sousa
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK and Cancer Institute Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer Studies, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Jessica Strid
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ronjon Chakraverty
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK and Cancer Institute Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer Studies, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Andrew J Yates
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Clare L Bennett
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK and Cancer Institute Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer Studies, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK.
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Verfuerth S, Sousa PSE, Beloki L, Murray M, Peters MD, O'Neill AT, Mackinnon S, Lowdell MW, Chakraverty R, Samuel ER. Generation of memory T cells for adoptive transfer using clinical-grade anti-CD62L magnetic beads. Bone Marrow Transplant 2016; 51:620. [PMID: 27050751 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2016.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sivakumaran S, Henderson S, Ward S, Santos E Sousa P, Manzo T, Zhang L, Conlan T, Means TK, D'Aveni M, Hermine O, Rubio MT, Chakraverty R, Bennett CL. Depletion of CD11c⁺ cells in the CD11c.DTR model drives expansion of unique CD64⁺ Ly6C⁺ monocytes that are poised to release TNF-α. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:192-203. [PMID: 26464217 PMCID: PMC4722854 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a vital role in innate and adaptive immunities. Inducible depletion of CD11c(+) DCs engineered to express a high-affinity diphtheria toxin receptor has been a powerful tool to dissect DC function in vivo. However, despite reports showing that loss of DCs induces transient monocytosis, the monocyte population that emerges and the potential impact of monocytes on studies of DC function have not been investigated. We found that depletion of CD11c(+) cells from CD11c.DTR mice induced the expansion of a variant CD64(+) Ly6C(+) monocyte population in the spleen and blood that was distinct from conventional monocytes. Expansion of CD64(+) Ly6C(+) monocytes was independent of mobilization from the BM via CCR2 but required the cytokine, G-CSF. Indeed, this population was also expanded upon exposure to exogenous G-CSF in the absence of DC depletion. CD64(+) Ly6C(+) monocytes were characterized by upregulation of innate signaling apparatus despite the absence of inflammation, and an increased capacity to produce TNF-α following LPS stimulation. Thus, depletion of CD11c(+) cells induces expansion of a unique CD64(+) Ly6C(+) monocyte population poised to synthesize TNF-α. This finding will require consideration in experiments using depletion strategies to test the role of CD11c(+) DCs in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivajanani Sivakumaran
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College LondonLondon, UK
- Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Stephen Henderson
- Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondon, UK
- Bill Lyons Informatics Centre, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Sophie Ward
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College LondonLondon, UK
- Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Pedro Santos E Sousa
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College LondonLondon, UK
- Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Teresa Manzo
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College LondonLondon, UK
- Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College LondonLondon, UK
- Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Thomas Conlan
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College LondonLondon, UK
- Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Terry K Means
- MGH Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Maud D'Aveni
- CNRS UMR 8147, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de MédecineHôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Hermine
- CNRS UMR 8147, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de MédecineHôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Thérèse Rubio
- CNRS UMR 8147, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de MédecineHôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Ronjon Chakraverty
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College LondonLondon, UK
- Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Clare L Bennett
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College LondonLondon, UK
- Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondon, UK
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Veliça P, Zech M, Henson S, Holler A, Manzo T, Pike R, Santos E Sousa P, Zhang L, Heinz N, Schiedlmeier B, Pule M, Stauss H, Chakraverty R. Genetic Regulation of Fate Decisions in Therapeutic T Cells to Enhance Tumor Protection and Memory Formation. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2641-52. [PMID: 25904681 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A key challenge in the field of T-cell immunotherapy for cancer is creating a suitable platform for promoting differentiation of effector cells while at the same time enabling self-renewal needed for long-term memory. Although transfer of less differentiated memory T cells increases efficacy through greater expansion and persistence in vivo, the capacity of such cells to sustain effector functions within immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments may still be limiting. We have therefore directly compared the impact of effector versus memory differentiation of therapeutic T cells in tumor-bearing mice by introducing molecular switches that regulate cell fate decisions via mTOR. Ectopic expression of RAS homolog enriched in brain (RHEB) increased mTORC1 signaling, promoted a switch to aerobic glycolysis, and increased expansion of effector T cells. By rapidly infiltrating tumors, RHEB-transduced T cells significantly reduced the emergence of immunoedited escape variants. In contrast, expression of proline-rich Akt substrate of 40 kDa (PRAS40) inhibited mTORC1, promoted quiescence, and blocked tumor infiltration. Fate mapping studies following transient expression of PRAS40 demonstrated that mTORC1(low) T cells made no contribution to initial tumor control but instead survived to become memory cells proficient in generating recall immunity. Our data support the design of translational strategies for generating heterogeneous T-cell immunity against cancer, with the appropriate balance between promoting effector differentiation and self-renewal. Unlike pharmacologic inhibitors, the genetic approach described here allows for upregulation as well as inhibition of the mTORC1 pathway and is highly selective for the therapeutic T cells without affecting systemic mTORC1 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Veliça
- Department of Haematology, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom. Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mathias Zech
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sian Henson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Angelika Holler
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Manzo
- Department of Haematology, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom. Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Pike
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Santos E Sousa
- Department of Haematology, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom. Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Haematology, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom. Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Martin Pule
- Department of Haematology, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hans Stauss
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ronjon Chakraverty
- Department of Haematology, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom. Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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