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Cunliffe AJ, Askew PD, Stephan I, Iredale G, Cosemans P, Simmons LM, Verran J, Redfern J. How Do We Determine the Efficacy of an Antibacterial Surface? A Review of Standardised Antibacterial Material Testing Methods. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1069. [PMID: 34572650 PMCID: PMC8472414 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Materials that confer antimicrobial activity, be that by innate property, leaching of biocides or design features (e.g., non-adhesive materials) continue to gain popularity to combat the increasing and varied threats from microorganisms, e.g., replacing inert surfaces in hospitals with copper. To understand how efficacious these materials are at controlling microorganisms, data is usually collected via a standardised test method. However, standardised test methods vary, and often the characteristics and methodological choices can make it difficult to infer that any perceived antimicrobial activity demonstrated in the laboratory can be confidently assumed to an end-use setting. This review provides a critical analysis of standardised methodology used in academia and industry, and demonstrates how many key methodological choices (e.g., temperature, humidity/moisture, airflow, surface topography) may impact efficacy assessment, highlighting the need to carefully consider intended antimicrobial end-use of any product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Cunliffe
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK;
| | - Peter D. Askew
- (Industrial Microbiological Services Ltd.) IMSL, Pale Lane, Hartley Whitney, Hants RG27 8DH, UK; (P.D.A.); (G.I.)
| | - Ina Stephan
- (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung) BAM, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Gillian Iredale
- (Industrial Microbiological Services Ltd.) IMSL, Pale Lane, Hartley Whitney, Hants RG27 8DH, UK; (P.D.A.); (G.I.)
| | | | - Lisa M. Simmons
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK;
| | - Joanna Verran
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK;
| | - James Redfern
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK;
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Dunne CP, Askew PD, Papadopoulos T, Gouveia IC, Ahonen M, Modic M, Azevedo NF, Schulte S, Cosemans P, Kahru A, Murzyn K, Keevil CW, Riool M, Keinänen-Toivola MM. Antimicrobial coating innovations to prevent infectious disease: a consensus view from the AMiCl COST Action. J Hosp Infect 2020; 105:116-118. [PMID: 32278702 PMCID: PMC7194850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C P Dunne
- School of Medicine and Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (4i), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - P D Askew
- Industrial Microbiological Services Ltd (IMSL), Hampshire, UK
| | - T Papadopoulos
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - I C Gouveia
- FibEnTech Research Unit, Faculty of Engineering, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - M Ahonen
- Faculty of Technology, Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Rauma, Finland
| | - M Modic
- Laboratory for Gaseous Electronics, Institute 'Jožef Stefan', Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - N F Azevedo
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - S Schulte
- Evonik Resource Efficiency GmbH, Goldschmidtstrasse 100, 45127 Essen, Germany
| | | | - A Kahru
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - K Murzyn
- LifeScience Krakow Klaster, Ul, Bobrzynskiego, 14 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - C W Keevil
- Environmental Healthcare Unit, Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - M Riool
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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