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Bergs M, Do XT, Rumpf J, Kusch P, Monakhova Y, Konow C, Völkering G, Pude R, Schulze M. Comparing chemical composition and lignin structure of Miscanthus x giganteus and Miscanthus nagara harvested in autumn and spring and separated into stems and leaves. RSC Adv 2020; 10:10740-10751. [PMID: 35492943 PMCID: PMC9050404 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10576j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Miscanthus crops possess very attractive properties such as high photosynthesis yield and carbon fixation rate. Because of these properties, it is currently considered for use in second-generation biorefineries. Here we analyze the differences in chemical composition between M. x giganteus, a commonly studied Miscanthus genotype, and M. nagara, which is relatively understudied but has useful properties such as increased frost resistance and higher stem stability. Samples of M. x giganteus (Gig35) and M. nagara (NagG10) have been separated by plant portion (leaves and stems) in order to isolate the corresponding lignins. The organosolv process was used for biomass pulping (80% ethanol solution, 170 °C, 15 bar). Biomass composition and lignin structure analysis were performed using composition analysis, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and pyrolysis gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) to determine the 3D structure of the isolated lignins, monolignol ratio and most abundant linkages depending on genotype and harvesting season. SEC data showed significant differences in the molecular weight and polydispersity indices for stem versus leaf-derived lignins. Py-GC/MS and hetero-nuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC) NMR revealed different monolignol compositions for the two genotypes (Gig35, NagG10). The monolignol ratio is slightly influenced by the time of harvest: stem-derived lignins of M. nagara showed increasing H and decreasing G unit content over the studied harvesting period (December–April). Miscanthus crops possess attractive properties such as high photosynthesis yield and carbon fixation rate. Moreover, M. nagara, shows good frost tolerance. Monolignol ratio and most abundant linkages of the isolated lignins have been identified.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bergs
- Department of Natural Sciences
- Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences
- D-53359 Rheinbach
- Germany
- Spectral Service AG
| | - Xuan Tung Do
- Department of Natural Sciences
- Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences
- D-53359 Rheinbach
- Germany
| | - Jessica Rumpf
- Department of Natural Sciences
- Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences
- D-53359 Rheinbach
- Germany
| | - Peter Kusch
- Department of Natural Sciences
- Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences
- D-53359 Rheinbach
- Germany
| | - Yulia Monakhova
- Spectral Service AG
- Germany
- Institute of Chemistry
- Saratov State University
- 410012 Saratov
| | | | - Georg Völkering
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation
- Faculty of Agriculture
- University of Bonn
- D-53359 Rheinbach
- Germany
| | - Ralf Pude
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation
- Faculty of Agriculture
- University of Bonn
- D-53359 Rheinbach
- Germany
| | - Margit Schulze
- Department of Natural Sciences
- Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences
- D-53359 Rheinbach
- Germany
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Bergs M, Völkering G, Kraska T, Pude R, Do XT, Kusch P, Monakhova Y, Konow C, Schulze M. Miscanthus x giganteus Stem Versus Leaf-Derived Lignins Differing in Monolignol Ratio and Linkage. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1200. [PMID: 30857288 PMCID: PMC6429407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As a renewable, Miscanthus offers numerous advantages such as high photosynthesis activity (as a C₄ plant) and an exceptional CO₂ fixation rate. These properties make Miscanthus very attractive for industrial exploitation, such as lignin generation. In this paper, we present a systematic study analyzing the correlation of the lignin structure with the Miscanthus genotype and plant portion (stem versus leaf). Specifically, the ratio of the three monolignols and corresponding building blocks as well as the linkages formed between the units have been studied. The lignin amount has been determined for M. x giganteus (Gig17, Gig34, Gig35), M. nagara (NagG10), M. sinensis (Sin2), and M. robustus (Rob4) harvested at different time points (September, December, and April). The influence of the Miscanthus genotype and plant component (leaf vs. stem) has been studied to develop corresponding structure-property relationships (i.e., correlations in molecular weight, polydispersity, and decomposition temperature). Lignin isolation was performed using non-catalyzed organosolv pulping and the structure analysis includes compositional analysis, Fourier transform infradred (FTIR), ultraviolet/visible (UV-Vis), hetero-nuclear single quantum correlation nuclear magnetic resonsnce (HSQC-NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and pyrolysis gaschromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Structural differences were found for stem and leaf-derived lignins. Compared to beech wood lignins, Miscanthus lignins possess lower molecular weight and narrow polydispersities (<1.5 Miscanthus vs. >2.5 beech) corresponding to improved homogeneity. In addition to conventional univariate analysis of FTIR spectra, multivariate chemometrics revealed distinct differences for aromatic in-plane deformations of stem versus leaf-derived lignins. These results emphasize the potential of Miscanthus as a low-input resource and a Miscanthus-derived lignin as promising agricultural feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bergs
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Strasse 20, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany.
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bonn, Klein-Altendorf 2, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany.
| | - Georg Völkering
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bonn, Klein-Altendorf 2, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Kraska
- Field Lab Campus Klein-Altendorf, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bonn, Campus Klein-Altendorf 1, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany.
| | - Ralf Pude
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bonn, Klein-Altendorf 2, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany.
- Field Lab Campus Klein-Altendorf, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bonn, Campus Klein-Altendorf 1, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany.
| | - Xuan Tung Do
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Strasse 20, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany.
| | - Peter Kusch
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Strasse 20, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany.
| | - Yulia Monakhova
- Spectral Service AG, Emil-Hoffmann-Strasse 33, D-50996 Köln, Germany.
- Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Street 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia.
| | - Christopher Konow
- Department of Chemistry, MS 015, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA.
| | - Margit Schulze
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Strasse 20, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany.
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Klein SE, Rumpf J, Kusch P, Albach R, Rehahn M, Witzleben S, Schulze M. Unmodified kraft lignin isolated at room temperature from aqueous solution for preparation of highly flexible transparent polyurethane coatings. RSC Adv 2018; 8:40765-40777. [PMID: 35557904 PMCID: PMC9091468 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08579j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyurethane (PU) coatings were successfully produced using unmodified kraft lignin (KL) as an environmentally benign component in contents of up to 80 wt%. Lignin samples were precipitated from industrial black liquor in aqueous solution working at room temperature and different pH levels (pH 2 to pH 5). Lignins were characterized by UV-Vis, FTIR, pyrolysis-GC/MS, SEC and 31P-NMR. Results show a correlation between pH level, OH number and molecular weight M w of isolated lignins. Lignin-based polyurethane coatings were prepared in an efficient one step synthesis dissolving lignin in THF and PEG425 in an ultrasonic bath followed by addition of 4,4-diphenylmethanediisocyanate (MDI) and triethylamine (TEA). Crosslinking was achieved under very mild conditions (1 hour at room temperature followed by 3 hours at 35 °C). The resulting coatings were characterized regarding their physical properties including ATR-IR, TGA, optical contact angle, light microscopy, REM-EDX and AFM data. Transparent homogeneous films of high flexibility resulted from lignins isolated at pH 4, possessing a temperature resistance up to 160 °C. Swelling tests revealed a resistance against water. Swelling in DMSO depends on index, pH of precipitation and catalyst utilization for PU preparation. According to AFM studies, surface roughness is between 10 and 28 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Elisabeth Klein
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences von-Liebig-Straße 20 D-53359 Rheinbach Germany
- Technical University Darmstadt Alarich-Weiß-Straße 4 D-64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Jessica Rumpf
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences von-Liebig-Straße 20 D-53359 Rheinbach Germany
| | - Peter Kusch
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences von-Liebig-Straße 20 D-53359 Rheinbach Germany
| | - Rolf Albach
- Covestro Deutschland AG, COV-CCO-PUR-R&D-PRES B108, 268 D-51365 Leverkusen Germany
| | - Matthias Rehahn
- Technical University Darmstadt Alarich-Weiß-Straße 4 D-64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Steffen Witzleben
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences von-Liebig-Straße 20 D-53359 Rheinbach Germany
| | - Margit Schulze
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences von-Liebig-Straße 20 D-53359 Rheinbach Germany
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Blavid R, Kusch P, Hauber J, Eschweiler U, Sarite SR, Specht S, Deininger S, Hoerauf A, Kaiser A. Down-regulation of hypusine biosynthesis in Plasmodium by inhibition of S-adenosyl-methionine-decarboxylase. Amino Acids 2010; 38:461-9. [PMID: 19949824 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0405-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An important issue facing global health today is the need for new, effective and affordable drugs against malaria, particularly in resource-poor countries. Moreover, the currently available antimalarials are limited by factors ranging from parasite resistance to safety, compliance, cost and the current lack of innovations in medicinal chemistry. Depletion of polyamines in the intraerythrocytic phase of P. falciparum is a promising strategy for the development of new antimalarials since intracellular levels of putrescine, spermidine and spermine are increased during cell proliferation. S-adenosyl-methionine-decarboxylase (AdoMETDC) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of spermidine. The AdoMETDC inhibitor CGP 48664A, known as SAM486A, inhibited the separately expressed plasmodial AdoMETDC domain with a Km( i ) of 3 microM resulting in depletion of spermidine. Spermidine is an important precursor in the biosynthesis of hypusine. This prompted us to investigate a downstream effect on hypusine biosynthesis after inhibition of AdoMETDC. Extracts from P. falciparum in vitro cultures that were treated with 10 microM SAM 486A showed suppression of eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) in comparison to the untreated control in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Depletion of eIF-5A was also observed in Western blot analysis with crude protein extracts from the parasite after treatment with 10 microM SAM486A. A determination of the intracellular polyamine levels revealed an approximately 27% reduction of spemidine and a 75% decrease of spermine while putrescine levels increased to 36%. These data suggest that inhibition of AdoMetDc provides a novel strategy for eIF-5A suppression and the design of new antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Blavid
- Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Von Liebig Strasse 20, 53359, Rheinbach, Germany
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Frommholz D, Kusch P, Blavid R, Scheer H, Tu JM, Marcus K, Zhao KH, Atemnkeng V, Marciniak J, Kaiser AE. Completing the hypusine pathway in Plasmodium. FEBS J 2009; 276:5881-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kusch P, Knupp G, Hergarten M, Kozupa M, Majchrzak M. Erratum to “Solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography and solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry determination of corrosion inhibiting long-chain primary alkyl amines in chemical treatment of boiler water in water-steam systems of power plants” [J. Chromatogr. A 1113 (2006) 198–205]. J Chromatogr A 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kusch P, Knupp G, Kozupa M, Majchrzak M. Identification and Structural Elucidation of Corrosion Inhibiting Long-Chain N-1-Alkyl-1,3-propanediamines by GC–MS. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kusch P, Knupp G, Hergarten M, Kozupa M, Majchrzak M. Solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography and solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry determination of corrosion inhibiting long-chain primary alkyl amines in chemical treatment of boiler water in water-steam systems of power plants. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1113:198-205. [PMID: 16483586 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography with simultaneous flame-ionization detection (FID) and a nitrogen-phosphorus detection (NPD) as well as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) has been used to characterize long-chain primary alkyl amines after derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA). Electron impact ionization- (EI) and negative chemical ionization (NCI) mass spectra of trifluoroacetylated derivatives of the identified tert-octadecylamines are presented for the first time. The corrosion inhibiting alkyl amines were applied in a water-steam circuit of energy systems in the power industry. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) with octadecyl bonded silica (C18) sorbents followed by gas chromatography were used for quantification of the investigated tert-octadecylamines in boiler water, superheated steam and condensate samples from the power plant. The estimated values were: 89 microg l(-1)(n = 5, RSD = 7.8%), 45 microg l(-1) (n = 5, RSD = 5.4%) and 37 microg l(-1)(n = 5, RSD = 2.3%), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kusch
- Fachhochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, University of Applied Sciences, Department of Applied Natural Sciences, von-Liebig-Str. 20, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany.
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Kusch P, Knupp G. Analysis of residual styrene monomer and other volatile organic compounds in expanded polystyrene by headspace solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20020601)25:8<539::aid-jssc539>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Rabi II, Zacharias JR, Millman S, Kusch P. Milestones in magnetic resonance: 'a new method of measuring nuclear magnetic moment' . 1938. J Magn Reson Imaging 1992; 2:131-3. [PMID: 1562763 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.1880020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Hahn GE, Kusch P, Rossbach V, Zahn H. Oligoamide aus Dodecandisäure und 4,4′-Methylendicyclohexylamin. (Oligoamide des „Qiana”-Typs). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.1985.021860209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Baltimore D, Flory PJ, Kornberg A, Kusch P, Nirenberg MW, Penzias AA, Kac M, Cohen J. Degrees Revoked in Soviet Union. Science 1982; 216:360. [PMID: 17745855 DOI: 10.1126/science.216.4544.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Zahn H, Kusch P, Müller-Schulte D, Nissen D, Rossbach V. Die Förderung der Technologie der Synthesefasern durch die Wissenschaft von den Naturfasern. Colloid Polym Sci 1975. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01775791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- G. M. Rothberg
- Columbia Radiation Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - M. Eisenstadt
- Columbia Radiation Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - P. Kusch
- Columbia Radiation Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, New York
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