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Beverte I, Cabulis U, Andersons J, Kirpluks M, Skruls V, Cabulis P. Characteristics of Components and Density of Rigid Nanoclay-Filled Medium-Density Polyurethane Foams Produced in a Sealed Mould. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3228. [PMID: 37571122 PMCID: PMC10422265 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The characteristics of rigid, nanoclay-filled, medium-density NEOpolyol-380 polyurethane foams components can be estimated when two conditions are met: (1) the foam blocks are produced in a sealed mould; and (2) the mass of the reacting mixture is kept constant. It was shown that, with an increase in filler concentration, the total mass of the filled polymeric network stays constant, but the total volume reduces; the higher the ratio of density of the exfoliated nanoclay platelets and polymer, the higher the volume reduction of the polymeric network. Experimental data of polyurethane foam block mass were acquired at concentrations η = 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 5% from the mass of a filled reacting mixture. Foam-density dependence in the uniform zone and in the side-sections of the produced blocks on the: (1) mass of the blocks; and (2) the concentration of the filler was analysed. The study demonstrated that the correlation of the specimens' density with the foam block mass is much higher than that of the filler concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilze Beverte
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials, University of Latvia, 3 Jelgavas St., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (J.A.); (V.S.)
| | - Ugis Cabulis
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, 27 Dzerbenes St., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (U.C.); (M.K.); (P.C.)
| | - Janis Andersons
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials, University of Latvia, 3 Jelgavas St., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (J.A.); (V.S.)
| | - Mikelis Kirpluks
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, 27 Dzerbenes St., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (U.C.); (M.K.); (P.C.)
| | - Vilis Skruls
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials, University of Latvia, 3 Jelgavas St., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (J.A.); (V.S.)
| | - Peteris Cabulis
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, 27 Dzerbenes St., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (U.C.); (M.K.); (P.C.)
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Beverte I, Cabulis U, Andersons J, Kirpluks M, Skruls V, Cabulis P. Anisotropy and Mechanical Properties of Nanoclay Filled, Medium-Density Rigid Polyurethane Foams Produced in a Sealed Mold, from Renewable Resources. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112582. [PMID: 37299380 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Medium-density rigid polyurethane (PU) foams are often produced in sealed molds; therefore, the processes inside the mold and structure of the produced foam blocks need to be understood. The structural and mechanical anisotropy is shown to be the third variable along with (1) concentration of the nanoclay filler and (2) density, to determine the mechanical properties of the filled PU foam composites produced in a sealed mold. The varying anisotropy of the specimens hinders the accurate evaluation of the filling effect. The methodology for the estimation of the anisotropy characteristics of specimens from different locations within the nanoclay filled PU foam blocks is elaborated. A criterion, based on analysis of Poisson's ratios, is formulated for the selection of specimens with similar anisotropy characteristics. The shear and bulk moduli are estimated theoretically, dependent on the filler's concentration, using the experimentally determined constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilze Beverte
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials, University of Latvia, 3 Jelgavas St., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ugis Cabulis
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, 27 Dzerbenes St., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Janis Andersons
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials, University of Latvia, 3 Jelgavas St., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Mikelis Kirpluks
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, 27 Dzerbenes St., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Vilis Skruls
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials, University of Latvia, 3 Jelgavas St., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Peteris Cabulis
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, 27 Dzerbenes St., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
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Beverte I, Cabulis U, Andersons J, Kirpluks M, Skruls V, Cabulis P. Light Microscopy of Medium-Density Rigid Polyurethane Foams Filled with Nanoclay. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061154. [PMID: 35335486 PMCID: PMC8955111 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Practical applications and mathematical modelling of the physical and mechanical properties of medium-density rigid polyurethane foams require knowledge of their structure. It is necessary to determine structural characteristics without destroying the foams and measuring each element. A methodology is described for the use of light microscopy on environmentally sustainable, medium-density rigid polyurethane foams (in the density region of ≈210–230 kg/m3), by the analysis of two types of light microscopy images: (1) Cutting surface images; and (2) Through-cutting surface images. The dimensions of structural elements of polyurethane foams, filled with the nanoclay Cloisite-30B at concentrations of 0.0%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%, and 5.0% from the mass of the filled reacting mixture, are estimated. Probability density functions of projections of bubbles’ diameters and struts’ length are determined using images in three mutually perpendicular planes. A mathematical model is developed for the restoration of the actual dimensions of bubbles’ diameters using data of cutting circles’ diameters. Intercalation and exfoliation of the filler’s Cloisite-30B mono-layers is evaluated via the basal spacing by X-ray diffraction at a 5 wt.% concentration of nanoclay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilze Beverte
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials, University of Latvia, 3 Jelgavas St., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (J.A.); (V.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +371-29-46-42-50
| | - Ugis Cabulis
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, 27 Dzerbenes St., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (U.C.); (M.K.); (P.C.)
| | - Janis Andersons
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials, University of Latvia, 3 Jelgavas St., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (J.A.); (V.S.)
| | - Mikelis Kirpluks
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, 27 Dzerbenes St., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (U.C.); (M.K.); (P.C.)
| | - Vilis Skruls
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials, University of Latvia, 3 Jelgavas St., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (J.A.); (V.S.)
| | - Peteris Cabulis
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, 27 Dzerbenes St., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (U.C.); (M.K.); (P.C.)
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Sałasińska K, Cabulis P, Kirpluks M, Kovalovs A, Kozikowski P, Barczewski M, Celiński M, Mizera K, Gałecka M, Skukis E, Kalnins K, Cabulis U, Boczkowska A. The Effect of Manufacture Process on Mechanical Properties and Burning Behavior of Epoxy-Based Hybrid Composites. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15010301. [PMID: 35009447 PMCID: PMC8746176 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The production of hybrid layered composites allows comprehensive modification of their properties and adaptation to the final expectations. Different methods, such as hand lay-up, vacuum bagging, and resin infusion were applied to manufacture the hybrid composites. In turn, fabrics used for manufacturing composites were made of glass (G), aramid (A), carbon (C), basalt (B), and flax (F) fibers. Flexural, puncture impact behavior, and cone calorimetry tests were applied to establish the effect of the manufacturing method and the fabrics layout on the mechanical and fire behavior of epoxy-based laminates. The lowest flammability and smoke emission were noted for composites made by vacuum bagging (approximately 40% lower values of total smoke release compared with composites made by the hand lay-up method). It was demonstrated that multi-layer hybrid composites made by vacuum bagging might enhance the fire safety levels and simultaneously maintain high mechanical properties designed for, e.g., the railway and automotive industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Sałasińska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (A.B.)
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Czerniakowsa 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (M.C.); (K.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Peteris Cabulis
- Institute of Materials and Structures, Riga Technical University, 6b Kipsalas St., 1048 Riga, Latvia; (P.C.); (A.K.); (E.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Mikelis Kirpluks
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, 27 Dzerbenes St., 1006 Riga, Latvia; (M.K.); (U.C.)
| | - Andrejs Kovalovs
- Institute of Materials and Structures, Riga Technical University, 6b Kipsalas St., 1048 Riga, Latvia; (P.C.); (A.K.); (E.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Paweł Kozikowski
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Czerniakowsa 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (M.C.); (K.M.)
| | - Mateusz Barczewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Maciej Celiński
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Czerniakowsa 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (M.C.); (K.M.)
| | - Kamila Mizera
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Czerniakowsa 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (M.C.); (K.M.)
| | - Marta Gałecka
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Eduard Skukis
- Institute of Materials and Structures, Riga Technical University, 6b Kipsalas St., 1048 Riga, Latvia; (P.C.); (A.K.); (E.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Kaspars Kalnins
- Institute of Materials and Structures, Riga Technical University, 6b Kipsalas St., 1048 Riga, Latvia; (P.C.); (A.K.); (E.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Ugis Cabulis
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, 27 Dzerbenes St., 1006 Riga, Latvia; (M.K.); (U.C.)
| | - Anna Boczkowska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (A.B.)
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