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Uhlig S, Colson B, Gowik P. Measurement uncertainty interval in case of a known relationship between precision and mean. F1000Res 2023; 12:996. [PMID: 38273963 PMCID: PMC10808853 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.139111.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Measurement uncertainty is typically expressed in terms of a symmetric interval y±U, where y denotes the measurement result and U the expanded uncertainty. However, in the case of heteroscedasticity, symmetric uncertainty intervals can be misleading. In this paper, a different approach for the calculation of uncertainty intervals is introduced. Methods: This approach is applicable when a validation study has been conducted with samples with known concentrations. In a first step, test results are obtained at the different known concentration levels. Then, on the basis of precision estimates, a prediction range is calculated. The measurement uncertainty for a given test result can then be obtained by projecting the intersection of the test result with the limits of the prediction range back onto the axis of the known values, now interpreted as representing the measurand. Results: It will be shown how, under certain circumstances, asymmetric uncertainty intervals arise quite naturally and lead to more reliable uncertainty intervals. Conclusions: This article establishes a conceptual framework in which measurement uncertainty can be derived from precision whenever the relationship between the latter and concentration has been characterized. This approach is applicable for different types of distributions. Closed expressions for the limits of the uncertainty interval are provided for the simple case of normally distributed test results and constant relative standard deviation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Petra Gowik
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Berlin, 10117, Germany
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Nichani K, Uhlig S, Stoyke M, Kemmlein S, Ulberth F, Haase I, Döring M, Walch SG, Gowik P. Essential terminology and considerations for validation of non-targeted methods. Food Chem X 2022; 17:100538. [PMID: 36845497 PMCID: PMC9943841 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Through their suggestive name, non-targeted methods (NTMs) do not aim at a predefined "needle in the haystack." Instead, they exploit all the constituents of the haystack. This new type of analytical method is increasingly finding applications in food and feed testing. However, the concepts, terms, and considerations related to this burgeoning field of analytical testing need to be propagated for the benefit of those associated with academic research, commercial development, or official control. This paper addresses frequently asked questions regarding terminology in connection with NTMs. The widespread development and adoption of these methods also necessitate the need to develop innovative approaches for NTM validation, i.e., evaluating the performance characteristics of a method to determine if it is fit-for-purpose. This work aims to provide a roadmap for approaching NTM validation. In doing so, the paper deliberates on the different considerations that influence the approach to validation and provides suggestions therefor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Nichani
- QuoData GmbH, Prellerstr. 14, 01309 Dresden, Germany,Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany,Corresponding authors at: QuoData GmbH, Prellerstr. 14, 01309 Dresden, Germany (K. Nichani).
| | - Steffen Uhlig
- QuoData GmbH, Fabeckstr. 43, 14195 Berlin, Germany,Corresponding authors at: QuoData GmbH, Prellerstr. 14, 01309 Dresden, Germany (K. Nichani).
| | - Manfred Stoyke
- Bundesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit (BVL), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Kemmlein
- Bundesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit (BVL), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franz Ulberth
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Ilka Haase
- Max Rubner-Institut (MRI) - Bundesforschungsinstitut für Ernährung und Lebensmittel, Nationales Referenzzentrum für authentische Lebensmittel, E-C-Baumannstr. 20, 95236 Kulmbach, Germany
| | - Maik Döring
- Max Rubner-Institut (MRI) - Bundesforschungsinstitut für Ernährung und Lebensmittel, Nationales Referenzzentrum für authentische Lebensmittel, E-C-Baumannstr. 20, 95236 Kulmbach, Germany
| | - Stephan G Walch
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weißenburger Str. 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Petra Gowik
- Bundesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit (BVL), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Abstract
In this paper, the past, present, and (possible) future of the European analytical criteria for residues are described. The elaboration of the revision of Commission Decision 93/256/EC was a long process starting in 1996 and ending with the formation of a European Commission (EC) working group in 1998. This working group took account of developments in scientific and technical knowledge at that time and produced a draft version of the revision within 6 months. The revision, finally published in 2002 (2002/657/EC), includes new ideas on the identification of analytes and the criteria for performance assessment as well as validation procedures. Currently (2009), the evolution in analytical equipment and progress in scientific research, accompanied by recent European regulatory changes, demands an update or revision of the 2002/657/EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Vanhaecke
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Petra Gowik
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), EC Community Reference Laboratory for Residues, P.O. Box 110260, D-10832 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- LABoratoire d'Etudes des Rsidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), ONIRIS, Atlanple de Chantrerie, Route de Gachet, BP 50707, 44307 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Leen Van Ginkel
- RIKILTInstitute of Food Safety, European Community Reference Laboratory (CRL), P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuelle Bichon
- LABERCA, ONIRIS, Atlanple de Chantrerie, Route de Gachet, BP 50707, 44307 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Marco Blokland
- RIKILTInstitute of Food Safety, CRL, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hubert F De Brabander
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Abstract
Abstract
The described multimethod is suited for the determination of 53 substances of eight antibiotic groupstetracyclines, quinolones, macrolides, sulfonamides, diphenylsulfones, diamino-pyrimidine derivatives, pleuromutilines, and lincosamidesin cattle and pig muscle. All substances were analyzed simultaneously with the same sample preparation and in one HPLC/MS/MS run. The validation of the multimethod was successfully accomplished with the help of an alternative in-house validation concept requiring only 48 experiments. The substances were validated at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 MRL (maximum residue limit) or 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 g/kg for substances without an MRL. The calculated relevant validation parameters were based on and comply with the requirements of Commission Decision 2002/657/EC, i.e., the decision limit, detection capability, repeatability, within-laboratory reproducibility, and recovery. The robustness of the method was demonstrated by varying seven factors of the analytical procedure. Several proficiency tests were carried out successfully to provide evidence for the applicability of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlef A Bohm
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), National Reference Laboratories for Contaminants and Residues, Mauerstr. 39-42, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin S Stachel
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), National Reference Laboratories for Contaminants and Residues, Mauerstr. 39-42, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Gowik
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), National Reference Laboratories for Contaminants and Residues, Mauerstr. 39-42, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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Uhlig S, Gowik P. Efficient estimation of the limit of detection and the relative limit of detection along with their reproducibility in the validation of qualitative microbiological methods by means of generalized linear mixed models. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-017-1130-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Klapötke T, Gowik P. Methylbis(2,6-dichIorthiophenoIato)bismut(III) — Synthese, fungizide und bakterizide Aktivität/ Methylbis(2,6-dichlorothiophenolato)bism uth(III) — Synthesis, Fungicidal and Bactericidal Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-1987-0802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The methylbis(thiophenolato)bismuth(III) derivative CH3Bi(SCAH3Cl2-2.6)2 was prepared by reaction of CH3BiBr2 with equivalent amounts of the appropriate lithium thiolate. The new Bi organyl was characterized by elemental analysis, 1H NMR. IR . and mass spectroscopy. The biological activity against bacteria, yeasts, and moulds was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Klapötke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der Technischen Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-1000 Berlin 12
| | - Petra Gowik
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der Technischen Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-1000 Berlin 12
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Abstract
Precision data, such as laboratory-to-laboratory SD (SL) and repeatability SD, obtained from interlaboratory tests are needed to assess analytical test methods. These precision data describing random error are subject to random variation. In order to avoid distorted assessments of test methods, interlaboratory tests must fulfill minimal requirements for achieving, e.g., a desired reliability in S(L). In 2009, McClure and Lee considered reliability of S(L) as a characteristic of an interlaboratory study. They developed an approach to approximate that reliability to make it possible to adapt the study design of an interlaboratory study to a desired reliability in S(L). The McClure and Lee approach introduces the "margin of relative error" to arrive at the magnitude of the uncertainty in S(L). This article discusses their approach and presents a generalized approach. The limitations of McClure and Lee's approximation are shown to result in underestimation of the actual variability of S(L) due to the disregard of the inherent negative bias of S(L). This bias corresponds to the fact that the expected value of the obtained S(L) lies below the true value sigmaL one would obtain in an interlaboratory study with an infinite number of laboratories and replicates. In order to achieve the reported level of reliability in S(L), the actual number of laboratories required is typically approximately 25% higher than that calculated by McClure and Lee. We present a generalized approach using "margins of relative random error," which takes the impact of the bias of the S(L) into account, resulting in a more realistic estimation of the variability of the precision parameter S(L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Uhlig
- Quo Data GmbH, Kaitzer St 135, D-01187 Dresden, Germany.
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Bohm D, Stachel C, Gowik P. Validation of a method for the determination of aminoglycosides in different matrices and species based on an in-house concept. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1037-43. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.775709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bohm DA, Stachel CS, Gowik P. Validation of a multi-residue method for the determination of several antibiotic groups in honey by LC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:2943-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5868-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bohm D, Stachel C, Gowik P. Confirmatory method for the determination of streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin in honey by LC–MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:189-96. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.635347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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12
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Bohm DA, Stachel CS, Hackenberg R, Gowik P. Preparation and characterisation of in-house reference material of tylosin in honey and results of a proficiency test. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 700:58-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bohm DA, Stachel CS, Gowik P. Validated determination of eight antibiotic substance groups in cattle and pig muscle by HPLC/MS/MS. J AOAC Int 2011; 94:407-419. [PMID: 21563673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The described multimethod is suited for the determination of 53 substances of eight antibiotic groups-tetracyclines, quinolones, macrolides, sulfonamides, diphenylsulfones, diamino-pyrimidine derivatives, pleuromutilines, and lincosamides-in cattle and pig muscle. All substances were analyzed simultaneously with the same sample preparation and in one HPLC/MS/MS run. The validation of the multimethod was successfully accomplished with the help of an alternative in-house validation concept requiring only 48 experiments. The substances were validated at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 x MRL (maximum residue limit) or 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 microg/kg for substances without an MRL. The calculated relevant validation parameters were based on and comply with the requirements of Commission Decision 2002/657/EC, i.e., the decision limit, detection capability, repeatability, within-laboratory reproducibility, and recovery. The robustness of the method was demonstrated by varying seven factors of the analytical procedure. Several proficiency tests were carried out successfully to provide evidence for the applicability of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlef A Bohm
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), National Reference Laboratories for Contaminants and Residues, Mauerstr. 39-42, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Bohm D, Stachel C, Gowik P. Multi-method for the determination of antibiotics of different substance groups in milk and validation in accordance with Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8217-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Schmidt KS, Stachel CS, Gowik P. In-house validation and factorial effect analysis of a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of steroids in bovine muscle. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 637:156-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Schmidt K, Stachel C, Gowik P. Development and in-house validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the determination of stilbenes and resorcylic acid lactones in bovine urine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:1199-210. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1943-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bock C, Gowik P, Stachel C. Matrix-comprehensive in-house validation and robustness check of a confirmatory method for the determination of four nitrofuran metabolites in poultry muscle and shrimp by LC–MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 856:178-89. [PMID: 17597015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Revised: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An already well-described method for the determination of nitrofuran metabolites 3-amino-5-methyl-morpholino-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ), 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), semicarbazide (SEM) and 1-aminohydantoin (AHD) was adapted to the needs of our laboratory and checked for its robustness regarding sample conditions and the processing step. Using the same data, the method was validated and the measurement uncertainty was estimated. All criteria and requirements of Commission Decision 2002/657/EC were fulfilled. The CC(alpha) determined lies between 0.1 and 0.7 microg/kg, the CC(beta) lies between 0.1 and 0.9 microg/kg, the measurement uncertainty was estimated as being between 7 and 17% taking into account matrix, time and sample preparation influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bock
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), EU- and National Reference Laboratory, Mauerstrasse 39-42, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Bock C, Stachel C, Gowik P. Validation of a confirmatory method for the determination of residues of four nitrofurans in egg by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with the software InterVal. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 586:348-58. [PMID: 17386734 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Revised: 10/24/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A method for the detection and determination of nitrofuran derivatives in egg by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was validated with the software InterVal and can be applied for the confirmation of nitrofuran metabolites in fresh or lyophilised eggs. The validation study comprises variations in operator, storage condition, breeding, equipment and duration of sample preparation. A comprehensive overview of the robustness of the method is obtained by analysing eight samples at six concentration levels. First results of short- and medium-term investigations for stability of analytes in solution show that standard solutions of nitrofuran metabolites are stable for at least 1 year when stored at +4 degrees C in the dark. The decision limit CCalpha expressed for the underivatised metabolite is 0.05 microg kg(-1) for 3-amino-5-methyl-morpholino-2-oxazolidinone, 0.03 microg kg(-1) for 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone, 0.20 microg kg(-1) for semicarbazide and 0.22 microg kg(-1) for 1-amino-hydantoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bock
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), EU- and National Reference Laboratory (CRL/NRL), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany
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Polzer J, Hackenberg R, Stachel C, Gowik P. Determination of chloramphenicol residues in crustaceans: Preparation and evaluation of a proficiency test in Germany. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 23:1132-40. [PMID: 17071515 DOI: 10.1080/02652030600743805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Chloramphenicol (CAP) is banned for use in food-producing animals and is, thus, controlled on the basis of the National Residue Control Plans in the European Union. Due to current problems with residues of CAP in shrimp, crayfish and prawns, a sensitive GC/NCI/MS method was optimised and in-house validated. The validation study resulted in a decision limit (CCalpha) of 0.07 microg kg-1, a recovery of 95% and a within-laboratory reproducibility of 9%. The method was used for preparing a proficiency test to assess the quality of residue control in Germany. The proficiency test involved analysis of five samples and the results were very satisfactory. The reproducibility standard deviation for five samples ranged from 17 to 24%, and the median concentrations lay between 0.43 and 0.51 microg kg-1 CAP. These values are clearly below the corresponding Horwitz standard deviation of about 50%. From the study, it can be concluded that there are, irrespective of the method applied, well-established and proper working analytical procedures for the control of CAP around the minimum required performance limit (MRPL) of 0.3 microg kg-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Polzer
- EU and National Reference Laboratory for Residues in the Federal Institute for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, D-12277 Berlin, Germany.
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Zeleny R, Ulberth F, Gowik P, Polzer J, van Ginkel LA, Emons H. Developing new reference materials for effective veterinary drug-residue testing in food-producing animals. Trends Analyt Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2006.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gowik P. Das Europäische Netzwerk für die Rückstandskontrolle. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-006-0038-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Polzer J, Gowik P. Nitroimidazoles in turkey muscle—the influence of sampling conditions on measurement results in residue control. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Polzer J, Gowik P. Validation of a method for the detection and confirmation of nitroimidazoles and corresponding hydroxy metabolites in turkey and swine muscle by means of gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 2001; 761:47-60. [PMID: 11585131 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The results of a validation study of a GC-NCI-MS method for the quantitative determination of 5-nitroimidazoles [1,2-Dimethyl-5-nitroimidazole (dimetridazole, DMZ), 1-methyl-2-[(carbamoyloxy)methyl]-5-nitroimidazole (ronidazole, RNZ), 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (metronidazole, MNZ) and 2-isopropyl-1-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (ipronidazole, IPZ)] including the hydroxy metabolites of these agents [2-hydroxymethyl-1-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (HMMNI), 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-hydroxymethyl-5-nitroimidazole (MNZOH), and 1-methyl-2-(2'-hydroxyisopropyl)-5-nitroimidazole (IPZOH)] in turkey and swine muscle are presented. The validation was carried out according to the requirements of the draft for the revision of Commission Decision 93/256/EC, which is expected to be adopted by the European Commission in due course. The determination of the method's performance parameters revealed decision limits (CCalpha) between 0.65 and 2.8 microg/kg for DMZ, RNZ/HMMNI, MNZ and MNZOH. Confirmatory analyses according to the requirements of the forthcoming EC decision are possible for all analytes except for IPZ and IPZOH where already the decision limits (CCalpha) were higher (5.2 microg/kg) than for the above-mentioned nitroimidazoles. The within-laboratory reproducibility and the mean recovery were in an acceptable range for all analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Polzer
- EU Reference Laboratory for Residues of Veterinary Drugs, Bundesinstitut für gesundheitlichen Verbraucherschutz und Veterinärmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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André F, De Wasch KK, De Brabander HF, Impens SR, Stolker LA, van Ginkel L, Stephany RW, Schilt R, Courtheyn D, Bonnaire Y, Fürst P, Gowik P, Kennedy G, Kuhn T, Moretain JP, Sauer M. Trends in the identification of organic residues and contaminants: EC regulations under revision. Trends Analyt Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-9936(01)00085-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
This report presents the results of an investigation on the accumulation of beta-agonist residues in the retinal tissue of food producing animals. Three different species, calf, pig and turkey, were treated with six different beta-agonists and analysed for beta-agonist residues in retinal tissue applying a newly developed retina preparation procedure which provides sufficient sample material for multiple analyses. The results show that all selected beta-agonists accumulate in the retina, though in varying concentrations. The results are discussed on the basis of existing binding theories and with regard to their impact on the existing residue control strategy for beta-agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gowik
- EU Reference Laboratory for Residues of Veterinary Drugs, Federal Institute for Health Protection of Consumers and Veterinary Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Jülicher B, Gowik P, Uhlig S. A top-down in-house validation based approach for the investigation of the measurement uncertainty using fractional factorial experiments. Analyst 1999. [DOI: 10.1039/a807077f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gowik P, Jülicher B, Uhlig S. Multi-residue method for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode-array detection. Method description and comprehensive in-house validation. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 1998; 716:221-32. [PMID: 9824235 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A multi-residue high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with photodiode-array detection is presented for the determination of 12 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in plasma. This method has been validated under the consideration of actual alpha- and beta-errors according to an in-house validation concept based on a fractional factorial experiment. A wide range of matrices and other influencing factors have been included in the validation experiment. In order to assess the method's performance the power curve, which demonstrates the detection power of the analytical method, was computed and CCalpha and CCbeta values were calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gowik
- EU Reference Laboratory for Residues of Veterinary Drugs, Federal Institute for Health Protection of Consumers and Veterinary Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Jülicher B, Gowik P, Uhlig S. Assessment of detection methods in trace analysis by means of a statistically based in-house validation concept. Analyst 1998. [DOI: 10.1039/a707281c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tornieporth-Oetting IC, Gowik P, Klapötke TM. [FCNF]+[AsF6]−, ein Salz des linearen 22-Valenzelektronen-Kations [FCNF]+. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19911031111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Gowik P, Klapötke T. Synthese, struktur, thermodynamik und reaktivitǎt von metallocenhexafluoropnikogenat-komplexen der 4. bis 7. gruppe. J Organomet Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-328x(90)87001-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gowik P, Klapötke T, Pickardt J. Bildung von μ-oxo-bis(η5-cyclopentadienyldichlorotitan(IV)) aus η5-cyclopentadienyl-tris(methylselenolato)titan(IV). J Organomet Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-328x(90)85164-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Klapötke T, Köpf H, Gowik P. Preparation and characterization of alkane– and arene–chalcogenolate complexes of η5-cyclopentadienyltitanium(IV): first synthesis of [Ti(η5-C5H5)(SeCH3)3]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1039/dt9880001529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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