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Höflinger P, Hauser S, Yutuc E, Hengel H, Griffiths L, Radelfahr F, Howell OW, Wang Y, Connor SL, Duell PB, DeBarber AE, Martus P, Lütjohann D, Griffiths WJ, Schöls L. Metabolic profiling in serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain of patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100078. [PMID: 33891937 PMCID: PMC8135047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is caused by autosomal recessive loss-of-function mutations in CYP27A1, a gene encoding cytochrome p450 oxidase essential for bile acid synthesis, resulting in altered bile acid and lipid metabolism. Here, we aimed to identify metabolic aberrations that drive ongoing neurodegeneration in some patients with CTX despite chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) supplementation, the standard treatment in CTX. Using chromatographic separation techniques coupled to mass spectrometry, we analyzed 26 sterol metabolites in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with CTX and in one CTX brain. Comparing samples of drug naive patients to patients treated with CDCA and healthy controls, we identified 7α,12α-dihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one as the most prominently elevated metabolite in serum and CSF of drug naive patients. CDCA treatment substantially reduced or even normalized levels of all metabolites increased in untreated patients with CTX. Independent of CDCA treatment, metabolites of the 27-hydroxylation pathway were nearly absent in all patients with CTX. 27-hydroxylated metabolites accounted for ∼45% of total free sterol content in CSF of healthy controls but <2% in patients with CTX. Metabolic changes in brain tissue corresponded well with findings in CSF. Interestingly, 7α,12α-dihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one and 5α-cholestanol did not exert toxicity in neuronal cell culture. In conclusion, we propose that increased 7α,12α-dihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one and lack of 27-hydroxycholesterol may be highly sensitive metabolic biomarkers of CTX. As CDCA cannot reliably prevent disease progression despite reduction of most accumulated metabolites, supplementation of 27-hydroxylated bile acid intermediates or replacement of CYP27A1 might be required to counter neurodegeneration in patients with progressive disease despite CDCA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Höflinger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Graduate School of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Hauser
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Holger Hengel
- Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lauren Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Florentine Radelfahr
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Owain W Howell
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Sonja L Connor
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - P Barton Duell
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Andrea E DeBarber
- Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry Department, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Peter Martus
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and applied Biostatistics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Ludger Schöls
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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2
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Yutuc E, Dickson AL, Pacciarini M, Griffiths L, Baker PRS, Connell L, Öhman A, Forsgren L, Trupp M, Vilarinho S, Khalil Y, Clayton PT, Sari S, Dalgic B, Höflinger P, Schöls L, Griffiths WJ, Wang Y. Deep mining of oxysterols and cholestenoic acids in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid: Quantification using isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1154:338259. [PMID: 33736801 PMCID: PMC7988461 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are rich in cholesterol and its metabolites. Here we describe in detail a methodology for the identification and quantification of multiple sterols including oxysterols and sterol-acids found in these fluids. The method is translatable to any laboratory with access to liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry. The method exploits isotope-dilution mass spectrometry for absolute quantification of target metabolites. The method is applicable for semi-quantification of other sterols for which isotope labelled surrogates are not available and approximate quantification of partially identified sterols. Values are reported for non-esterified sterols in the absence of saponification and total sterols following saponification. In this way absolute quantification data is reported for 17 sterols in the NIST SRM 1950 plasma along with semi-quantitative data for 8 additional sterols and approximate quantification for one further sterol. In a pooled (CSF) sample used for internal quality control, absolute quantification was performed on 10 sterols, semi-quantification on 9 sterols and approximate quantification on a further three partially identified sterols. The value of the method is illustrated by confirming the sterol phenotype of a patient suffering from ACOX2 deficiency, a rare disorder of bile acid biosynthesis, and in a plasma sample from a patient suffering from cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, where cholesterol 27-hydroxylase is deficient. Absolute quantification of oxysterols and cholestenoic acids. Methodology applicable to plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Data generated for non-esterified and total sterols. Diastereoisomers at C-24 and C-25 separated and quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Alison L Dickson
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Manuela Pacciarini
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Lauren Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | | | | | - Anders Öhman
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Forsgren
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, SE-901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Miles Trupp
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, SE-901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sílvia Vilarinho
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, and of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Youssef Khalil
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Peter T Clayton
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Sinan Sari
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Buket Dalgic
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Philip Höflinger
- Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ludger Schöls
- Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - William J Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
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3
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Nagel M, Müßig S, Höflinger P, Schöls L, Hauser S, Schüle R. Generation of the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated KIF1C knock-out human iPSC line HIHRSi003-A-1. Stem Cell Res 2020; 49:102059. [PMID: 33161238 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.102059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Bi-allelic loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding the motor protein KIF1C are associated with Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP) type SPG58, a slowly progressive neurodegenerative motoneuron disease. The biological role of KIF1C is incompletely understood. We used a protein-based CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing approach to generate a homozygous KIF1C knock-out iPSC line (HIHRSi003-A-1) from a healthy control. This iPSC-KIF1C-/- line and the corresponding isogenic control are a useful model to study the physiological function of KIF1C and the pathophysiological consequences of KIF1C dysfunction in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Nagel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Graduate School of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Müßig
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Philip Höflinger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany; Graduate School of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ludger Schöls
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Hauser
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rebecca Schüle
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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4
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Hauser S, Schuster S, Heuten E, Höflinger P, Admard J, Schelling Y, Velic A, Macek B, Ossowski S, Schöls L. Comparative Transcriptional Profiling of Motor Neuron Disorder-Associated Genes in Various Human Cell Culture Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:544043. [PMID: 33072739 PMCID: PMC7543453 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.544043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease modeling requires appropriate cellular models that best mimic the underlying pathophysiology. Human origin and an adequate expression of the disease protein are pre-requisites that support information from a model to be meaningful. In this study we investigated expression profiles of (i) PBMCs and (ii) fibroblasts as patient derived cells as well as (iii) lymphoblasts and (iv) induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) as immortalized sources, and (v) iPSC-derived cortical neurons to assess their aptitude to model motor neuron diseases (MNDs) including hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). We generated all five different cell types from two healthy donors and performed RNA sequencing to display expression patterns in MND-related genes. For the ten most common HSP genotypes we validated gene expression by qPCR. To verify the results on protein level, proteome analysis of fibroblasts, iPSCs and cortical neurons was performed. Depending on the specific MND gene we found largely different expression patterns. Out of 168 MND-related genes, 50 had their highest expression in iPSC-derived cortical neurons, 41 were most strongly expressed in fibroblasts, 26 in lymphoblasts, 22 in iPSCs, and 14 in PBMCs. Pathophysiologically related MNDs like HSPs associated with axonal transport deficits shared highest expression in cortical neurons. 15 MND-related genes were not detectable in any of the analyzed cell types. This may reflect the critical dependency of motor neurons on support of other cell types like oligodendrocytes which express myelin proteins like L1CAM (SPG1), PLP1 (SPG2) and MAG (SPG75) which are lacking in neurons but cause MNDs if mutated. This study provides comprehensive information on expression of genes associated with a large spectrum of MNDs. Expression profiles can be used to inform on appropriate cell models for genotype specific motor neuron research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hauser
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schuster
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Graduate School of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elena Heuten
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philip Höflinger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Graduate School of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jakob Admard
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Schelling
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ana Velic
- Proteome Center Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Boris Macek
- Proteome Center Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Ossowski
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Center of Rare Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ludger Schöls
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Center of Rare Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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5
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Hosseinzadeh Z, Hauser S, Singh Y, Pelzl L, Schuster S, Sharma Y, Höflinger P, Zacharopoulou N, Stournaras C, Rathbun DL, Zrenner E, Schöls L, Lang F. Decreased Na +/K + ATPase Expression and Depolarized Cell Membrane in Neurons Differentiated from Chorea-Acanthocytosis Patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8391. [PMID: 32439941 PMCID: PMC7242441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64845-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of function mutations of the chorein-encoding gene VPS13A lead to chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc), a neurodegenerative disorder with accelerated suicidal neuronal cell death, which could be reversed by lithium. Chorein upregulates the serum and glucocorticoid inducible kinase SGK1. Targets of SGK1 include the Na+/K+-ATPase, a pump required for cell survival. To explore whether chorein-deficiency affects Na+/K+ pump capacity, cortical neurons were differentiated from iPSCs generated from fibroblasts of ChAc patients and healthy volunteers. Na+/K+ pump capacity was estimated from K+-induced whole cell outward current (pump capacity). As a result, the pump capacity was completely abolished in the presence of Na+/K+ pump-inhibitor ouabain (100 µM), was significantly smaller in ChAc neurons than in control neurons, and was significantly increased in ChAc neurons by lithium treatment (24 hours 2 mM). The effect of lithium was reversed by SGK1-inhibitor GSK650394 (24 h 10 µM). Transmembrane potential (Vm) was significantly less negative in ChAc neurons than in control neurons, and was significantly increased in ChAc neurons by lithium treatment (2 mM, 24 hours). The effect of lithium on Vm was virtually abrogated by ouabain. Na+/K+ α1-subunit transcript levels and protein abundance were significantly lower in ChAc neurons than in control neurons, an effect reversed by lithium treatment (2 mM, 24 hours). In conclusion, consequences of chorein deficiency in ChAc include impaired Na+/K+ pump capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Hosseinzadeh
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Hauser
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yogesh Singh
- Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lisann Pelzl
- Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty, Eberhard Karl University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schuster
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yamini Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philip Höflinger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nefeli Zacharopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Greece.,Department of Vegetative and Clinical Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christos Stournaras
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Daniel L Rathbun
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department Ophthalmology, Bionics and Vision, Henry Ford Hospital, Henry Ford, United States
| | - Eberhart Zrenner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ludger Schöls
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Vegetative and Clinical Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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6
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Schöls L, Rattay TW, Martus P, Meisner C, Baets J, Fischer I, Jägle C, Fraidakis MJ, Martinuzzi A, Saute JA, Scarlato M, Antenora A, Stendel C, Höflinger P, Lourenco CM, Abreu L, Smets K, Paucar M, Deconinck T, Bis DM, Wiethoff S, Bauer P, Arnoldi A, Marques W, Jardim LB, Hauser S, Criscuolo C, Filla A, Züchner S, Bassi MT, Klopstock T, De Jonghe P, Björkhem I, Schüle R. Hereditary spastic paraplegia type 5: natural history, biomarkers and a randomized controlled trial. Brain 2017; 140:3112-3127. [PMID: 29126212 PMCID: PMC5841036 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spastic paraplegia type 5 (SPG5) is a rare subtype of hereditary spastic paraplegia, a highly heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders defined by progressive neurodegeneration of the corticospinal tract motor neurons. SPG5 is caused by recessive mutations in the gene CYP7B1 encoding oxysterol-7α-hydroxylase. This enzyme is involved in the degradation of cholesterol into primary bile acids. CYP7B1 deficiency has been shown to lead to accumulation of neurotoxic oxysterols. In this multicentre study, we have performed detailed clinical and biochemical analysis in 34 genetically confirmed SPG5 cases from 28 families, studied dose-dependent neurotoxicity of oxysterols in human cortical neurons and performed a randomized placebo-controlled double blind interventional trial targeting oxysterol accumulation in serum of SPG5 patients. Clinically, SPG5 manifested in childhood or adolescence (median 13 years). Gait ataxia was a common feature. SPG5 patients lost the ability to walk independently after a median disease duration of 23 years and became wheelchair dependent after a median 33 years. The overall cross-sectional progression rate of 0.56 points on the Spastic Paraplegia Rating Scale per year was slightly lower than the longitudinal progression rate of 0.80 points per year. Biochemically, marked accumulation of CYP7B1 substrates including 27-hydroxycholesterol was confirmed in serum (n = 19) and cerebrospinal fluid (n = 17) of SPG5 patients. Moreover, 27-hydroxycholesterol levels in serum correlated with disease severity and disease duration. Oxysterols were found to impair metabolic activity and viability of human cortical neurons at concentrations found in SPG5 patients, indicating that elevated levels of oxysterols might be key pathogenic factors in SPG5. We thus performed a randomized placebo-controlled trial (EudraCT 2015-000978-35) with atorvastatin 40 mg/day for 9 weeks in 14 SPG5 patients with 27-hydroxycholesterol levels in serum as the primary outcome measure. Atorvastatin, but not placebo, reduced serum 27-hydroxycholesterol from 853 ng/ml [interquartile range (IQR) 683-1113] to 641 (IQR 507-694) (-31.5%, P = 0.001, Mann-Whitney U-test). Similarly, 25-hydroxycholesterol levels in serum were reduced. In cerebrospinal fluid 27-hydroxycholesterol was reduced by 8.4% but this did not significantly differ from placebo. As expected, no effects were seen on clinical outcome parameters in this short-term trial. In this study, we define the mutational and phenotypic spectrum of SPG5, examine the correlation of disease severity and progression with oxysterol concentrations, and demonstrate in a randomized controlled trial that atorvastatin treatment can effectively lower 27-hydroxycholesterol levels in serum of SPG5 patients. We thus demonstrate the first causal treatment strategy in hereditary spastic paraplegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Schöls
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tim W Rattay
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Martus
- Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biostatistics, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Meisner
- Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biostatistics, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Baets
- Neurogenetics Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Imma Fischer
- Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biostatistics, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christine Jägle
- Center for Rare Diseases and Institute of Human Genetics and Applied Genomics, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthew J Fraidakis
- Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital ‘Attikon’, Medical School of the University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Andrea Martinuzzi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Conegliano Research Center, 31015 Conegliano, Italy
| | - Jonas Alex Saute
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Genetics Identification Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, 90035 Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 90040 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marina Scarlato
- Neurology Department and INSPE, San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Antenora
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Stendel
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich Baur Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Philip Höflinger
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Charles Marques Lourenco
- Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 14049 Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 90040 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lisa Abreu
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, 33136 Miami, Florida, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, 33136 Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Katrien Smets
- Neurogenetics Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Martin Paucar
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 14152 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Tine Deconinck
- Neurogenetics Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dana M Bis
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, 33136 Miami, Florida, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, 33136 Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sarah Wiethoff
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Peter Bauer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- CENTOGENE AG, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alessia Arnoldi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Wilson Marques
- Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 14049 Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Laura Bannach Jardim
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Genetics Identification Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, 90035 Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 90040 Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 90040 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Stefan Hauser
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chiara Criscuolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Filla
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stephan Züchner
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, 33136 Miami, Florida, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, 33136 Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Maria Teresa Bassi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Thomas Klopstock
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich Baur Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter De Jonghe
- Neurogenetics Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Schüle
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Hauser S, Höflinger P, Theurer Y, Rattay TW, Schöls L. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a hereditary spastic paraplegia patient carrying a homozygous Y275X mutation in CYP7B1 (SPG5). Stem Cell Res 2016; 17:437-440. [PMID: 27879220 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin fibroblasts were obtained from a 47-year-old hereditary spastic paraplegia patient carrying a homozygous mutation Y275X in CYP7B1 (Cytochrome P450, Family 7, Subfamily B, Polypeptide 1), responsible for causing hereditary spastic paraplegia type 5 (SPG5). Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were generated by transfection with episomal plasmids carrying hOCT4, hSOX2, hKLF4, hL-MYC and hLIN28. The generated line iPS-SPG5-Y275X was transgene-free, retained the specific mutation with no additional genomic aberrations, expressed pluripotency markers and was able to differentiate into cells of all germ layers in vitro. The generated iPS-SPG5-Y275X line may be a useful resource for disease modelling of SPG5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hauser
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Philip Höflinger
- Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Graduate School of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Theurer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tim W Rattay
- Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ludger Schöls
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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