1
|
Mullins JF, Hoch MC, Gribble P, Heebner N, Kosik K, Westgate P, Nitz AJ. Examination of Dry Needling Dose and Effect Duration for Individuals With Chronic Ankle Instability. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2023; 46:132-142. [PMID: 37422747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a single treatment vs serial dry needling (DN) treatments of the fibularis longus on individuals with chronic ankle instability and to determine the longevity of any effect found. METHODS Thirty-five adults with chronic ankle instability (24.17 ± 7.01 years, 167.67 ± 9.15 cm, 74.90 ± 13.23 kg) volunteered for a university laboratory repeated-measures study. All participants completed patient-reported outcomes and were objectively tested using the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), threshold to detect passive motion (TTDPM) measurements, and single limb time-to-boundary measurements. Participants received DN treatment to the fibularis longus once weekly for 4 weeks on the affected lower extremity by a single physical therapist. Data were collected 5 times: baseline 1 week before initial treatment (T0), pre-treatment (T1A), immediately after the first treatment (T1B), after 4 weekly treatments (T2), and 4 weeks after the cessation of treatment (T3). RESULTS Significant improvements were found for clinician-oriented (SEBT-Composite P < .001; SEBT-Posteromedial P = .024; SEBT-Posterolateral P < .001; TTDPM-Inversion P = .042) and patient-oriented outcome measures (Foot and Ankle Ability Measure-Activities of Daily Living P < .001; Foot and Ankle Ability Measure-Sport P = .001; Fear Avoidance Belief Questionnaire P = .021) following a single DN treatment. Compounding effects from additional treatments exhibited improvement of TTDPM (T1B to T2). No significant losses were noted 4 weeks after cessation of treatment (T2 to T3). CONCLUSION For the participants in this study, outcomes improved immediately following the first DN treatment. This improvement was sustained but not further improved with subsequent treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer F Mullins
- Army-Baylor Physical Therapy Doctoral Program, Joint Base San Antonio, Texas.
| | - Matthew C Hoch
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Phillip Gribble
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Nicholas Heebner
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Kyle Kosik
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Philip Westgate
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Arthur J Nitz
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Walsh BM, Kosik KB, Bain KA, Houston MN, Hoch MC, Gribble P, Hoch JM. Exploratory factor analysis of the fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire in patients with chronic ankle instability. Foot (Edinb) 2022; 51:101902. [PMID: 35255408 DOI: 10.1016/j.foot.2021.101902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To perform an exploratory factor analysis of the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire in patients with chronic ankle instability. METHODS A cross-sectional survey study was utilized. The Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire was administered to patients with chronic ankle instability who met the inclusion criteria. Both an unrestricted and restricted factor analysis with varimax rotation were utilized to explore the factor structure of the instrument. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin values were used to determine sampling adequacy. Bartlett's test of sphericity was used to justify that the correlations were suitable for the principal component analysis. RESULTS The restricted two-factor analysis resulted in two factors with acceptable internal consistency values. The Keiser-Meyer-Olkin value was acceptable (0.81), and Bartlett's test of sphericity was significant (χ2 (55) = 515.59, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The ankle-specific Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire consists of two stable factors and should be used to further examine fear-avoidance beliefs in people with chronic ankle instability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bridget M Walsh
- College of Health Sciences, Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Kyle B Kosik
- College of Health Sciences, Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Katherine A Bain
- College of Health Sciences, Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Megan N Houston
- John A. Feagin Jr. Sports Medicine Fellowship, Keller Army Hospital, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Matthew C Hoch
- College of Health Sciences, Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Phillip Gribble
- College of Health Sciences, Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Johanna M Hoch
- College of Health Sciences, Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Baez S, Cormier M, Andreatta R, Gribble P, Hoch JM. Implementation of In vivo exposure therapy to decrease injury-related fear in females with a history of ACL-Reconstruction: A pilot study. Phys Ther Sport 2021; 52:217-223. [PMID: 34626890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this pilot study was to examine the preliminary feasibility and efficacy of in vivo exposure therapy (IVET) to decrease injury-related fear in females with history of ACLR. DESIGN Pilot Study. SETTING Sports Medicine Research Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS 12 female participants with history of ACLR (≥ 1 year post-operative) were randomized into a 5-week IVET group (n = 6) or 5-week sham physical activity (PA) monitoring group (n = 6). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The independent variables were Group and Time. The dependent variables were the Photographic Series of Sports Activities for ACLR (PHOSA-ACLR) and the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia-11 (TSK-11) scores. A Group x Time repeated measures two-way analysis of variance was completed for the PHOSA-ACLR and the TSK-11. Partial η2 effect sizes were used to examine clinically meaningful differences. RESULTS High retention and adherence rates were observed in the intervention group. The PHOSA-ACLR exhibited a significant main effect for Time (F1,10 = 9.92, p = 0.01, partial η2 = 0.50), but not for Group. No statistically significant or clinically meaningful differences were observed for the TSK-11. CONCLUSION Both groups exhibited decreased injury-related fear for specific functional tasks. Future research should further examine the efficacy of IVET and PA monitoring to decrease injury-related fear in patients after ACLR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelby Baez
- Department of Kinesiology at Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
| | - Marc Cormier
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion at the University of Kentucky in Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
| | - Richard Andreatta
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders at the University of Kentucky in Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
| | - Phillip Gribble
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition at the University of Kentucky in Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
| | - Johanna M Hoch
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition at the University of Kentucky in Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Smith M, Vicenzino B, Bahr R, Bandholm T, Cooke R, Mendonça L, Fourchet F, Glasgow P, Gribble P, Herrington L, Hiller C, Lee S, Macalusco A, Meeusen R, Oweye O, Reid D, Tassignon B, Terada M, Thorborg K, Verhagen E, Verschueren J, Wang D, Whiteley R, Wikstrom E, Delahunt E. Establishing return to play criteria after acute lateral ankle sprain injuries: An international Delphi study. J Sci Med Sport 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.08.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
5
|
Kosik KB, Terada M, McCann R, Thomas A, Johnson N, Gribble P. Differences in temporal gait mechanics are associated with decreased perceived ankle joint health in individuals with chronic ankle instability. Gait Posture 2019; 70:403-407. [PMID: 30986587 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is associated with an increased risk of developing post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). Altered temporal gait parameters likely contribute to the early development and progression of PTOA in CAI. However, it is unknown if increased clinical symptoms of ankle PTOA influence temporal gait parameters among those with CAI. RESEARCH QUESTION Compare temporal gait parameters and Ankle Osteoarthritis Scale (AOS) scores between individuals with and without CAI. METHODS Thirty CAI participants and 30 healthy-controls volunteered to participate in this retrospective case-control study. Participants completed the Pain and Disability subscales of the AOS. Temporal gait parameters were assessed using a GAITRite® electronic walkway. Participants performed 5 walking trials, which were subsequently combined into a single test. Temporal variables (swing, stance, single-limb support and double-limb support) were extracted for the involved limb and normalized to percent of gait cycle (%GC). RESULTS Participants with CAI had higher scores on the Pain (P < 0.001) and Disability (P = 0.001, d = 0.87[0.33,1.39]) subscales of the AOS. CAI individuals spent less time during swing (P = 0.022]) and single-limb support (P = 0.030) phases and more time during the double-limb support (P = 0.021) phase. Single-limb support time was moderately correlated with higher scores on the AOS pain (r=-0.416, P = 0.011) and disability (r=-0.473 P = 0.004) subscales. SIGNIFICANCE Individuals with CAI spend varying times in each phase of the gait cycle compared to uninjured controls. Individuals with CAI may adopt this abnormal gait strategy due to increased clinical symptoms of ankle PTOA. Rehabilitation programs should focus on minimizing the symptoms of ankle PTOA to restore normal temporal gait parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle B Kosik
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
| | | | - Ryan McCann
- Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Abbey Thomas
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Terada M, Kosik K, Johnson N, Gribble P. Altered postural control variability in older-aged individuals with a history of lateral ankle sprain. Gait Posture 2018; 60:88-92. [PMID: 29169097 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to examine postural control performance during a single-leg balance task in elderly individuals with and without a previous history of lateral ankle sprain (LAS). Eighteen adults with a previous history of LAS (mean age = 66 years old) and 12 healthy controls (mean age = 65 years old) were included in the study. Participants performed three trials of a single-leg balance task during an eyes-opened condition for 20-s. Center of pressure (COP) trajectories in the anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) directions were collected with a force plate. The following postural control measures were calculated in the AP and ML directions: 1) Sample Entropy (SampEn); 2) Approximate Entropy (ApEn); 3) mean of Time-to-Boundary minima (mean TTB); and 4) COP velocity (COPV). Older-age participants with a history LAS exhibited lower ApEn-AP, SampEn-AP, and SampEn-ML values compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). The information gained from this investigation indicates more rigid postural control patterns, less adaptability, and more difficulty maintaining COP during a single-leg balance task in adults with a previous history of LAS. Our data suggest that there is a need to consider history of musculoskeletal injury when evaluating factors for postural control and fall risk in the elderly. Future investigations are needed to assess the effect of LAS on age-related declines in postural control and discern associations between potential risk factors of fall-related injuries and LAS in an elderly population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Terada
- College of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Kyle Kosik
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Nathan Johnson
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Phillip Gribble
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Harkey MS, Luc-Harkey BA, Lepley AS, Grindstaff TL, Gribble P, Blackburn JT, Spang JT, Pietrosimone B. Persistent Muscle Inhibition after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Role of Reflex Excitability. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:2370-2377. [PMID: 27434085 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Persistent voluntary quadriceps activation deficits are common after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), but the direct causes are unclear. The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether spinal reflex excitability deficits are present in individuals with a history of ACLR, and secondarily to determine whether spinal reflex excitability predicts which individuals possess full voluntary quadriceps activation. METHODS One hundred and forty-seven individuals (74 healthy and 73 ACLR) participated in this cross-sectional case-control study. Quadriceps spinal reflex excitability was quantified using the Hoffmann reflex normalized to the maximal muscle response (H:M ratio). Voluntary quadriceps activation was evaluated with the burst superimposition technique and calculated via the central activation ratio (CAR). Separate 2 × 2 ANCOVA tests were used to compare between-limb and between-group differences for H:M ratio and CAR. A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine the accuracy of H:M ratio to predict if ACLR participants present with full voluntary activation (CAR ≥ 0.95). RESULTS The ACLR H:M ratio was not different between limbs or compared with the healthy group (P > 0.05). Although ACLR CAR was lower bilaterally compared with the healthy group (P < 0.001), it did not differ between limbs. The H:M ratio has poor accuracy for predicting which individuals exhibit full voluntary activation (receiver operating characteristic area under the curve = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.37,0.66; odds ratio = 2.2, 95% CI = 0.8, 5.9). CONCLUSIONS Spinal reflex excitability did not differ between limbs in individuals with ACLR or compared with healthy participants. The level of quadriceps spinal reflex excitability has poor accuracy at predicting which ACLR individuals would demonstrate full voluntary quadriceps activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Harkey
- 1Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; 2Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; 3Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT; 4Physical Therapy Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE; 5Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; and 6Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Harkey M, Luc B, Lepley A, Grindstaff T, Gribble P, Blackburn JT, Spang J, Pietrosimone B. Spinal Reflex Excitability does not Associate with Persistent Muscle Inhibition after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000486215.01110.f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
9
|
Pietrosimone B, Lepley A, Harkey M, Luc B, Blackburn JT, Gribble P, Spang JT, Sohn D. Quadriceps Strength as a Predictor of Self-Reported Function In Individuals with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000485907.00329.ff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
10
|
Gulgin H, Armstrong C, Gribble P. Weight-bearing hip rotation range of motion in female golfers. N Am J Sports Phys Ther 2010; 5:55-62. [PMID: 21589662 PMCID: PMC2953391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many sports involve movements during which the lower extremity functions as a closed kinetic chain, requiring weight-bearing (WB) range of motion (ROM). Assessment of the capacity for internal and external rotation motion at the hip is typically performed with the individual in a prone, supine, or seated position. Such measurements represent ROM in a non-weight bearing (NWB) position, and, as a result, may not appropriately assess the capacity of the joint to meet the demands of the athlete's sport. To date, no research exists which documents WB hip ROM in golfers relative to the ROM demands of the golf swing or the symmetry of weight-bearing hip rotation ROM in female golfers. OBJECTIVES Weight-bearing hip rotation ROM was measured in female golfers and compared to the actual hip rotation ROM that occurred during a full golf swing. METHODS Fifteen right-handed, female collegiate golfers participated in the study. The WB hip rotation ROM was measured during three different stance conditions and during full golf swings using a custom-built testing device. These actions were captured using a 3-D motion analysis system. RESULTS The golfers WB ROM was symmetrical for external rotation and internal rotation, p = 0.648 and p = 0.078, respectively. During the backswing, the golfers used approximately 20-25% of their available WB right internal rotation, and 50-75% of their available WB left external rotation. For the downswing, the golfers used approximately 34-37% of their available WB right external rotation and 84-131% of their available WB left internal rotation. The golfers used significantly more external and internal hip rotation ROM on the left (lead) hip during both phases of the full golf swing (p < 0.001), demonstrating an asymmetrical movement pattern. DISCUSSION In general, golfers did not exceed the measured WB ROM limits during the golf swing but did demonstrate decreased WB internal rotation on the lead hip. CONCLUSION Clinicians need to pay special attention to functional (WB) hip rotation ROM in female golfers in order to assess injury risk related to the rotational hip asymmetry present during the golf swing.
Collapse
|
11
|
Okuda I, Gribble P, Armstrong C. Trunk Rotation and Weight Transfer Patterns between Skilled and Low Skilled Golfers. J Sports Sci Med 2010; 9:127-33. [PMID: 24149396 PMCID: PMC3737954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine trunk rotational patterns and weight transfer patterns that may differentiate swing skill level in golfers. Thirteen skilled golfers (mean handicap = 0.8 ± 2.6) and seventeen low skilled golfers (mean handicap = 30.8 ± 5.5) participated in this study. Kinematic and kinetic data were obtained through high-speed 3-D videography and force plates while the participant performed a full shot golf swing with a driver. Data at six temporal events during the swing were selected for the analysis. The results indicated that significant differences existed between the groups in the multiple events, as the skilled golfers showed the following motion patterns when compared to the low skilled golfers; 1) An earlier trunk horizontal rotation with a rapid weight transfer to the trail foot during the backswing; 2) An earlier pelvic horizontal rotation accompanied with an earlier weight transfer to the lead foot during the downswing motion; and 3) Less upper trunk horizontal rotation and more posterior pelvic rotation at the follow through. Collectively, these finding may be useful for instruction of golfers to improve their swing mechanics on a full shot golf swing. Key pointsDifferent trunk rotation and weight transfer patterns were found between skilled and low skilled golfers.Earlier trunk rotation accompanied with earlier weight transfer to the trail foot during the back swing was evident in the skilled golfers.Earlier pelvic horizontal rotation with a rapid weight transfer to the lead foot during the downswing was evident in the skilled golfers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isao Okuda
- Department of Exercise and Sport Performance, University of New England , Biddeford, ME, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gribble P, Robinson R. Differences in spatiotemporal landing variables during a dynamic stability task in subjects with CAI. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010; 20:e63-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00899.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
13
|
Gulgin H, Armstrong C, Gribble P. Hip rotational velocities during the full golf swing. J Sports Sci Med 2009; 8:296-299. [PMID: 24149541 PMCID: PMC3761477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Since labral pathology in professional golfers has been reported, and such pathology has been associated with internal/external hip rotation, quantifying the rotational velocity of the hips during the golf swing may be helpful in understanding the mechanism involved in labral injury. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the peak internal/external rotational velocities of the thigh relative to the pelvis during the golf swing. Fifteen female, collegiate golfers participated in the study. Data were acquired through high-speed three dimensional (3-D) videography using a multi-segment bilateral marker set to define the segments, while the subjects completed multiple repetitions of a drive. The results indicated that the lead hip peak internal rotational velocity was significantly greater than that of the trail hip external rotational velocity (p = 0.003). It appears that the lead hip of a golfer experiences much higher rotational velocities during the downswing than that of the trail hip. In other structures, such as the shoulder, an increased risk of soft tissue injury has been associated with high levels of rotational velocity. This may indicate that, in golfers, the lead hip may be more susceptible to injury such as labral tears than that of the trailing hip. Key pointsLead hip of golfer experiences significantly higher rotational velocities than the trail hip.Golfers may be more susceptible to injuries on the lead hip.Clubhead velocities were consistent with elite female golfers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Gulgin
- Department of Movement Science, Grand Valley State University , Allendale, MI, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gribble P, Tucker WS, White PA. The Effects of Time of Day on Static and Dynamic Postural Control. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006. [DOI: 10.1249/00005768-200605001-02741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
15
|
|
16
|
Abstract
Three experiments are reported on the influence of different timing relations on the McGurk effect. In the first experiment, it is shown that strict temporal synchrony between auditory and visual speech stimuli is not required for the McGurk effect. Subjects were strongly influenced by the visual stimuli when the auditory stimuli lagged the visual stimuli by as much as 180 msec. In addition, a stronger McGurk effect was found when the visual and auditory vowels matched. In the second experiment, we paired auditory and visual speech stimuli produced under different speaking conditions (fast, normal, clear). The results showed that the manipulations in both the visual and auditory speaking conditions independently influenced perception. In addition, there was a small but reliable tendency for the better matched stimuli to elicit more McGurk responses than unmatched conditions. In the third experiment, we combined auditory and visual stimuli produced under different speaking conditions (fast, clear) and delayed the acoustics with respect to the visual stimuli. The subjects showed the same pattern of results as in the second experiment. Finally, the delay did not cause different patterns of results for the different audiovisual speaking style combinations. The results suggest that perceivers may be sensitive to the concordance of the time-varying aspects of speech but they do not require temporal coincidence of that information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K G Munhall
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont., Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|