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Ramanathan S, Gopinath SCB, Ismail ZH, Md Arshad MK, Poopalan P. Aptasensing nucleocapsid protein on nanodiamond assembled gold interdigitated electrodes for impedimetric SARS-CoV-2 infectious disease assessment. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 197:113735. [PMID: 34736114 PMCID: PMC8550887 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In an aim of developing portable biosensor for SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, which facilitates the point-of-care aptasensing, a strategy using 10 μm gap-sized gold interdigitated electrode (AuIDE) is presented. The silane-modified AuIDE surface was deposited with ∼20 nm diamond and enhanced the detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (NCP). The characteristics of chemically modified diamond were evidenced by structural analyses, revealing the cubic crystalline nature at (220) and (111) planes as observed by XRD. XPS analysis denotes a strong interaction of carbon element, composed ∼95% as seen in EDS analysis. The C-C, CC, CO, CN functional groups were well-refuted from XPS spectra of carbon and oxygen elements in diamond. The interrelation between elements through FTIR analysis indicates major intrinsic bondings at 2687-2031 cm-1. The aptasensing was evaluated through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements, using NCP spiked human serum. With a good selectivity the lower detection limit was evidenced as 0.389 fM, at a linear detection range from 1 fM to 100 pM. The stability, and reusability of the aptasensor were demonstrated, showing ∼30% and ∼33% loss of active state, respectively, after ∼11 days. The detection of NCP was evaluated by comparing anti-NCP aptamer and antibody as the bioprobes. The determination coefficients of R2 = 0.9759 and R2 = 0.9772 were obtained for aptamer- and antibody-based sensing, respectively. Moreover, the genuine interaction of NCP aptamer and protein was validated by enzyme linked apta-sorbent assay. The aptasensing strategy proposed with AuIDE/diamond enhanced sensing platform is highly recommended for early diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santheraleka Ramanathan
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Subash C B Gopinath
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia; Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
| | - Zool Hilmi Ismail
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - M K Md Arshad
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia; Faculty of Electronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600, Arau, Pauh Putra, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Prabakaran Poopalan
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600, Arau, Pauh Putra, Perlis, Malaysia
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Hussin HN, Talik NA, Abd Rahman MN, Mahat MR, Poopalan P, Shuhaimi A, Abd Majid WH. The effect of Multi Quantum Well growth regime transition on MQW/p-GaN structure and light emitting diode (LED) performance. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 2021; 121:105431. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mssp.2020.105431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Ramanathan S, Gopinath SCB, Md Arshad MK, Poopalan P, Anbu P, Lakshmipriya T. Aluminosilicate Nanocomposites from Incinerated Chinese Holy Joss Fly Ash: A Potential Nanocarrier for Drug Cargos. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3351. [PMID: 32099019 PMCID: PMC7042258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An incredible amount of joss fly ash is produced from the burning of Chinese holy joss paper; thus, an excellent method of recycling joss fly ash waste to extract aluminosilicate nanocomposites is explored. The present research aims to introduce a novel method to recycle joss fly ash through a simple and straightforward experimental procedure involving acidic and alkaline treatments. The synthesized aluminosilicate nanocomposite was characterized to justify its structural and physiochemical characteristics. A morphological analysis was performed with field-emission transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy revealed the size of the aluminosilicate nanocomposite to be ~25 nm, while also confirming a uniformly spherical-shaped nanostructure. The elemental composition was measured by energy dispersive spectroscopy and revealed the Si to Al ratio to be 13.24 to 7.96, showing the high purity of the extracted nanocomposite. The roughness and particle distribution were analyzed using atomic force microscopy and a zeta analysis. X-ray diffraction patterns showed a synthesis of faceted and cubic aluminosilicate crystals in the nanocomposites. The presence of silica and aluminum was further proven by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the functional groups were recognized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The thermal capacity of the nanocomposite was examined by a thermogravimetric analysis. In addition, the research suggested the promising application of aluminosilicate nanocomposites as drug carriers. The above was justified by an enzyme-linked apta-sorbent assay, which claimed that the limit of the aptasensing aluminosilicate-conjugated ampicillin was two-fold higher than that in the absence of the nanocomposite. The drug delivery property was further justified through an antibacterial analysis against Escherichia coli (gram-negative) and Bacillus subtilis (gram-positive).
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Affiliation(s)
- Santheraleka Ramanathan
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Subash C B Gopinath
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia.
- School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
| | - M K Md Arshad
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
- School of Microelectronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Pauh Putra, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Prabakaran Poopalan
- School of Microelectronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Pauh Putra, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Periasamy Anbu
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Thangavel Lakshmipriya
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
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Teh YC, Saif AA, Zahid Jamal ZA, Poopalan P. Correlation of film thickness to optical band gap of Sol-gel derived Ba 0.9Gd 0.1TiO 3 thin films for optoelectronic applications. EPJ Web Conf 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201716201042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Perumal V, Hashim U, Gopinath SCB, Haarindraprasad R, Liu WW, Poopalan P, Balakrishnan SR, Thivina V, Ruslinda AR. Thickness Dependent Nanostructural, Morphological, Optical and Impedometric Analyses of Zinc Oxide-Gold Hybrids: Nanoparticle to Thin Film. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144964. [PMID: 26694656 PMCID: PMC4687870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The creation of an appropriate thin film is important for the development of novel sensing surfaces, which will ultimately enhance the properties and output of high-performance sensors. In this study, we have fabricated and characterized zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films on silicon substrates, which were hybridized with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to obtain ZnO-Aux (x = 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 nm) hybrid structures with different thicknesses. Nanoscale imaging by field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed increasing film uniformity and coverage with the Au deposition thickness. Transmission electron microscopy analysis indicated that the AuNPs exhibit an increasing average diameter (5–10 nm). The face center cubic Au were found to co-exist with wurtzite ZnO nanostructure. Atomic force microscopy observations revealed that as the Au content increased, the overall crystallite size increased, which was supported by X-ray diffraction measurements. The structural characterizations indicated that the Au on the ZnO crystal lattice exists without any impurities in a preferred orientation (002). When the ZnO thickness increased from 10 to 40 nm, transmittance and an optical bandgap value decreased. Interestingly, with 50 nm thickness, the band gap value was increased, which might be due to the Burstein-Moss effect. Photoluminescence studies revealed that the overall structural defect (green emission) improved significantly as the Au deposition increased. The impedance measurements shows a decreasing value of impedance arc with increasing Au thicknesses (0 to 40 nm). In contrast, the 50 nm AuNP impedance arc shows an increased value compared to lower sputtering thicknesses, which indicated the presence of larger sized AuNPs that form a continuous film, and its ohmic characteristics changed to rectifying characteristics. This improved hybrid thin film (ZnO/Au) is suitable for a wide range of sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veeradasan Perumal
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Uda Hashim
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia.,School of Microelectronic Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kuala Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Subash C B Gopinath
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia.,School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - R Haarindraprasad
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Wei-Wen Liu
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - P Poopalan
- School of Microelectronic Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kuala Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - S R Balakrishnan
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - V Thivina
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - A R Ruslinda
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
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Balakrishnan SR, Hashim U, Gopinath SCB, Poopalan P, Ramayya HR, Veeradasan P, Haarindraprasad R, Ruslinda AR. Polysilicon nanogap lab-on-chip facilitates multiplex analyses with single analyte. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 84:44-52. [PMID: 26560969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Rationally designed biosensing system supports multiplex analyses is warranted for medical diagnosis to determine the level of analyte interaction. The chemically functionalized novel multi-electrode polysilicon nanogap (PSNG) lab-on-chip is designed in this study, facilitates multiplex analyses for a single analyte. On the fabricated 69nm PSNG, biocompatibility and structural characteristics were verified for the efficient binding of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG). With the assistance of microfluidics, hCG sample was delivered via single-injection to 3-Aminopropyl(triethoxy)silane (APTES) and Glycidoxypropyl(trimethoxy)silane (GPMS) modified PSNG electrodes and the transduced signal was used to investigate the dielectric mechanisms for multiplex analyses. The results from amperometric response and impedance measurement delivered the scale of interaction between anti-hCG antibody and hCG that exhibited 6.5 times higher sensitivity for the chemical linker, APTES than GPMS. Under optimized experimental conditions, APTES and GPMS modified immunosensor has a limit of detection as 0.56mIU/ml and 2.93mIU/ml (at S/N=3), with dissociation constants (Kd) of 5.65±2.5mIU/ml and 7.28±2.6mIU/ml, respectively. These results suggest that multiplex analysis of single target could enhance the accuracy of detection and reliable for real-time comparative analyses. The designed PSNG is simple, feasible, requires low sample consumption and could be applied for any given multiplex analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharma Rao Balakrishnan
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - U Hashim
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia; School of Microelectronic Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kuala Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia.
| | - Subash C B Gopinath
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - P Poopalan
- School of Microelectronic Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kuala Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - H R Ramayya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hospital Tuanku Fauziah, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - P Veeradasan
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - R Haarindraprasad
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - A R Ruslinda
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
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Haarindraprasad R, Hashim U, Gopinath SCB, Kashif M, Veeradasan P, Balakrishnan SR, Foo KL, Poopalan P. Low Temperature Annealed Zinc Oxide Nanostructured Thin Film-Based Transducers: Characterization for Sensing Applications. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132755. [PMID: 26167853 PMCID: PMC4500498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of sensing surfaces highly relies on nanostructures to enhance their sensitivity and specificity. Herein, nanostructured zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films of various thicknesses were coated on glass and p-type silicon substrates using a sol-gel spin-coating technique. The deposited films were characterized for morphological, structural, and optoelectronic properties by high-resolution measurements. X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that the deposited films have a c-axis orientation and display peaks that refer to ZnO, which exhibits a hexagonal structure with a preferable plane orientation (002). The thicknesses of ZnO thin films prepared using 1, 3, 5, and 7 cycles were measured to be 40, 60, 100, and 200 nm, respectively. The increment in grain size of the thin film from 21 to 52 nm was noticed, when its thickness was increased from 40 to 200 nm, whereas the band gap value decreased from 3.282 to 3.268 eV. Band gap value of ZnO thin film with thickness of 200 nm at pH ranging from 2 to 10 reduces from 3.263eV to 3.200 eV. Furthermore, to evaluate the transducing capacity of the ZnO nanostructure, the refractive index, optoelectric constant, and bulk modulus were analyzed and correlated. The highest thickness (200 nm) of ZnO film, embedded with an interdigitated electrode that behaves as a pH-sensing electrode, could sense pH variations in the range of 2-10. It showed a highly sensitive response of 444 μAmM-1cm-2 with a linear regression of R2 =0.9304. The measured sensitivity of the developed device for pH per unit is 3.72μA/pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Haarindraprasad
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - U. Hashim
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Subash C. B. Gopinath
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
- School of Bioprocess Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Kashif
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - P. Veeradasan
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - S. R. Balakrishnan
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - K. L. Foo
- Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - P. Poopalan
- School of Microelectronic Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kuala Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia
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Saif AA, Jamal ZAZ, Poopalan P. Effect of the chemical composition at the memory behavior of Al/BST/SiO2/Si-gate-FET structure. Appl Nanosci 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-011-0024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Harun SW, Tamchek N, Abd-Rahman MK, Poopalan P, Ahmad H. 10-GHz Optical Comb in L-Band Region With Brillouin/Erbium-Doped Fibre Laser. OPT REV 2003; 10:133-135. [DOI: 10.1007/s10043-003-0133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Kamil Abd-Rahman M, Selvakennedy S, Poopalan P, Ahmad H. Operating wavelength of erbium-doped fiber-ring laser. Microw Opt Technol Lett 2001; 31:105-107. [DOI: 10.1002/mop.1370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Abd-Rahman MK, Selvakennedy S, Poopalan P, Ahmad H. Wavelength-tuning analysis of erbium-doped fiber-ring laser. Microw Opt Technol Lett 2001; 29:213-215. [DOI: 10.1002/mop.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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