Predictive Modelling in pharmacokinetics: from in-silico simulations to personalized medicine

INTRODUCTION

Pharmacokinetic parameters assessment is a critical aspect of drug discovery and development, yet challenges persist due to limited training data. Despite advancements in machine learning and in-silico predictions, scarcity of data hampers accurate prediction of drug candidates' pharmacokinetic properties.

AREAS COVERED

The study highlights current developments in human pharmacokinetic prediction, talks about attempts to apply synthetic approaches for molecular design, and searches several databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The article stresses importance of rigorous analysis of machine learning model performance in assessing progress and explores molecular modeling (MM) techniques, descriptors, and mathematical approaches. Transitioning to clinical drug development, article highlights AI (Artificial Intelligence) based computer models optimizing trial design, patient selection, dosing strategies, and biomarker identification. In-silico models, including molecular interactomes and virtual patients, predict drug performance across diverse profiles, underlining the need to align model results with clinical studies for reliability. Specialized training for human specialists in navigating predictive models is deemed critical. Pharmacogenomics, integral to personalized medicine, utilizes predictive modeling to anticipate patient responses, contributing to more efficient healthcare system. Challenges in realizing potential of predictive modeling, including ethical considerations and data privacy concerns, are acknowledged.

EXPERT OPINION

AI models are crucial in drug development, optimizing trials, patient selection, dosing, and biomarker identification and hold promise for streamlining clinical investigations.

Evaluation of Nephroprotective Activity of Laportea interrupta Leaf Extract in Experimental Animals

Laportea interrupta also called as Hen’s Nettle is a primitive plant that is known for its property of causing itch after its touch. This plant has been found useful in treating pre maternal health, anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory action. Previously conducted scientific studies revealed that it is having potential of anti- microbial activity. It has also been proved to have anti-oxidant property as it contains flavonoid contents especially rutin and gallic acid. Extraction of the plant phyto constituent was by maceration process. Healthy Albino rats of wistar strain of 150 to 250 gm were used as experimental animal. Gentamicin induced renal injury and Paracetamol induced nephrotoxicity are the two methodologies followed in this experiment to induce toxicity in rats and then it is followed by ethanolic extract of the plant of low, mid and high dose. Biochemical analysis, Histopathological studies and statistical studies are also performed. There was significant decrease in the gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Observation of change in body weight serum creatinine, serum albumin and serum protein were assessed for kidney function test. Histological and pathological study of kidney tissue was observed to identify the changes in the degree of cellular damage and healing effects in this research work.

Evaluation of Nootropic Activity of Leaf Extract of Anacardium occidentale L

One of the plants that have been used for enthno medicinal purposes in traditional civilization is Anacardium occidentale L. of the family Anacardiaceae is native to Brazil also found in tropical countries such as Malaysia and India commonly known as cashew. The purpose of this study is to determine the in-vitro and in-vivo cognitive effects of an ethanolic leaf extract of the herb Anacardium occidentale on albino rats. Orally the ethanolic extract was administered in two doses (100 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg). The Elevated Plus maze and Y-maze showed statistically significant improvement in the memory process. The estimation of acetylcholinesterase enzyme in rats brain also shows improvement in the memory process by reducing acetylcholinesterase activity. Disorders related to cognition are one of the major health problems and increasing day by day especially affecting the elder individual. There is no proper medication for the impairment of memory. The study reveals that the ethanolic extract of the leaf of Anacardium occidentale has dose-dependent memory-enhancing performance. Synthetic drugs have a lot of side effects, whereas drugs belongs to natural substances have least side effect compared to synthetic one, which has gained a lots of importance. These studies need to be documented effectively. Research findings were contributed to meet the future needs in general healthcare, research, and conservation of endangered species and may give a lead to the discovery of newer drugs.

Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Activity of Garcinia cambogia in Experimentally Induced Ulcer in Rats

Peptic ulcer is the most common gastrointestinal disorder that world faces at present. Garcinia cambogia is one of the folk plants used by the people to treat various ailments to attain health benefits.  Every part of the plant has various activities which can eradicate maximum health issues. The present study is aimed to investigate the gastro-protective and anti-ulcerogenic activity of ethanolic extract of Garcinia cambogia. The ethanolic extract was tested orally in doses of 200 mg/kg and 400mg/kg which was obtained from the acute oral toxicity studies on gastric ulcerations experimentally induced by pylorus ligation and ethanol in rats. Comparison of the drug effect is done with the effect of standard drugs, omeprazole (30 mg/kg) and sucralfate (100 mg/kg). The parameters like gastric pH, gastric acid volume, total acidity, free acidity and ulcer index are assessed.The ethanolic extract showed an activity in a dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg with a reduction in the gastric volume, total acidity, free acidity, ulcer index and raise in the gastric pH when compared to that of ulcer control group. A gastro-protective and anti-ulcerogenic activity is shown by the extract of Garcinia cambogia both in ethanol induced ulcer model and pylorus ligated ulcer model.At the concluding point, extract of Garcinia cambogia was found to possess a very good gastroprotective and anti-ulcerogenic property. The results of the study revealed the further uses of the leaves of this plant in the treatment of ulcers in the stomach.

A Synthesis of Substituted 1,3,4-Oxadiazole, Pyrazole Deravatives and It’s Biological Activities

Aim: Nicotine Substituted  1,3,4 Oxadiazole and pyrazole moieties were integrated by utilizing hydrazide as halfway .Oxadiazole were acquired by two techniques one is by utilizing PoCl3 within the sight of fragrant corrosive ,other is by utilizing carbon disulphide in the presence ofpotassium hydroxide as an impetus .Pyrazoles were likewise gotten by ehtylacetoacetate we acquired unrefined item and again it was recrystallized by utilizing alcohol.All incorporated mixtures were evaluated for Antibacterial activity  and enaminones showed promising action against standard medication ciprofloxacin. Methods: TLC on silica gel G was used to check for homogeneity of the title compound. H NMR, Mass, and IR Spectra were used to characterise these compounds, and their antibacterial activity was tested. Results: All of these compounds, including nicotine substituted ester, hydrazide, 1,3,4 Oxadiazole, and pyrazole, showed antibacterial activity. The maximum activity of enaminones was comparable to that of the standard drug ciprofloxacin (5mcg). Compound1 showed potent antimicrobial activity Conclusion: In the zone of inhibition studies, all six samples at MIC concentrations showed reasonable antimicrobial activity Compound1 showed very good antimicrobial activity