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Manohar P, Loh B, Nachimuthu R, Leptihn S. Phage-antibiotic combinations to control Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Candida two-species biofilms. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9354. [PMID: 38653744 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Phage-antibiotic combinations to treat bacterial infections are gaining increased attention due to the synergistic effects often observed when applying both components together. Most studies however focus on a single pathogen, although in many clinical cases multiple species are present at the site of infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-biofilm activity of phage-antibiotic/antifungal combinations on single- and dual-species biofilms formed by P. aeruginosa and the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. The Pseudomonas phage Motto in combination with ciprofloxacin had significant anti-biofilm activity. We then compared biofilms formed by P. aeruginosa alone with the dual-species biofilms formed by bacteria and C. albicans. Here, we found that the phage together with the antifungal fluconazole was active against 6-h-old dual-species biofilms but showed only negligible activity against 24-h-old biofilms. This study lays the first foundation for potential therapeutic approaches to treat co-infections caused by bacteria and fungi using phage-antibiotic combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanth Manohar
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, India
- Center for Phage Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Belinda Loh
- Department of Vaccines and Infection Models, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Perlickstr. 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ramesh Nachimuthu
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, India
| | - Sebastian Leptihn
- Department of Vaccines and Infection Models, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Perlickstr. 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- Department of Biochemistry, Health and Medical University, Erfurt, Anger 66/73, 99084, Erfurt, Germany.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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Loganathan A, Bozdogan B, Manohar P, Nachimuthu R. Phage-antibiotic combinations in various treatment modalities to manage MRSA infections. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1356179. [PMID: 38659581 PMCID: PMC11041375 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1356179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The emergence of antibiotic resistance is a significant challenge in the treatment of bacterial infections, particularly in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Phage-antibiotic combination therapy is now being utilized as a preferred therapeutic option for infections that are multi-drug resistant in nature. Methods: In this study, we examined the combined impact of the staph phage vB_Sau_S90 and four antibiotics on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). We conducted experiments on three different treatment sequences: a) administering phages before antibiotics, b) administering phages and antibiotics simultaneously, and c) administering antibiotics before phages. Results: When the media was supplemented with sub-inhibitory concentrations of 0.25 μg/mL and 1 μg/mL, the size of the plaque increased from 0.5 ± 0.1 mm (in the control group with only the phage) to 4 ± 0.2 mm, 1.6 ± 0.1 mm, and 1.6 ± 0.4 mm when fosfomycin, ciprofloxacin, and oxacillin were added, respectively. The checkerboard analysis revealed a synergistic effect between the phages and antibiotics investigated, as indicated by a FIC value of less than 0.5. The combination treatment of phages and antibiotics demonstrated universal efficacy across all treatments. Nevertheless, the optimal effectiveness was demonstrated when the antibiotics were delivered subsequent to the phages. Utilizing the Galleria mellonella model, in vivo experiments showed that the combination of phage-oxacillin effectively eliminated biofilm-infected larvae, resulting in a survival rate of up to 80% in the treated groups. Discussion: Our findings highlight the advantages of using a combination of phage and antibiotic over using phages alone in the treatment of MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Loganathan
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, India
| | - Bulent Bozdogan
- Medical Microbiology Department, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Prasanth Manohar
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, India
| | - Ramesh Nachimuthu
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, India
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Manohar P, Loh B, Turner D, Tamizhselvi R, Mathankumar M, Elangovan N, Nachimuthu R, Leptihn S. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the biofilm-degrading Pseudomonas phage Motto, as a candidate for phage therapy. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1344962. [PMID: 38559352 PMCID: PMC10978715 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1344962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa are becoming increasingly difficult to treat due to the emergence of strains that have acquired multidrug resistance. Therefore, phage therapy has gained attention as an alternative to the treatment of pseudomonal infections. Phages are not only bactericidal but occasionally show activity against biofilm as well. In this study, we describe the Pseudomonas phage Motto, a T1-like phage that can clear P. aeruginosa infections in an animal model and also exhibits biofilm-degrading properties. The phage has a substantial anti-biofilm activity against strong biofilm-producing isolates (n = 10), with at least a twofold reduction within 24 h. To demonstrate the safety of using phage Motto, cytotoxicity studies were conducted with human cell lines (HEK 293 and RAW 264.7 macrophages). Using a previously established in vivo model, we demonstrated the efficacy of Motto in Caenorhabditis elegans, with a 90% survival rate when treated with the phage at a multiplicity of infection of 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanth Manohar
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, India
| | - Belinda Loh
- Department of Vaccines and Infection Models, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dann Turner
- School of Applied Sciences, College of Health, Science and Society, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ramasamy Tamizhselvi
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, India
| | - Marimuthu Mathankumar
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, India
| | - Namasivayam Elangovan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioscience, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramesh Nachimuthu
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, India
| | - Sebastian Leptihn
- Department of Biochemistry, Health and Medical University, Erfurt, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Manohar P, Young R. Complete genomic analysis of Escherichia phage Mangalyan infecting Escherichia fergusonii. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024; 13:e0096323. [PMID: 38088570 PMCID: PMC10793314 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00963-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Escherichia fergusonii is a rarely isolated opportunistic pathogen in animals and humans. Here, we present the annotated genome sequence of Escherichia phage Mangalyan, a T4-like bacteriophage infecting E. fergusonii isolated from chickens. Phage Mangalyan has a genome length of 140,513 bp and belongs to the Vequintavirinae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanth Manohar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Phage Technology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ry Young
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Phage Technology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Mehmood Khan F, Manohar P, Singh Gondil V, Mehra N, Kayode Oyejobi G, Odiwuor N, Ahmad T, Huang G. The applications of animal models in phage therapy: An update. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2175519. [PMID: 36935353 PMCID: PMC10072079 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2175519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid increase in antibiotic resistance presents a dire situation necessitating the need for alternative therapeutic agents. Among the current alternative therapies, phage therapy (PT) is promising. This review extensively summarizes preclinical PT approaches in various in-vivo models. PT has been evaluated in several recent clinical trials. However, there are still several unanswered concerns due to a lack of appropriate regulation and pharmacokinetic data regarding the application of phages in human therapeutic procedures. In this review, we also presented the current state of PT and considered how animal models can be used to adapt these therapies for humans. The development of realistic solutions to circumvent these constraints is critical for advancing this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazal Mehmood Khan
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Prasanth Manohar
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Vijay Singh Gondil
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Nancy Mehra
- Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Greater Kayode Oyejobi
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Microbiology, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Nelson Odiwuor
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Microbiology, Sino-Africa Joint Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tauseef Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangtao Huang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Arumugam SN, Manohar P, Sukumaran S, Sadagopan S, Loh B, Leptihn S, Nachimuthu R. Antibacterial efficacy of lytic phages against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in bacteraemia mice models. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:187. [PMID: 35909125 PMCID: PMC9340724 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02603-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause a variety of infections in humans, such as burn wound infections and infections of the lungs, the bloodstream and surgical site infections. Nosocomial spread is often concurrent with high degrees of antibiotic resistance. Such resistant strains are difficult to treat, and in some cases, even reserved antibiotics are ineffective. A particularly promising therapy to combat infections of resistant bacteria is the deployment of bacteriophages, known as phage therapy. In this work, we evaluated the in vivo efficacy of two Pseudomonas phages in bacteremia mice models. For this study, non-neutropenic mice (BalB/C) were infected with P. aeruginosa AB030 strain and treated using two bacteriophages, AP025 and AP006. Results The results showed that a single dose of phages at higher concentrations, bacteria: phage at 1:10 and 1:100 were effective in eliminating the bloodstream infection and achieving 100% mice survival. Conclusion This study highlights the efficacy of using a single dose of phages to restore mice from bacteremia. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02603-0.
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Holt E, Chan Y, Tan A, Liu M, Ho H, Manohar P, Pan D, Cham C, McMillan K, Joon DL, Pham T, Foroudi F, Cokelek M, Bolton D, Ng M, Guerrieri M, Chao M. The Use of HA as Rectal Spacer in Prostate Cancer Patients Undergoing Hypofractionated RT: An Australian Experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.07.1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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8
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Manohar P, Loh B, Elangovan N, Loganathan A, Nachimuthu R, Leptihn S. A Multiwell-Plate Caenorhabditis elegans Assay for Assessing the Therapeutic Potential of Bacteriophages against Clinical Pathogens. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0139321. [PMID: 35171008 PMCID: PMC8849058 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01393-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to establish phage therapy as a standard clinical treatment for bacterial infections, testing of every phage to ensure the suitability and safety of the biological compound is required. While some issues have been addressed over recent years, standard and easy-to-use animal models to test phages are still rare. Testing of phages in highly suitable mammalian models such as mice is subjected to strict ethical regulations, while insect larvae such as the Galleria mellonella model suffer from batch-to-batch variations and require manual operator skills to inject bacteria, resulting in unreliable experimental outcomes. A much simpler model is the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, which feeds on bacteria, a fast growing and easy to handle organism that can be used in high-throughput screening. In this study, two clinical bacterial strains of Escherichia coli, one Klebsiella pneumoniae, and one Enterobacter cloacae strain were tested on the model system together with lytic bacteriophages that we isolated previously. We developed a liquid-based assay, in which the efficiency of phage treatment was evaluated using a scoring system based on microscopy and counting of the nematodes, allowing increasing statistical significance compared to other assays such as larvae or mice. Our work demonstrates the potential to use Caenorhabditis elegans to test the virulence of strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, and EHEC/EPEC as well as the efficacy of bacteriophages to treat or prevent infections, allowing a more reliable evaluation for the clinical therapeutic potential of lytic phages. IMPORTANCE Validating the efficacy and safety of phages prior to clinical application is crucial to see phage therapy in practice. Current animal models include mice and insect larvae, which pose ethical or technical challenges. This study examined the use of the nematode model organism C. elegans as a quick, reliable, and simple alternative for testing phages. The data show that all the four tested bacteriophages can eliminate bacterial pathogens and protect the nematode from infections. Survival rates of the nematodes increased from <20% in the infection group to >90% in the phage treatment group. Even the nematodes with poly-microbial infections recovered during phage cocktail treatment. The use of C. elegans as a simple whole-animal infection model is a rapid and robust way to study the efficacy of phages before testing them on more complex model animals such as mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanth Manohar
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh (ZJE) Institute, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Haining, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University (SAHZU), School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Belinda Loh
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh (ZJE) Institute, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Haining, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Namasivayam Elangovan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioscience, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Archana Loganathan
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Lab, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramesh Nachimuthu
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Lab, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sebastian Leptihn
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh (ZJE) Institute, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Haining, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Department Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
- University of Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Manohar P, Madurantakam Royam M, Loh B, Bozdogan B, Nachimuthu R, Leptihn S. Synergistic Effects of Phage-Antibiotic Combinations against Citrobacter amalonaticus. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:59-65. [PMID: 34979073 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-antibiotic alternative treatments to combat the increasing number of infections caused by multidrug resistant bacteria are urgently needed. In recent years, bacteriophages have reemerged to potentially replace or complement the role of antibiotics, as bacterial viruses have the ability to inactivate pathogens. This study aimed to evaluate the synergy of phage-antibiotic combinations. A Citrobacter amalonaticus isolate was used in this study together with the phage MRM57. Eight different antibiotics with different mechanisms of action were used in combination with the phage to study the impact of the combination treatment on the minimal inhibitory concentrations. We found that antibiotic concentration dependent synergism exists, albeit at different extents, with very low numbers of phages. This demonstrates the use of phages as an adjuvant with a sublethal concentration of antibiotics as an effective therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanth Manohar
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh (ZJU-UoE) Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, Zhejiang 310027, P.R. China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University (SAHZU), School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Madhav Madurantakam Royam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632006, India
| | - Belinda Loh
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh (ZJU-UoE) Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, Zhejiang 310027, P.R. China
| | - Bulent Bozdogan
- Medical Microbiology Department, Adnan Menderes University, 09010 Aydin, Turkey
| | - Ramesh Nachimuthu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632006, India
| | - Sebastian Leptihn
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh (ZJU-UoE) Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, Zhejiang 310027, P.R. China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
- University of Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
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Sameeh MA, Jyothsna MK, Nidhin R, Manohar P, Sreedevi S, Sasikumar TP. Comparative Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Denture Cleansers on Surface Hardness of Permanent Silicone Denture Liners - An In vitro Study. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2021; 13:S1102-S1105. [PMID: 35017938 PMCID: PMC8686956 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_400_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to determine the effect of three commercially available denture cleansers on surface hardness of two different silicone denture liners at various time intervals. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 120 cylindrical specimens of permanent silicone-based soft liners were prepared from a custom made metal mold with dimensions of 15 mm × 10 mm, of which 60 specimens were fabricated using Voco™ and the remaining 60 specimens with Molossil™ permanent denture liners. All specimens were divided into four major groups based on cleansing treatments, comprising 30 specimens each. And then, all cleansers dissolved in 250 mL water as recommended by the manufacturer. Specimens of the first group were cleansed daily by rinsing with water and second group with Periogard™ denture cleansing solution and third group with Secure™ denture cleansing solution and the fourth group with Polident™ denture cleansing solution. Specimens of all groups were tested on 1st week, 1st month, and 6th month time interval using a Shore A Durometer. Three readings were noted for each sample and the mean of those readings was taken. RESULTS Surface hardness of all the samples was significantly higher after a period of 6 months irrespective of the cleansing treatment. Statistically significant changes were observed between Polident™, Secure™, and Periogard™ denture cleanser groups over control with time. Minor changes were observed in surface hardness of Voco™ denture liners as compared to Molossil™ soft liners for all groups, as time progressed. CONCLUSION Voco™ soft denture lining material can be performed significantly better than Mollosil™ soft denture lining material in all cleansing treatments and Polident™ denture cleanser has the least effect on surface hardness of soft liners than Periogard™ and Secure™ denture cleansing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Abdul Sameeh
- Department of Prosthodontics, Educare Institute of Dental Science, Malappuram, Kerala, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. M. Abdul Sameeh, Department of Prosthodontics, Educare Institute of Dental Science, Malappuram, Kerala, India. E-mail:
| | - M. K. Jyothsna
- Department of Prosthodontics, Educare Institute of Dental Science, Malappuram, Kerala, India
| | - R. Nidhin
- Department of Prosthodontics, Educare Institute of Dental Science, Malappuram, Kerala, India
| | - Prasanth Manohar
- Department of Prosthodontics, Educare Institute of Dental Science, Malappuram, Kerala, India
| | - S. Sreedevi
- Department of Prosthodontics, Educare Institute of Dental Science, Malappuram, Kerala, India
| | - T. P. Sasikumar
- Department of Prosthodontics, Educare Institute of Dental Science, Malappuram, Kerala, India
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Lin Y, Ong W, Tacey M, Bolton D, Tan A, Chan Y, Cham C, Ho H, Guerrieri M, Foroudi F, Joon D, McMillan K, Koufogiannis G, Manohar P, Liu M, Pham T, Chao M. Impact of Hydrogel and Hyaluronic Acid Rectal Spacer on Rectal Dosimetry and Toxicity in Low-Dose-Rate Prostate Brachytherapy: A Multi-Institutional Analysis of Patient Outcomes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.07.907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Loganathan A, Manohar P, Eniyan K, VinodKumar CS, Leptihn S, Nachimuthu R. Phage therapy as a revolutionary medicine against Gram-positive bacterial infections. Beni Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci 2021; 10:49. [PMID: 34485539 PMCID: PMC8401357 DOI: 10.1186/s43088-021-00141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria has created a global emergency, prompting the hunt for an alternative cure. Bacteriophages were discovered over a century ago and have proven to be a successful replacement during antibiotic treatment failure. This review discusses on the scientific investigation of phage therapy for Gram-positive pathogens and general outlook of phage therapy clinical trials and commercialization. MAIN BODY OF THE ABSTRACT This review aimed to highlight the phage therapy in Gram-positive bacteria and the need for phage therapy in the future. Phage therapy to treat Gram-positive bacterial infections is in use for a very long time. However, limited review on the phage efficacy in Gram-positive bacteria exists. The natural efficiency and potency of bacteriophages against bacterial strains have been advantageous amidst the other non-antibiotic agents. The use of phages to treat oral biofilm, skin infection, and recurrent infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria has emerged as a predominant research area in recent years. In addition, the upsurge in research in the area of phage therapy for spore-forming Gram-positive bacteria has added a wealth of information to phage therapy. SHORT CONCLUSION We conclude that the need of phage as an alternative treatment is obvious in future. However, phage therapy can be used as reserve treatment. This review focuses on the potential use of phage therapy in treating Gram-positive bacterial infections, as well as their therapeutic aspects. Furthermore, we discussed the difficulties in commercializing phage drugs and their problems as a breakthrough medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Loganathan
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Prasanth Manohar
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh (ZJU-UoE) Institute, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Haining, 314400 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
- School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University (SAHZU), Hangzhou, Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Kandasamy Eniyan
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu India
| | - C. S. VinodKumar
- Department of Microbiology, S.S. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Davanagere, India
| | - Sebastian Leptihn
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh (ZJU-UoE) Institute, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Haining, 314400 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Infection Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
| | - Ramesh Nachimuthu
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu India
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Manohar P, Leptihn S, Lopes BS, Nachimuthu R. Dissemination of carbapenem resistance and plasmids encoding carbapenemases in Gram-negative bacteria isolated in India. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2021; 3:dlab015. [PMID: 34223092 PMCID: PMC8210035 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carbapenem resistance in Gram-negative bacteria is an ongoing public health problem of global dimensions leaving very few treatment options for infected patients. Objectives To study the dissemination of plasmid-borne carbapenemase genes in Gram-negative bacteria from a diagnostic centre in Tamil Nadu, India. Methods A total of 151 non-repetitive isolates belonging to 10 genera were collected between January 2015 and December 2016 from a diagnostic centre in Tamil Nadu. The isolates included Escherichia coli (n = 57), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 45), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 10), Salmonella Typhi (n = 8), Enterobacter cloacae (n = 8), Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 7), Serratia marcescens (n = 5), Achromobacter xylosoxidans (n = 5), Proteus mirabilis (n = 5), Klebsiella oxytoca (n = 5) and Elizabethkingia meningoseptica (n = 1). Results Of the 151 isolates, 71% (n = 107) and 68% (n = 103) were found to be resistant to meropenem and imipenem, respectively. The most prevalent β-lactamase gene was blaNDM-1 (n = 22), followed by blaOXA-181 (n = 21), blaGES-1 (n = 11), blaOXA-51 (n = 9), blaGES-9 (n = 8), blaOXA-23 (n = 7) and blaIMP-1 (n = 3). We also observed blaOXA-23 in E. coli (n = 4), and three K. pneumoniae were positive for both, blaOXA-23 and blaOXA-51. Plasmid incompatibility (inc/rep) typing results showed that the resistance genes (n = 11) were present in the isolates carrying plasmid-types IncX, IncA/C, IncFIA-FIB and IncFIIA. The plasmid-borne resistance genes in E. coli and K. pneumoniae were transferred to susceptible E. coli AB1157. Conclusions This study highlights the prevalence of carbapenem resistance and the acquisition of plasmid-borne carbapenemase genes in Gram-negative bacteria isolated at this centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanth Manohar
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sebastian Leptihn
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh (ZJU-UoE) Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, Zhejiang 314400, China and Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,University of Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Bruno S Lopes
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Medical Microbiology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Ramesh Nachimuthu
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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Loh B, Chen J, Manohar P, Yu Y, Hua X, Leptihn S. A Biological Inventory of Prophages in A. baumannii Genomes Reveal Distinct Distributions in Classes, Length, and Genomic Positions. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:579802. [PMID: 33343523 PMCID: PMC7744312 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.579802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is of major clinical importance as the bacterial pathogen often causes hospital acquired infections, further complicated by the high prevalence of antibiotic resistant strains. Aside from natural tolerance to certain antibiotic classes, resistance is often acquired by the exchange of genetic information via conjugation but also by the high natural competence exhibited by A. baumannii. In addition, bacteriophages are able to introduce resistance genes but also toxins and virulence factors via phage mediated transduction. In this work, we analyzed the complete genomes of 177 A. baumannii strains for the occurrence of prophages, and analyzed their taxonomy, size and positions of insertion. Among all the prophages that were detected, Siphoviridae and Myoviridae were the two most commonly found families, while the average genome size was determined to be approximately 4 Mbp. Our data shows the wide variation in the number of prophages in A. baumannii genomes and the prevalence of certain prophages within strains that are most "successful" or potentially beneficial to the host. Our study also revealed that only two specific sites of insertion within the genome of the host bacterium are being used, with few exceptions only. Lastly, we analyzed the existence of genes that are encoded in the prophages, which may confer antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Several phages carry AMR genes, including OXA-23 and NDM-1, illustrating the importance of lysogenic phages in the acquisition of resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Loh
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh (ZJU-UoE) Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
| | - Jiayuan Chen
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh (ZJU-UoE) Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
| | - Prasanth Manohar
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh (ZJU-UoE) Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
| | - Yunsong Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoting Hua
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sebastian Leptihn
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh (ZJU-UoE) Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- University of Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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15
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Manohar P, Loh B, Leptihn S. Will the Overuse of Antibiotics During the Coronavirus Pandemic Accelerate Antimicrobial Resistance of Bacteria? Infect Microbes Dis 2020; 2:87-88. [PMID: 38630119 PMCID: PMC8529698 DOI: 10.1097/im9.0000000000000034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prasanth Manohar
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh (ZJU-UoE) Institute, Zhejiang University, International Campus, Haining, Zhejiang, China
| | - Belinda Loh
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh (ZJU-UoE) Institute, Zhejiang University, International Campus, Haining, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sebastian Leptihn
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh (ZJU-UoE) Institute, Zhejiang University, International Campus, Haining, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- University of Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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16
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Manohar P, Loh B, Nachimuthu R, Hua X, Welburn SC, Leptihn S. Secondary Bacterial Infections in Patients With Viral Pneumonia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:420. [PMID: 32850912 PMCID: PMC7419580 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary diseases of viral origin are often followed by the manifestation of secondary infections, leading to further clinical complications and negative disease outcomes. Thus, research on secondary infections is essential. Here, we review clinical data of secondary bacterial infections developed after the onset of pulmonary viral infections. We review the most recent clinical data and current knowledge of secondary bacterial infections and their treatment in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients; case reports from SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV2 and the best-studied respiratory virus, influenza, are described. We outline treatments used or prophylactic measures employed for secondary bacterial infections. This evaluation includes recent clinical reports of pulmonary viral infections, including those by COVID-19, that reference secondary infections. Where data was provided for COVID-19 patients, a mortality rate of 15.2% due to secondary bacterial infections was observed for patients with pneumonia (41 of 268). Most clinicians treated patients with SARS-CoV-2 infections with prophylactic antibiotics (63.7%, n = 1,901), compared to 73.5% (n = 3,072) in all clinical reports of viral pneumonia included in this review. For all cases of viral pneumonia, a mortality rate of 10.9% due to secondary infections was observed (53 of 482). Most commonly, quinolones, cephalosporins and macrolides were administered, but also the glycopeptide vancomycin. Several bacterial pathogens appear to be prevalent as causative agents of secondary infections, including antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanth Manohar
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh (ZJU-UoE) Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China.,School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University (SAHZU), Hangzhou, China
| | - Belinda Loh
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh (ZJU-UoE) Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
| | - Ramesh Nachimuthu
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, India
| | - Xiaoting Hua
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Susan C Welburn
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh (ZJU-UoE) Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China.,Infection Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Leptihn
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh (ZJU-UoE) Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Infection Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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17
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Ong X, Wetherell D, Martin C, Manohar P. Urosepsis post emergency ureteric stent insertion: Can we predict intensive care admission? EUR UROL SUPPL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-1683(20)33980-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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18
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Manohar P, Loh B, Athira S, Nachimuthu R, Hua X, Welburn SC, Leptihn S. Secondary Bacterial Infections During Pulmonary Viral Disease: Phage Therapeutics as Alternatives to Antibiotics? Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1434. [PMID: 32733404 PMCID: PMC7358648 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary bacterial infections manifest during or after a viral infection(s) and can lead to negative outcomes and sometimes fatal clinical complications. Research and development of clinical interventions is largely focused on the primary pathogen, with research on any secondary infection(s) being neglected. Here we highlight the impact of secondary bacterial infections and in particular those caused by antibiotic-resistant strains, on disease outcomes. We describe possible non-antibiotic treatment options, when small molecule drugs have no effect on the bacterial pathogen and explore the potential of phage therapy and phage-derived therapeutic proteins and strategies in treating secondary bacterial infections, including their application in combination with chemical antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanth Manohar
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Belinda Loh
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
| | - Sudarsanan Athira
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Ramesh Nachimuthu
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Xiaoting Hua
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Susan C Welburn
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China.,Infection Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Leptihn
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Infection Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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19
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Nachimuthu R, Kannan VR, Bozdogan B, Krishnakumar V, S KP, Manohar P. CTX-M-type ESBL-mediated resistance to third-generation cephalosporins and conjugative transfer of resistance in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from hospitals in Tamil Nadu, India. Access Microbiol 2020; 3:000142. [PMID: 34151148 PMCID: PMC8209704 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical pathogens, especially Gram-negative bacteria developing resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, are making clinical outcomes more complicated and serious. This study was undertaken to evaluate the distribution of CTX-M-type extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in Tamil Nadu, India. For this study, clinical samples were collected from five different hospitals located in Tamil Nadu and the ESBL-producing Gram-negative isolates were characterized. MIC was performed using cefotaxime and ceftazidime. The blaESBL-producing genes were screened using multiplex PCR for the genes, CTX-M group-1, -2, -8, -9, -26. The conjugation studies were performed using Escherichia coli AB1157 as a recipient for the isolates harbouring plasmid-borne resistance following broth-mating experiment. In total, 1500 samples were collected and 599 Gram-negative bacteria were isolated that included E. coli (n=233), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=182), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=79), Citrobacter spp. (n=30), Proteus mirabilis (n=28), Salmonella spp. (n=21), Acinetobacter baumannii (n=12), Serratia spp. (n=6), Shigella spp. (n=4), Morganella morganii (n=3) and Providencia spp. (n=1). MIC results showed that 358 isolates were resistant to cefotaxime and ceftazidime. Further, ESBL gene-amplification results showed that 19 isolates had CTX-M group-1 gene including E. coli (n=16), K. pneumoniae (n=2) and P. aeruginosa (n=1) whereas one M. morganii isolate had CTX-M group-9, which was plasmid-borne. Through conjugation studies, 12/20 isolates were found to be involved in the transformation of its plasmid-borne resistance gene. Our study highlighted the importance of horizontal gene transfer in the dissemination of plasmid-borne blaCTX-M-type resistance genes among the clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Nachimuthu
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore-632014, India
| | - Velu Rajesh Kannan
- Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bulent Bozdogan
- Medical Faculty, Medical Microbiology Department, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | | | - Karutha Pandian S
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa university, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prasanth Manohar
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh (ZJU-UoE) Institute, Zhejiang University, International Campus, PR China, Haining, Zhejiang.,School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University (SAHZU),, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
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20
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Sinha A, Eniyan K, Manohar P, Ramesh N, Bajpai U. Characterization and genome analysis of B1 sub-cluster mycobacteriophage PDRPxv. Virus Res 2020; 279:197884. [PMID: 31981773 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacteriophages are viruses specific to mycobacteria that have gained attention as alternative therapeutic strategies for treating antibiotic-resistant infections. Mycobacteriophages are highly diverse and have been grouped into 29 clusters, 71 sub-clusters and 10 singletons based on the genome sequence. Here, we annotate the genome of PDRPxv, a lytic mycobacteriophage isolated from New Delhi; it belongs to the Siphoviridae family as determined by transmission electron microscopy. This phage survives at higher temperatures (up to 55 °C) and in alkaline conditions (up to pH11). PDRPxv phage genome is 69,171 bp in length with 66.35 % GC content and encodes 107 putative open reading frames and belongs to the B1 sub-cluster. Genome annotation indicated that genes for DNA encapsidation, structural proteins, replication/transcription and lysis of the host are present in functional clusters. Structural proteins encoded by Gp10-Gp12, Gp18, Gp25 and Gp28-Gp33 were identified by mass spectrometry. Interestingly, no gene encoding a holin function was found. Single-step growth curve revealed that PDRPxv has an adsorption time of 45 min, a latency time of 135 min and an average burst size of 99 phage particles per infected cell. The short latency period and the large burst size mark the lytic nature of the PDRPxv phage, which could therefore be a promising therapeutic candidate against pathogenic Mycobacterium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avni Sinha
- Department of Biomedical Science, Acharya Narendra Dev College (University of Delhi) Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New-Delhi, 110019, India
| | - Kandasamy Eniyan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Acharya Narendra Dev College (University of Delhi) Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New-Delhi, 110019, India; Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prasanth Manohar
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nachimuthu Ramesh
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Urmi Bajpai
- Department of Biomedical Science, Acharya Narendra Dev College (University of Delhi) Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New-Delhi, 110019, India.
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21
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Ramesh N, Archana L, Madurantakam Royam M, Manohar P, Eniyan K. Effect of various bacteriological media on the plaque morphology of Staphylococcus and Vibrio phages. Access Microbiol 2019; 1:e000036. [PMID: 32974524 PMCID: PMC7470289 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of media composition on the life cycle of bacteriophages to exhibit diverse plaque morphology on various bacteriological media was investigated by a double agar overlay method. Both Staphylococcus aureus phage and Vibrio parahaemolyticus phage showed altered plaque morphology from small to large and from clear to turbid, in different culture media used for the double agar overlay method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachimuthu Ramesh
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, School of Bio Science and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
- *Correspondence: Nachimuthu Ramesh,
| | - Loganathan Archana
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, School of Bio Science and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Madhav Madurantakam Royam
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, School of Bio Science and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prasanth Manohar
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, School of Bio Science and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kandasamy Eniyan
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, School of Bio Science and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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22
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Shanthini T, Manohar P, Samna S, Srividya R, Bozdogan B, Rameshpathy M, Ramesh N. Emergence of plasmid-borne bla oxa-181 gene in Ochrobactrum intermedium: first report from India. Access Microbiol 2019; 1:e000024. [PMID: 32974517 PMCID: PMC7471779 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wastewater has become a potential habitat for multi-drug-resistant bacteria. The present study aims to screen for the presence of carbapenem-resistant bacteria in sewage water samples collected from hospital and non-hospital sources. From a total of 19 sewage water samples collected, 100 carbapenem-resistant non-lactose-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria (CR-NF-GNB) were isolated using MacConkey agar cultured with 8 mg l−1 of meropenem. On screening for beta-lactamase resistance genes (blaNDM, blaOXA-48-like, blaIMP, blaVIM and blaKPC), one isolate, Ochrobactrum intermedium, was found to carry the plasmid-borne blaOXA-48-like gene. To the best of our knowledge, we provide the first report of the rare and emerging opportunistic pathogen Ochrobactrum intermedium encoding the OXA-181 gene in its plasmid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamaraiselvan Shanthini
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prasanth Manohar
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sagadevan Samna
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajendran Srividya
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bulent Bozdogan
- Department of Microbiology, Recombinant DNA and Protein Research Center (REDPROM), Adnan Menderes University, 09100 Aydın, Turkey
| | - Manian Rameshpathy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nachimuthu Ramesh
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Manohar P, Tamhankar AJ, Lundborg CS, Nachimuthu R. Therapeutic Characterization and Efficacy of Bacteriophage Cocktails Infecting Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter Species. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:574. [PMID: 30949158 PMCID: PMC6437105 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections due to antibiotic resistant bacteria are increasing globally and this needs immediate attention. Bacteriophages are considered an effective alternative for the treatment of bacterial infections. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize the bacteriophages that infect Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter species. For this, clinical bacterial isolates of the mentioned species were obtained from diagnostic centers located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. The bacteriophages were isolated from sewage water samples collected from Tamil Nadu, India. Phage isolation was performed using enrichment method and agar overlay method was used to confirm the presence of bacteriophages. All the phages were characterized for their life cycle parameters, genome analysis, and in vitro phage cocktail activity. The three bacteriophages exhibited broad host range activity: Escherichia virus myPSH2311 infecting E. coli belonging to six different pathotypes, Klebsiella virus myPSH1235 infecting K. pneumoniae belonging to four different serotypes and Enterobacter virus myPSH1140 infecting four different species of Enterobacter. Morphological observations suggested that the bacteriophages belonged to, Phieco32virus (Escherichia virus myPSH2311), Podoviridae (Klebsiella virus myPSH1235), and Myoviridae (Enterobacter virus myPSH1140). The life cycles (adsorption, latent period, and cell burst) of Escherichia virus myPSH2311, Klebsiella virus myPSH1235 and Enterobacter virus myPSH1140 were found to be 26, 40, and 11 min, respectively. Genomic analysis revealed that Escherichia virus myPSH2311 is closely related to Escherichia phage vB_EcoP_SU10, Klebsiella virus myPSH1235 is closely related to Klebsiella phage vB_KpnP_KpV48 and Enterobacter virus myPSH1140 is closely related to Enterobacter phage PG7 and Enterobacter phage CC31. When phage cocktail was used against multiple bacterial mixtures, there was a reduction in bacterial load from 106 to 103 CFU/mL within 2 h. All the three characterized phages were found to have a broad host range activity and the prepared phage cocktails were effective against mixed bacterial population that are resistant to meropenem and colistin, two last resort antibiotics. Infections caused by drug resistant bacteria will be a serious threat in the future and the use of virulent bacteriophages in therapy may offer an effective solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanth Manohar
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Ashok J Tamhankar
- Global Health-Health Systems and Policy: Medicines, Focusing Antibiotics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Indian Initiative for Management of Antibiotic Resistance, Mumbai, India
| | - Cecilia Stalsby Lundborg
- Global Health-Health Systems and Policy: Medicines, Focusing Antibiotics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ramesh Nachimuthu
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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Aarthy S, Thenmuhil D, Dharunya G, Manohar P. Exploring the effect of sintering temperature on naturally derived hydroxyapatite for bio-medical applications. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2019; 30:21. [PMID: 30747333 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-019-6219-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The current work describes the influence of sintering temperatures on biological and mechanical properties of naturally derived hydroxyapatite (HAp). The phase pure hydroxyapatite developed from the goat bone has been obtained by optimizing the calcination temperature from 600-900 °C. Further, HAp calcined at 900 °C was subjected to various sintering temperature (1100-1400 °C). Finally, the influence of sinter temperatures on mechanical (hardness) and biological properties (in vitro bioactivity, MTT and hemocompatibility assays) were ascertained. In respect of biological properties, it came to know that 1300 °C is optimum sinter temperature, which has enhanced apatite growth with the superior cell viability and hemo-compatible behavior. However, sample sintered at 1400 °C delivers maximum hardness. Thus, the hydroxyapatite extracted from goat bone can find better applications in bio-medical engineering as analogous to the existing man-made synthetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aarthy
- Department of Ceramic Technology, Alagapa College of Technology, Anna University, Chennai, TN, 600 025, India
| | - D Thenmuhil
- Department of Ceramic Technology, Alagapa College of Technology, Anna University, Chennai, TN, 600 025, India
| | - G Dharunya
- Biomaterials Department, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, TN, 600 020, India
| | - P Manohar
- Department of Ceramic Technology, Alagapa College of Technology, Anna University, Chennai, TN, 600 025, India.
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De S, Chaudhuri SR, Panda A, Jadhav GR, Kumar RS, Manohar P, Ramesh N, Mondal A, Moorthy A, Banerjee S, Paira P, Kumar SKA. Synthesis, characterisation, molecular docking, biomolecular interaction and cytotoxicity studies of novel ruthenium(ii)–arene-2-heteroarylbenzoxazole complexes. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj04999h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ru(ii)–arene-2-heteroarylbenzoxazole complexes were synthesized and implemented for their biological evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav De
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advance Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology
- Vellore-632014
- India
| | - Shreya Ray Chaudhuri
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advance Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology
- Vellore-632014
- India
| | - Arpita Panda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advance Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology
- Vellore-632014
- India
| | - Gajanan Rahosaheb Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advance Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology
- Vellore-632014
- India
| | - R. Selva Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advance Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology
- Vellore-632014
- India
| | - Prasanth Manohar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioscience & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology
- Vellore 632014
- India
| | - N. Ramesh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioscience & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology
- Vellore 632014
- India
| | - Ashaparna Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advance Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology
- Vellore-632014
- India
| | - Anbalagan Moorthy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioscience & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology
- Vellore 632014
- India
| | - Subhasis Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gupta College of Technological Sciences
- Asansol-713301
- India
| | - Priyankar Paira
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advance Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology
- Vellore-632014
- India
| | - S. K. Ashok Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advance Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology
- Vellore-632014
- India
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Manohar P, Tamhankar AJ, Lundborg CS, Ramesh N. Isolation, characterization and in vivo efficacy of Escherichia phage myPSH1131. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206278. [PMID: 30356310 PMCID: PMC6200275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage therapy is the use of lytic bacteriophages to cure infections caused by bacteria. The aim of this study is to isolate and to characterize the bacteriophages against Escherichia coli isolated from clinical samples. For isolation of bacteriophages, water samples were collected from the Ganges River, and phage enrichment method was followed for phage isolation. Microbiological, genomic and lyophilization experiments were carried out to characterize the bacteriophage. Galleria mellonella was used to study the potential of phages against E. coli infection. Escherichia phage myPSH1131 belonging to Podoviridae family and found to have broad host range infectivity (n = 31) to infect Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (n = 9), Enteropathogenic E. coli (n = 6), Enterotoxigenic E. coli (n = 3), Enteroaggregative E. coli (n = 3), Uropathogenic E. coli (n = 9) and one unknown E. coli. The genome size is 76,163 base pairs (97 coding regions) and their genes show high similarity to SU10 phage. Lyophilization studies showed that the use of 1M sucrose, 2% gelatin and the combination of both 0.5M sucrose plus 1% gelatin could restore phage viability up to 20 months at 4°C. For in vivo studies, it was observed that a single phage dose can reduce the E. coli infection but to achieve 100% survival rate the infected larvae should be treated with three phage doses (20 μL, 103 PFU/mL) at 6 hours interval. The characterized Escherichia phage myPSH1131 was found to have broad host range activity against E. coli pathogens and in vivo studies showed that multiple doses are required for effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanth Manohar
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ashok J. Tamhankar
- Global Health-Health Systems and Policy (HSP): Medicines, focusing antibiotics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Indian Initiative for Management of Antibiotic Resistance, Deonar, Mumbai, India
| | - Cecilia Stalsby Lundborg
- Global Health-Health Systems and Policy (HSP): Medicines, focusing antibiotics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nachimuthu Ramesh
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
- * E-mail:
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Manohar P, Nachimuthu R, Lopes BS. The therapeutic potential of bacteriophages targeting gram-negative bacteria using Galleria mellonella infection model. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:97. [PMID: 30170558 PMCID: PMC6119258 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phage therapy is the therapeutic use of bacteriophages to treat highly drug resistant bacterial infections. The current surge in bacteriophage therapy is motivated mainly because of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in clinics. This study evaluated the therapeutic potential of three bacteriophages isolated against Escherichia coli ec311, Klebsiella pneumoniae kp235 and Enterobacter cloacae el140 strains using Galleria mellonella. The in vitro activity of three different phages belonging to Podoviridae and Myoviridae families was studied by the double agar overlay method against multi-drug resistant strains. Larval survivability studies were performed to evaluate the potential of phages against infection using G. mellonella. RESULTS All the three phages were found to have potential to infect the host bacterial strains. For in vivo studies it was observed that E. coli and E. cloacae infected larvae, should be treated with three phage doses (20 μL, 104 PFU/mL) at 6 h interval to achieve 100% survival rate. But in the case of K. pneumoniae, a single phage dose treatment showed promising outcome. When mixed bacterial infections (all three bacterial cultures at 108 CFU/mL) were tested, minimum of four doses of phage cocktail (three phages) at 6 h interval was necessary to recover the larvae. All the results were confirmed by enumerating bacteria from the larvae. CONCLUSION Our data shows that although in vitro studies showed high infectivity of phages, for in vivo models multiple phage doses were required for effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanth Manohar
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Ramesh Nachimuthu
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
| | - Bruno S Lopes
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Medical Microbiology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
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Manohar P, Babu S, Bozdogan B, Ramesh N. Identification of bla DIM-1 metallo-β-lactamase gene in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from Tamil Nadu, India. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2018; 13:7-8. [PMID: 29501918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Prasanth Manohar
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subramanian Babu
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bulent Bozdogan
- Medical Microbiology Department, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin 09100, Turkey
| | - Nachimuthu Ramesh
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Ravi A, Avershina E, Angell IL, Ludvigsen J, Manohar P, Padmanaban S, Nachimuthu R, Snipen L, Rudi K. Comparison of reduced metagenome and 16S rRNA gene sequencing for determination of genetic diversity and mother-child overlap of the gut associated microbiota. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 149:44-52. [PMID: 29501688 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Use of the 16S rRNA gene in microbiota studies is limited by the lack of taxonomic and functional resolution. High resolution analyses are particularly important for understanding transmission and persistence of bacteria. The aim of our work was therefore to compare a novel reduced metagenome sequencing (RMS) approach with 16S rRNA gene sequencing to determine both the metagenome genetic diversity and the mother-to-child sharing of the microbiota in a cohort of 17 mother-child pairs. We found that although both approaches gave comparable results with respect to sample separation and taxonomy, RMS gave higher resolution and the potential for genomic-/functional assignment. Using RMS we estimated that the metagenome size increased from about 60 Mbp for 4-day-old children to about 225 Mbp for mothers. The 4-day-old children shared 7% of the metagenome sequences with the mothers, while the metagenome sequence sharing was >30% among the mothers. We found 15 genomes shared across >50% of the mothers, of which 10 belonged to Clostridia. Only Bacteroides showed a direct mother-child association, with B. vulgatus being abundant in both 4-day-old children and mothers. For the functional assignments, we identified a significant association between antibiotic usage during labor, and quantity of Fosfomycin resistance genes. In conclusion, our results show a higher functional and taxonomic resolution for RMS compared to 16S rRNA gene sequencing, where RMS enabled a detailed description of mother to child gut microbiota transmission - supporting a late recruitment of most gut bacteria and an effect of antibiotic treatment during labor on infant antibiotic resistance gene patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Ravi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| | - Ekaterina Avershina
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| | - Inga Leena Angell
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| | - Jane Ludvigsen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| | - Prasanth Manohar
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Ramesh Nachimuthu
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lars Snipen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| | - Knut Rudi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
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Manohar P, Shanthini T, Ayyanar R, Bozdogan B, Wilson A, Tamhankar AJ, Nachimuthu R, Lopes BS. The distribution of carbapenem- and colistin-resistance in Gram-negative bacteria from the Tamil Nadu region in India. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:874-883. [PMID: 28671537 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The occurrence of carbapenem- and colistin-resistance among Gram-negative bacteria is increasing worldwide. The aim of this study was to understand the distribution of carbapenem- and colistin-resistance in two areas in Tamil Nadu, India. METHODOLOGY The clinical isolates (n=89) used in this study were collected from two diagnostic centres in Tamil Nadu, India. The bacterial isolates were screened for meropenem- and colistin-resistance. Further, resistance genes blaNDM-1, blaOXA-48-like, blaIMP, blaVIM, blaKPC, mcr-1 and mcr-2 and integrons were studied. The synergistic effect of meropenem in combination with colistin was assessed. RESULTS A total of 89 bacterial isolates were studied which included Escherichia coli (n=43), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=18), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=10), Enterobacter cloacae (n=6), Acinetobacter baumannii (n=5), Klebsiella oxytoca (n=4), Proteus mirabilis (n=2) and Salmonella paratyphi (n=1). MIC testing showed that 58/89 (65 %) and 29/89 (32 %) isolates were resistant to meropenem and colistin, respectively, whereas 27/89 (30 %) isolates were resistant to both antibiotics. Escherichia coli, K. pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter cloacae isolates were blaNDM-1-positive (n=20). Some strains of Escherichia coli, K. pneumoniae and K. oxytoca were blaOXA-181-positive (n=4). Class 1, 2 and 3 integrons were found in 24, 20 and 3 isolates, respectively. Nine NDM-1-positive Escherichia coli strains could transfer carbapenem resistance via plasmids to susceptible Escherichia coli AB1157. Meropenem and colistin showed synergy in 10/20 (50 %) isolates by 24 h time-kill studies. CONCLUSION Our results highlight the distribution of carbapenem- and colistin-resistance in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from the Tamil Nadu region in South India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanth Manohar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thamaraiselvan Shanthini
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Medical Microbiology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Ramankannan Ayyanar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bulent Bozdogan
- Medical Microbiology Department, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin 09100, Turkey
| | - Aruni Wilson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA 92350, USA
| | - Ashok J Tamhankar
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Global Health, Health Systems and Policy: Medicines in the health system - focusing antibiotics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Indian Initiative for Management of Antibiotic Resistance, Ruxmaniben Deepchand Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India
| | - Ramesh Nachimuthu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bruno S Lopes
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Medical Microbiology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Manohar P, T S, Muthukalianan Gothandam K, Rajesh Kannan V, Ramesh N. ENHANCED AMYLOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF INTRACELLULAR α-AMYLASE PRODUCED BY BACILLUS TEQUILENSIS. J microb biotech food sci 2017. [DOI: 10.15414/jmbfs.2017.6.6.1314-1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The amylolytic enzyme plays a very important role in industrial applications. This study aimed to screen amylase producing Bacillus sp. and to promote its amylolytic activity by mutagenesis. Samples were collected from coastal mud samples and starch hydrolyzing isolates were screened. A single isolate having the highest enzyme activity was identified as Bacillus tequilensis by 16S rRNA analysis. A starch medium was optimized and fermentation period studies revealed that the mutant strain (after 60 sec of UV exposure) had higher activity (868 U/mL/min) than the parental strain (418 U/mL/min) after 36 hours of incubation at 37°C, pH 7.0. It was also found that amylase from intracellular mutant strain had maximum activity; on the other side parental strain had maximum activity with an extracellular enzyme. Optimized temperature, pH and salt concentration revealed that the intracellular amylase from mutant strain had the maximum activity of 978 U/mL/min, 985 U/mL/min, 960 U/mL/min respectively. Varying the source of carbon in the medium had a significant impact on enzyme activity. Metalloenzymes like amylases were reported to have strong activity towards metal ions, so amylase activity was analysed by adding different metal ions in the medium and found that calcium ions strongly promoted amylase activity and Fe2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Mg2+ inhibited the activity. SDS-PAGE results showed that the molecular weight of isolated amylase to be approximately 55.0 kDa. Our study showed the capability of mutant B. tequilensis strain to produce double the amount of intracellular amylase than the parental strain.
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Ilango K, Prabunathan P, Satheeshkumar E, Manohar P. Design of low dielectric constant polybenzoxazine nanocomposite using mesoporous mullite. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008316632289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this present work, porous mullites (PM0–5) were synthesized through a template-assisted method using various weight percentages of pluronic (P-123). PM5 obtained using 10 wt% of P-123 was found to show maximum porosity (3.8 Å) and low dielectric constant value (2.4). PM5 was functionalized using glycidyl-terminated silane and denoted as FPM and various weight percentages of FPM were reinforced with polybenzoxazine (PBZ) matrix in order to develop FPM/PBZ nanocomposites. The thermal studies indicate that 1.5 wt% of FPM/PBZ nanocomposite showed improved thermal stability with 34% char yield at 800°C and 162°C as glass transition temperature. It also exhibits low dielectric constant (2.6) than that of the neat PBZ matrix and other FPM/PBZ nanocomposites. The microscopic analysis confirms the homogenous dispersion of FPM into the PBZ polymer that has a porous morphology. The results suggest that the as-synthesized mesoporous mullite with low dielectric constant ( k), synthesized via template-assisted method can be used as a reinforcement to decrease the dielectric constant of polymeric material, which is of industrial significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ilango
- Department of Ceramic Technology, A.C. Tech, Anna University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - P Prabunathan
- Department of Ceramic Technology, A.C. Tech, Anna University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Handloom Technology, Salem, Tamilnadu, India
| | - E Satheeshkumar
- Department of Ceramic Technology, A.C. Tech, Anna University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - P Manohar
- Department of Ceramic Technology, A.C. Tech, Anna University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
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Nachimuthu R, Subramani R, Maray S, Gothandam KM, Sivamangala K, Manohar P, Bozdogan B. Characterization of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria from Tamil Nadu. J Chemother 2016. [PMID: 26198414 DOI: 10.1179/1973947815y.0000000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Carbapenem resistance is disseminating worldwide among Gram-negative bacteria. The aim of this study was to identify carbapenem-resistance level and to determine the mechanism of carbapenem resistance among clinical isolates from two centres in Tamil Nadu. In the present study, a total of 93 Gram-negative isolates, which is found to be resistant to carbapenem by disk diffusion test in two centres, were included. All isolates are identified at species level by 16S rRNA sequencing. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of isolates for Meropenem were tested by agar dilution method. Presence of blaOXA, blaNDM, blaVIM, blaIMP and blaKPC genes was tested by PCR in all isolates. Amplicons were sequenced for confirmation of the genes. Among 93 isolates, 48 (%52) were Escherichia coli, 10 (%11) Klebsiella pneumoniae, nine (%10) Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Minimal inhibitory concentration results showed that of 93 suspected carbapenem-resistant isolates, 27 had meropenem MICs ≥ 2 μg/ml. The MIC range, MIC50 and MIC90 were < 0.06 to >128 μg/ml, 0.12 and 16 μg/ml, respectively. Fig. 1 . Among meropenem-resistant isolates, E. coli were the most common (9/48, 22%), followed by K. pneumoniae (7/9, 77%), P. aeruginosa (6/10, 60%), Acinetobacter baumannii (2/2, 100%), Enterobacter hormaechei (2/3, 67%) and one Providencia rettgeri (1/1, 100%). PCR results showed that 16 of 93 carried blaNDM, three oxa181, and one imp4. Among blaNDM carriers, nine were E. coli, four Klebsiella pneumoniae, two E. hormaechei and one P. rettgeri. Three K. pneumoniae were OXA-181 carriers. The only imp4 carrier was P. aeruginosa. A total of seven carbapenem-resistant isolates were negatives by PCR for the genes studied. All carbapenem-resistance gene-positive isolates had meropenem MICs >2 μg/ml. Our results confirm the dissemination of NDM and emergence of OXA-181 beta-lactamase among Gram-negative bacteria in South India. This study showed the emergence of NDM producer in clinical isolates of E. hormaechei and P. rettgeri in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Nachimuthu
- a School of Bio Sciences and Technology , VIT University, Vellore , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Ramkumar Subramani
- b Department of Microbiology , Hi-Tech Diagnostic Centre , Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Suresh Maray
- c Department of Medical Laboratories , College of Science, Majmaah University , Saudi Arabia
| | - K M Gothandam
- a School of Bio Sciences and Technology , VIT University, Vellore , Tamil Nadu , India
| | | | - Prasanth Manohar
- a School of Bio Sciences and Technology , VIT University, Vellore , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Bülent Bozdogan
- a School of Bio Sciences and Technology , VIT University, Vellore , Tamil Nadu , India.,d Medical Microbiology Department , Adnan Menderes University , Aydin , Turkey
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Ananthakumar S, Manohar P, Warrier KGK. Microstructural features and mechanical properties of Al2O3-Al2TiO5composite processed by gel assisted ceramic extrusion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/096797801125000393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Saranya R, Arthanareeswaran G, Sakthivelu S, Manohar P. Preparation and Performance Evaluation of Nanokaolinite-Particle-Based Polyacrylonitrile Mixed-Matrix Membranes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie300026s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Saranya
- Membrane Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, India
| | - G. Arthanareeswaran
- Membrane Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, India
| | - S. Sakthivelu
- Department of Ceramic Technology,
Alagappa College of Technology Campus, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India
| | - P. Manohar
- Department of Ceramic Technology,
Alagappa College of Technology Campus, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India
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Remick D, Manohar P, Bolgos G, Rodriguez J, Moldawer L, Wollenberg G. Blockade of tumor necrosis factor reduces lipopolysaccharide lethality, but not the lethality of cecal ligation and puncture. Shock 1995; 4:89-95. [PMID: 7496903 DOI: 10.1097/00024382-199508000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) bioactivity has afforded protection in several animal models of sepsis. We examined whether inhibition of TNF could improve survival after lethal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in CD-1 or BALB/c mice. Neutralizing rabbit anti-TNF antisera were evaluated in CD-1 mice by injecting the antisera 3 h before intravenous (i.v.) LPS (600 micrograms). Implantable radiotransmitters were used for continuous monitoring of temperature. No decrease in mortality was observed, and the anti-TNF failed to prevent the drop in temperature. In BALB/c mice injected with antisera before LPS (200 micrograms) mortality was reduced (dead/total: control sera, 14/14; anti-TNF, 4/12; p = .007 control sera vs. anti-TNF). CD-1 mice were pretreated with anti-TNF or control sera; CLP was performed followed by administration of antibiotics. Anti-TNF did not decrease pulmonary neutrophil sequestration, improve survival, or prevent the decrease in temperature observed as sepsis developed. CLP was performed in the BALB/c mice using antibiotics plus anti-TNF antisera, but no protection was observed. Our results demonstrate that anti-TNF treatment prevents LPS mortality only when using certain strains of mice and inhibition of TNF fails to reduce mortality in a more clinically relevant model of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Remick
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0602, USA
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