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Giribhattanavar P, Pirson C, Kumar K, Al-Qahtani M, Shankar R, Chandrashekar N, Patil S. IgG response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis non-polar lipids and sonicated extracts among tuberculous meningitis patients. Access Microbiol 2020; 2:acmi000131. [PMID: 32974594 PMCID: PMC7497836 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is a major global health concern due to its protean nature. There is a need to identify better biomarkers for the rapid and definitive diagnosis of TBM. Lipids have been poorly explored as diagnostic markers in TBM. Aim Non-polar lipids (NPL) and mycobacterial sonicate extract (MTSE) antigens were assessed for diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Methodology A total of 110 cerebrospinal fluid samples were categorized as confirmed, suspected and non-TBM cases according to clinical presentation and laboratory investigations, which were further analysed by NPL and MTSE ELISA. Results The sensitivity and specificity of the NPL ELISA were 39.6 and 96 %, respectively, whereas the MTSE ELISA was 17 % sensitive and 92 % specific. The combination of the NPL and MTSE ELISA test was superior to these tests alone, with sensitivity and specificity of 43 and 88 %, respectively. Conclusion This combination may be useful as an adjunct in the laboratory diagnosis of TBM. However, future studies in different settings among different populations, such as those with human immunodeficiency virus co-infection, are desirable to explore the full potential of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Giribhattanavar
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Chris Pirson
- TB Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Kavitha Kumar
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Manaf Al-Qahtani
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-University of Bahrain, Bahrain
| | - Ravi Shankar
- Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Nagarathna Chandrashekar
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Shripad Patil
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India
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Kumar K, Sagar BKC, Giribhattanavar P, Patil SA. Ultrastructural analysis of cell wall of drug resistant and sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from cerebrospinal fluid by transmission electron microscope. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 82:122-127. [PMID: 30575195 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Drug-resistant tuberculosis is being increasingly recognized and is one among the leading cause of death worldwide. Remarkable impermeability of cell wall to antituberculous drugs protects the mycobacteria from drug action. The present study analyzed the cell wall thickness among first-line drug resistant and sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) isolated from cerebrospinal fluid by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The average thickness of the cell wall of sensitive isolates was 13.60 ± 0.98 nm. The maximum difference (26.48%) in the cell wall thickness was seen among multi-drug resistant (18.50 ± 1.71 nm) isolates and the least difference (4.14%) was shown by streptomycin-resistant (14.18 ± 1.38 nm) isolates. The ultrastructural study showed evident differences in the cell wall thickness among sensitive and resistant isolates. Preliminary TEM examination of cells indicates that morphological changes occur in the cell wall which might be attributed to the drug resistance. The thickened wall of Mtb appears to help the bacilli to overcome the action of antituberculous drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Kumar
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - B K Chandrasekhar Sagar
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Prashant Giribhattanavar
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shripad A Patil
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Kumar K, Giribhattanavar P, Sagar C, Patil S. A rapid and simple resazurin assay to detect minimum inhibitory concentrations of first-line drugs for Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from cerebrospinal fluid. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2017; 12:157-161. [PMID: 28964954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Central nervous system tuberculosis (CNS-TB) is a devastating manifestation of TB. The most common form of CNS-TB is tuberculous meningitis. Drug-resistant TB poses a major threat to the control of TB worldwide. Timely treatment dramatically improves the outcome. Colorimetric techniques for drug susceptibility testing based on the oxidation-reduction principle give results quick and are less expensive. The objectives of this study were to compare the susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from cerebrospinal fluid to four first-line drugs using the MGIT automated mycobacterial detection system and the resazurin assay (RA) as well as to estimate the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) by RA. METHODS A total of 42 M. tuberculosis isolates were analysed for their susceptibilities by MGIT and RA. RESULTS Of the 42 isolates, 35 gave concordant results with both methods. Agreement between the two tests for streptomycin and rifampicin was 100% with a Fleiss' kappa (κ) value of 1, whereas for isoniazid and ethambutol agreement was 92.86% and 90.48%, respectively, with κ values of 0.853 and 0.738. CONCLUSION The RA appears to be a good alternative to the automated MGIT technique in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Kumar
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560029, India
| | - Prashant Giribhattanavar
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560029, India
| | - Chandrasekhar Sagar
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560029, India.
| | - Shripad Patil
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560029, India.
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Kumar K, Giribhattanavar P, Patil S. Nitric oxide in cerebrospinal fluid of central nervous system tuberculosis: correlations with culture, antibody response, and cell count. Turk J Med Sci 2017; 47:109-114. [PMID: 28263476 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1506-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The role of nitric oxide (NO) has been established in infection over the years. NO functions by inhibiting the growth of intracellular pathogens. The present study was undertaken to ascertain the role of NO in central nervous system (CNS) infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 781 chronic meningitis cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples suspected of CNS tuberculosis (TB) were categorized based on M. tuberculosis culture positivity, anti-TB antibody response, and CSF cell count and were analyzed for NO. RESULTS We found that NO levels were positive in 10.88% of the CSF samples. Positivity for NO was 18%, 11.67%, 13.68%, 9.32%, and 9.66% in the cases with mycobacterial culture positivity, anti-TB antibody positivity, high cell count, low cell count, and zero cell count, respectively. Among the above cell count categories, NO levels were noticed to be elevated in high cell count samples with mononuclear cell predominance. CONCLUSION This study suggests that NO might play some role in the later stages of tuberculous meningitis. This is the first study to our knowledge in which NO was evaluated in CSF in relation to immune response and the presence of a pathogen with such a large number of subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Kumar
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Prashant Giribhattanavar
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Shripad Patil
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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Kumar K, Giribhattanavar P, Chandrashekar N, Patil S. Correlation of clinical, laboratory and drug susceptibility profiles in 176 patients with culture positive TBM in a tertiary neurocare centre. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 86:372-376. [PMID: 27717649 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance has increased the difficulties in control of tuberculosis infection. The present study evaluated the clinical and laboratory features among tuberculous meningitis (TBM) patients and the drug susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) isolated from CSF. Out of 698 CSF samples, 176 (25.21%) were M.tb culture positive. Among the clinical signs and symptoms, fever, headache and altered sensorium were found to be statistically significant (P<0.05). ELISA was a better predictor of disease and found to be statistically significant (P<0.001) in culture-proven TBM cases. Totally, 57 (32.4%) isolates were resistant to one or more drugs that include 5 (2.8%) multidrug-resistant isolates. In conclusion, the search for antibody in CSF and also CSF chloride can represent as an adjunct in the diagnosis of TBM. Screening of drug susceptibility is a very important factor and would help in better management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Kumar
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560029, India
| | - Prashant Giribhattanavar
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560029, India
| | - Nagarathna Chandrashekar
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560029, India
| | - Shripad Patil
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560029, India.
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Giribhattanavar P, Kumar K, Raajasekar S, Chandrashekar N, Patil SA. Significance of immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture filtrate protein antigens in cerebrospinal fluid of tuberculous meningitis patients: A search for diagnostic marker. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2016; 38:45-57. [PMID: 27454259 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2016.1215329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Ra) culture filtrate proteins (CFP) are explored as a diagnostic marker for tuberculous meningitis (TBM). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients were categorized as confirmed (n = 47), suspected (n = 20), and non-TBM (n = 25) cases. Immune response by Western blot revealed TBM CSF samples are having heterogeneous response to CFP. CFP ELISA was 92% sensitive and 38.30% specific. ODs of confirmed TBM and non-TBM cases were significantly different (P < 0.0001) and also the suspected TBM and non-TBM cases (P = 0.0001). No significant difference noticed in TBM and suspected TBM (P = 0.90). Thus, CFP can be a better biomarker for the diagnosis of TBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Giribhattanavar
- a Department of Neuromicrobiology , National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) , Bangalore , Karnataka , India
| | - Kavitha Kumar
- a Department of Neuromicrobiology , National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) , Bangalore , Karnataka , India
| | - Siddarth Raajasekar
- b Medical Biotechnology Division , School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University , Vellore , India
| | - Nagarathna Chandrashekar
- a Department of Neuromicrobiology , National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) , Bangalore , Karnataka , India
| | - Shripad A Patil
- a Department of Neuromicrobiology , National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) , Bangalore , Karnataka , India
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Patil S, Giribhattanavar P, Patil M, Kumar K. Immunoconfirmation of central nervous system tuberculosis by blotting: A study of 300 cases. Int J Mycobacteriol 2015; 4:124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Madhu AN, Giribhattanavar P, Narayan MS, Prapulla SG. Probiotic lactic acid bacterium from kanjika as a potential source of vitamin B12: evidence from LC-MS, immunological and microbiological techniques. Biotechnol Lett 2009; 32:503-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-009-0176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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