A Comprehensive Retrospective Institutional Study for Decoding Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Background Oral cancer is found to be the thirteenth most common cancer as stated by the WHO (World Health Organization 2023). Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is associated with deleterious oral habits such as smoking, chewing tobacco and betel quid, alcohol consumption, low socioeconomic status, sharp teeth, and various causative factors. Materials and methods A three-year retrospective analysis (March 2020-September 2023) was carried out with the available patient records in the Dental Information Archival Software (DIAS) used in a private dental college in Chennai. The demographic data such as age, gender, and habit duration and clinicopathological data such as the anatomical site; tumor, node, and metastasis (TNM) staging; perineural invasion (PNI); lymphovascular invasion (LVI); and oral health-related quality of life were retrieved. Statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 23.0 (Released 2015; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States). Results Males (78.35%) more commonly reported OSCC than females (21.62%), and the majority of them were in the age category of fifth to seventh decades of life. The most affected region was the buccal mucosa with 33.3%, followed by the lower alveolus with 30.63%. The duration of harmful habits varied from one year to more than 40 years, and the majority of the patients had T4a staging (40.54%), followed by T2 staging (29.73%) with a habit duration of more than five years. Approximately 22.52% and 0.9% had PNI and LVI, respectively. The correlation between the two variables was evaluated using the Pearson correlation test and was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05), i.e., habit to gender and staging with gender were p = 0.027 and p = 0.028, respectively. Conclusion The majority of cases reported were found to be at T4a tumor staging with a habitual duration of more than five years, and more than half of the study population had severe compromise in their quality of life. The presence of perineural invasion and lymphovascular invasion has an impact on nodal metastasis, treatment choices, recurrence, and oral health-related quality of life. To address this challenge, oral health programs can implement comprehensive antitobacco counseling strategies, oral cancer public awareness programs to tackle the rising incidence of OSCC, and early oral precancer screening measures to enhance the prevention and overall quality of life of individuals with oral cancer.

Association of Site and Recurrence in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients Visiting Private Hospital in Chennai: A Retrospective Study

BACKGROUND

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignant neoplasms of the oral cavity. Tongue, buccal mucosa, and gingivobuccal sulcus are the most commonly involved sites for the local recurrence of OSCC. The site of the tumor can be a critical parameter in relation to the recurrence of OSCC because of the varied action of tumor cells in different tumor macro and microenvironments. Hence, the current study aims to evaluate the correlation between the site and recurrence of OSCC among patients visiting private oral cancer hospitals.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Details of n=300 OSCC cases reported during 2019-2023, which included primary and recurrent OSCC, were collected. The sample population selected includes 261 primary and 39 recurrent oral squamous cell carcinoma cases. The demographic and clinicopathological data were retracted from the institution's common clinical database and transported to IBM-SPSS 23 software for statistical analysis. Chi-square was done to evaluate the association between site and recurrence status, and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Males have a high predilection for OSCC, and the recurrent cases account for 13% of the sample population. The buccal mucosa was the most commonly affected site in primary and recurrent OSCC cases. However, the association between the site of the lesion and the status of recurrence was found to be statistically significant, with a p-value of 0.001.

CONCLUSION

Even though buccal mucosa was the most common site for recurrent OSCC(p value-0.001), the present study carries a small sample size and a location-specific sampling. Hence, further studies must be conducted with a large sample size to test the significant correlation between the site and recurrence rate among patients diagnosed with OSCC.

Anticariogenic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Coffee Bean Powder Ethanolic Extract

Introduction: Coffee bean powder has a rich source of natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties due to the presence of chlorogenic and phenolic acid components. The chlorogenic and phenolic acids along with other aromatic compounds are presented to have antibacterial effects against pathogenic microorganisms thereby preventing the invasion of dental caries over the tooth surface. The anticariogenic agents in coffee bean powder were found to be effective against s.mutans and e.faecalis. Inflammation is well understood as a critical biological response protecting the host’s body from pathogens to maintain tissue homeostasis. Hence, the current study aims to evaluate the anticariogenic and anti-inflammatory activity of coffee bean powder ethanolic extract. Materials and Methods: 40 mg of coffee bean powder was diluted in 25ml of ethanolic solution and was boiled for 20 minutes to produce 20 ml of coffee bean powder ethanolic extract. Anticariogenic activity was carried against the strains of s.mutans, e.faecalis, s.aureus and c.albicans by disc diffusion method in MHA agar and the zone of inhibition was determined. Anti-inflammatory activity was achieved by using Muzushima and Kabayashi method of test with specific alteration and the reagent was bovine serum albumin with diclofenac sodium as standard. Results and discussion: The zone of inhibition of s.mutans in 100µL of coffee bean powder ethanolic extract was 14mm. The zone of inhibition of c.albicans in 100µLwas 13mm which is higher than the standard antibody. The effectiveness inhibition of bacteria is found to increase with increase in the concentration of the extract. Similarly, anti-inflammatory activity observed a value of 84.8% in 50µL concentration which is higher than the standard diclofenac sodium compound. Conclusion: Hence the current study concludes that coffee bean powder ethanolic extract can be used as a potent anti-cariogenic and anti-inflammatory agent against dental caries and tissue injuries