1
|
Afnan Q, Kaiser PJ, Rafiq RA, Nazir LA, Bhushan S, Bhardwaj SC, Sandhir R, Tasduq SA. Glycyrrhizic acid prevents ultraviolet-B-induced photodamage: a role for mitogen-activated protein kinases, nuclear factor kappa B and mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Exp Dermatol 2018; 25:440-6. [PMID: 26836460 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a natural triterpene, has received attention as an agent that has protective effects against chronic diseases including ultraviolet UV-B-induced skin photodamage. However, the mechanism of its protective effect remains elusive. Here, we used an immortalized human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) and a small animal model (BALB/c mice), to investigate the protective effects of GA against UV-B-induced oxidative damage, and additionally, delineated the molecular mechanisms involved in the UV-B-mediated inflammatory and apoptotic response. In the HaCaT cells, GA inhibited the UV-B-mediated increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and down-regulated the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1α, -1β and -6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). GA inhibited UV-B-mediated activation of p38 and JNK MAP kinases, COX-2 expression and nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Furthermore, GA inhibited UV-B-mediated apoptosis by attenuating translocation of Bax from the cytosol to mitochondria, thus preserving mitochondrial integrity. GA-treated HaCaT cells also exhibited elevated antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein, concomitant with reduced caspase-3 cleavage and decreased PARP-1 protein. In BALB/c mice, topical application of GA on dorsal skin exposed to UV-B irradiation protected against epidermal hyperplasia, lymphocyte infiltration and expression of several inflammatory proteins, p38, JNK, COX-2, NF-κB and ICAM-1. Based on the above findings, we conclude that GA protects against UV-B-mediated photodamage by inhibiting the signalling cascades triggered by oxidative stress, including MAPK/NF-κB activation, as well as apoptosis. Thus, GA has strong potential to be used as a therapeutic/cosmeceutical agent against photodamage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quadri Afnan
- PK-PD and Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India.,Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Peerzada J Kaiser
- PK-PD and Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Rather A Rafiq
- PK-PD and Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Lone A Nazir
- PK-PD and Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India.,Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Subhash C Bhardwaj
- Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sheikh A Tasduq
- PK-PD and Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Farrukh MR, Nissar UA, Kaiser PJ, Afnan Q, Sharma PR, Bhushan S, Tasduq SA. Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) inhibits reactive oxygen Species mediated photodamage by blocking ER stress and MAPK pathway in UV-B irradiated human skin fibroblasts. J Photochem Photobiol B 2015; 148:351-357. [PMID: 26009870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously we have reported that generation of reactive oxygen species is the prime event responsible for calcium mediated activation of PERK-eIF2α-CHOP pathway and apoptosis in UV-B irradiated human skin fibroblasts (Hs68). We have also reported that glycyrrhizic acid (GA) mediates potent photoprotective activity against UV-B - irradiation-induced photodamage in human skin fibroblast. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of GA in preventing oxidative stress mediated unfolded protein response (UPR) and mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway. METHODS Human skin fibroblast (Hs68) cells were exposed to UV-B radiations in lab conditions. Different parameters of UVB induced cellular and molecular changes were analysed using western-blotting, microscopy and flow cytometry. RESULTS Our results show that GA has strong photoprotective action against UV-B induced cellular damage. It was observed that: (a) Oxidative disturbances and intracellular Ca(2+) imbalance induced by UV-B irradiation was significantly restored by GA treatment; (b) activation of PERK-eIF2α-CHOP and MAPK pathway induced by UV-B was significantly blocked by GA; (c) Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis induced by UV-B were reduced by GA treatment. CONCLUSION Based on the above findings we conclude GA has a highly significant ROS quenching activity, thereby blocking the cascade of events including release of calcium from ER and subsequent ER stress, MAPK pathway and cellular demise. GA offers highly potent anti photodamage effect and can be exploited for cosmetic or therapeutic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mufti Rana Farrukh
- PK-PD and Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ul-Ashraf Nissar
- PK-PD and Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Peerzada J Kaiser
- PK-PD and Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Quadri Afnan
- PK-PD and Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Praduman R Sharma
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India; Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sheikh A Tasduq
- PK-PD and Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Farrukh MR, Nissar UA, Afnan Q, Rafiq RA, Sharma L, Amin S, Kaiser P, Sharma PR, Tasduq SA. Oxidative stress mediated Ca(2+) release manifests endoplasmic reticulum stress leading to unfolded protein response in UV-B irradiated human skin cells. J Dermatol Sci 2014; 75:24-35. [PMID: 24794973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure of skin to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, an environmental stressor induces number of adverse biological effects (photodamage), including cancer. The damage induced by UV-irradiation in skin cells is initiated by the photochemical generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and consequent activation of unfolded protein response (UPR). OBJECTIVE To decipher cellular and molecular events responsible for UV-B mediated ER stress and UPR activation in skin cells. METHODS The study was performed on human skin fibroblast (Hs68) and keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells exposed to UV-B radiations in lab conditions. Different parameters of UVB induced cellular and molecular changes were analyzed using Western-blotting, microscopic studies and flow cytometry. RESULTS Our results depicted that UV-B induces an immediate ROS generation that resulted in emptying of ER Ca(2+) stores inducing ER stress and activation of PERK-peIF2α-CHOP pathway. Quenching ROS generation by anti-oxidants prevented Ca(2+) release and subsequent induction of ER stress and UPR activation. UV-B irradiation induced PERK dependent G2/M phase cell cycle arrest in Hs68 and G1/S phase cell cycle arrest in HaCaT. Also our study reflects that UV-B exposure leads to loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of apoptotic cascade as evident by AnnexinV/PI staining, decreased expression of Bcl-2 and increased cleavage of PARP-1 protein. CONCLUSION UV-B induced Ca(2+) deficit within ER lumen was mediated by immediate ROS generation. Insufficient Ca(2+) concentration within ER lumen developed ER stress leading to UPR activation. These changes were reversed by use of anti-oxidants which quench ROS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mufti R Farrukh
- PK-PD and Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ul A Nissar
- PK-PD and Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Quadri Afnan
- PK-PD and Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Rather A Rafiq
- PK-PD and Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Love Sharma
- PK-PD and Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Shajrul Amin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Peerzada Kaiser
- PK-PD and Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Parduman R Sharma
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sheikh A Tasduq
- PK-PD and Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nissar AU, Farrukh MR, Kaiser PJ, Rafiq RA, Afnan Q, Bhushan S, Adil HS, Subhash BC, Tasduq SA. Effect of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), an organosulfur compound from Allium plants, on experimentally induced hepatic prefibrogenic events in Wistar rat. Phytomedicine 2013; 20:828-833. [PMID: 23578993 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Aim of present study was to investigate the effect of NAC on experimental chronic hepatotoxicity models induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) and thioacetamide (TAA). CCl₄ toxicity was induced by administering 200 μl CCl₄ (diluted 2:3 in coconut oil)/100 g body weight, p.o., twice weekly for 8 weeks. TAA toxicity was induced by administering 150 mg/kg b. wt. of TAA i.p., twice weekly for 8 weeks. NAC treatment was started along with toxicants (CCl₄ and TAA) for 8 weeks and continued for further 4 weeks. Self reversal group was kept without any treatment for 4 weeks after completion of toxicant treatments. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Bilirubin were measured in serum. Hydroxyproline (HP), lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase (CAT), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and Glutathione (GSH) were determined in liver samples by colorimetric methods. Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP 450 2E1), activity was determined as hydroxylation of aniline in liver microsomes. General examination and histological analysis were also performed. Serum markers of liver damage (AST, ALT, ALP and Bilirubin) were increased by CCl₄ and TAA intoxication (p<0.001), whereas co-treatment with NAC reversed such changes (p<0.001). HP was enhanced in toxicant groups (p<0.001 in CCl₄ and TAA), but inhibited by NAC (p<0.001). LPO was increased while as GSH, CAT and GPx decreased by the administration of CCl₄ and TAA (p<0.001); co-administration of NAC restored these liver markers to normal levels (p<0.001). Biochemical determinations were corroborated by general and histological findings. Keeping in view the biochemical and histopathological studies, it was concluded that CCl₄ and TAA are strong hepatotoxic agents that produce liver fibrosis with close proximity to human etiology (micronodular cirrhosis) and NAC has a significant protective activity against CCl₄ and TAA. NAC has also been validated as a model against oxidative burden in chronic liver pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf U Nissar
- PK-PD and Toxicology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Jammu-Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Afnan Q, Adil MD, Nissar-Ul A, Rafiq AR, Amir HF, Kaiser P, Gupta VK, Vishwakarma R, Tasduq SA. Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a triterpenoid saponin glycoside alleviates ultraviolet-B irradiation-induced photoaging in human dermal fibroblasts. Phytomedicine 2012; 19:658-664. [PMID: 22516896 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a triterpenoid saponin glycoside from the roots and rhizomes of licorice is used in traditional and modern medicine for the treatment of numerous medical conditions including skin diseases and beauty care product. In the present study, we investigated the effect of GA against ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation-induced photoaging in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and its possible mechanism of action. HDFs were subjected to photoaging by sub-toxic dose of UVB (10 mj/cm(2)) irradiation. Cell viability, matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1), pro-collagen 1, cellular and nuclear morphology, cell cycle, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), caspase 3 and hyaluronidase inhibition assays were performed. Western blotting was used to evaluate the expression of NF-kappa B (NF-κB) and cytochrome-C proteins. GA treatment significantly inhibited photoaging. It achieved this by reducing ROS, NF-κB, cytochrome c, caspase 3 levels and inhibiting hyaluronidase enzyme. The main mechanism seems to be, most likely by blocking MMP1 activation by modulating NF-κB signaling. These findings may be useful for development of natural and safe photoprotective agents against UVB irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quadri Afnan
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|