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Yuan JF, Zhang SJ, Jafer O, Furlong RA, Chausiaux OE, Sargent CA, Zhang GH, Affara NA. Global transcriptional response of pig brain and lung to natural infection by Pseudorabies virus. BMC Microbiol 2009; 9:246. [PMID: 19948073 PMCID: PMC2793263 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an alphaherpesviruses whose native host is pig. PRV infection mainly causes signs of central nervous system disorder in young pigs, and respiratory system diseases in the adult. Results In this report, we have analyzed native host (piglets) gene expression changes in response to acute pseudorabies virus infection of the brain and lung using a printed human oligonucleotide gene set from Illumina. A total of 210 and 1130 out of 23,000 transcript probes displayed differential expression respectively in the brain and lung in piglets after PRV infection (p-value < 0.01), with most genes displaying up-regulation. Biological process and pathways analysis showed that most of the up-regulated genes are involved in cell differentiation, neurodegenerative disorders, the nervous system and immune responses in the infected brain whereas apoptosis, cell cycle control, and the mTOR signaling pathway genes were prevalent in the infected lung. Additionally, a number of differentially expressed genes were found to map in or close to quantitative trait loci for resistance/susceptibility to pseudorabies virus in piglets. Conclusion This is the first comprehensive analysis of the global transcriptional response of the native host to acute alphaherpesvirus infection. The differentially regulated genes reported here are likely to be of interest for the further study and understanding of host viral gene interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Yuan
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2,1QP, UK.
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2
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Abstract
SUMMARY The friendly statistics package for microarray analysis (FSPMA) is a tool that aims to fill the gap between simple to use and powerful analysis. FSPMA is a platform-independent R-package that allows efficient exploration of microarray data without the need for computer programming. Analysis is based on a mixed model ANOVA library (YASMA) that was extended to allow more flexible comparisons and other useful operations like k nearest neighbour imputing and spike-based normalization. Processing is controlled by a definition file that specifies all the steps necessary to derive analysis results from quantified microarray data. In addition to providing analysis without programming, the definition file also serves as exact documentation of all the analysis steps. AVAILABILITY The library is available under GPL 2 license and, together with additional information, provided at http://www.ccbi.cam.ac.uk/software/psyk/software.html#fspma
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sykacek
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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3
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Ellis PJI, Furlong RA, Wilson A, Morris S, Carter D, Oliver G, Print C, Burgoyne PS, Loveland KL, Affara NA. Modulation of the mouse testis transcriptome during postnatal development and in selected models of male infertility. Mol Hum Reprod 2004; 10:271-81. [PMID: 14996999 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gah043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to develop an overview of genetic events during spermatogenesis using a novel, specifically targeted gonadal gene set. Two subtracted cDNA libraries enriched for testis specific and germ cell specific genes were constructed, characterized and sequenced. The combined libraries contain >1905 different genes, the vast majority previously uncharacterized in testis. cDNA microarray analysis of the first wave of murine spermatogenesis and of selected germ cell-deficient models was used to correlate the expression of groups of genes with the appearance of defined germ cell types, suggesting their cellular expression patterns within the testis. Real-time RT-PCR and comparison to previously known expression patterns confirmed the array-derived transcription profiles of 65 different genes, thus establishing high confidence in the profiles of the uncharacterized genes investigated in this study. A total of 1748 out of 1905 genes showed significant change during the first spermatogenic wave, demonstrating the successful targeting of the libraries to this process. These findings highlight unknown genes likely to be important in germ cell production, and demonstrate the utility of these libraries in further studies. Transcriptional analysis of well-characterized mouse models of infertility will allow us to address the causes and progression of the pathology in related human infertility phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J I Ellis
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
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4
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Furlong RA, Keramatipour M, Ho LW, Rubinsztein JS, Michael A, Walsh C, Paykel ES, Rubinsztein DC. No association of an insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I converting enzyme gene with bipolar or unipolar affective disorders. Am J Med Genet 2000; 96:733-5. [PMID: 11121171 DOI: 10.1002/1096-8628(20001204)96:6<733::aid-ajmg7>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A recent Japanese study on the angiotensin I converting enzyme gene (ACE) insertion/deletion polymorphism reported that both the D allele (P < 0.02) and the DD genotype (P < 0.002) were significantly more frequent in affective disorder cases than in controls [Arinami et al., 1996: Biol Psychiatry 40:1122-1127]. A replication study was performed by using 157 bipolar I affective disorder cases, 169 major depressive disorder cases, and 313 controls. No significant association with this polymorphism was found in either disorder or in a combined affective disorder group. These results do not support the ACE gene having a major role in the etiology of either bipolar or unipolar affective disorders. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.) 96:733-735, 2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Furlong
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Centre for the Study of Molecular Mechanisms in Disease, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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5
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Narain Y, Yip A, Murphy T, Brayne C, Easton D, Evans JG, Xuereb J, Cairns N, Esiri MM, Furlong RA, Rubinsztein DC. The ACE gene and Alzheimer's disease susceptibility. J Med Genet 2000; 37:695-7. [PMID: 10978362 PMCID: PMC1734696 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.37.9.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A recent study suggested that the insertion (I) allele in intron 16 of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene (ACE) is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. In our series of 239 necropsy confirmed late onset AD cases and 342 elderly non-demented controls aged >73 years, we found significantly different ACE genotype distributions in the case and control groups (p=0.007). Homozygotes for both the I and D alleles were associated with a higher risk compared to DI heterozygotes. While the APOE epsilon4 allele was strongly associated with AD risk in our series, we found no evidence for an interaction between the APOE and ACE loci. In addition, no interactions were observed between ACE and gender or age at death of the AD cases. A meta-analysis of all published reports (12 case-control series in total) suggested that both the II and ID ACE genotypes are associated with increased AD risk (odds ratio (OR) for II v DD 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.13-1.63, OR for DI v DD 1.33, 95% CI=1.14-1.53, p=0.0002).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Narain
- Department of Medical Genetics, Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Mechanisms in Disease, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK
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6
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Keramatipour M, McConnell RS, Kirkpatrick P, Tebbs S, Furlong RA, Rubinsztein DC. The ACE I allele is associated with increased risk for ruptured intracranial aneurysms. J Med Genet 2000; 37:498-500. [PMID: 10882751 PMCID: PMC1734634 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.37.7.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and environmental factors play roles in the aetiology of ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Hypertension has been reported as a risk factor for intracranial aneurysm haemorrhage. We have tested if genotypes at the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene locus are associated with ruptured intracranial aneurysms. The insertion/deletion polymorphism in the ACE gene was genotyped in 258 subjects presenting in East Anglia with ruptured intracranial aneurysms (confirmed at surgery or angiographically) and 299 controls from the same region. ACE allele frequencies were significantly different in the cases and the controls (alleles chi(2)(1)=4.67, p=0.03). The I allele was associated with aneurysm risk (odds ratio for I allele v D allele = 1.3 (95% CI=1.02-1-65); odds ratio for II v DD genotype = 1.67 (95% CI=1.04-2.66)). The I allele at the ACE locus is over-represented in subjects with ruptured intracranial aneurysms. These data are supported by non-significant trends in the same direction in two previous smaller studies. Thus, this allele may be associated with risk for ruptured intracranial aneurysms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Keramatipour
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge University, Wellcome Trust Centre for the Study of Molecular Mechanisms in Disease, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK
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Furlong RA, Narain Y, Rankin J, Wyttenbach A, Rubinsztein DC. Alpha-synuclein overexpression promotes aggregation of mutant huntingtin. Biochem J 2000; 346 Pt 3:577-81. [PMID: 10698681 PMCID: PMC1220887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Protein aggregates are a neuropathological feature of Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease. Mutant huntingtin exon 1 with 72 CAG repeats fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) forms hyperfluorescent inclusions in PC12 cells. Inclusion formation is enhanced in cells co-transfected with EGFP-huntingtin-(CAG)(72) and alpha-synuclein, a major component of Parkinson's disease aggregates. However, alpha-synuclein does not form aggregates by itself, nor does it appear in huntingtin inclusions in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Furlong
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge University, Wellcome Trust Centre for the Study of Molecular Mechanisms in Disease, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, U.K
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8
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Wyttenbach A, Carmichael J, Swartz J, Furlong RA, Narain Y, Rankin J, Rubinsztein DC. Effects of heat shock, heat shock protein 40 (HDJ-2), and proteasome inhibition on protein aggregation in cellular models of Huntington's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:2898-903. [PMID: 10717003 PMCID: PMC16027 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.6.2898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD), spinocerebellar ataxias types 1 and 3 (SCA1, SCA3), and spinobulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) are caused by CAG/polyglutamine expansion mutations. A feature of these diseases is ubiquitinated intraneuronal inclusions derived from the mutant proteins, which colocalize with heat shock proteins (HSPs) in SCA1 and SBMA and proteasomal components in SCA1, SCA3, and SBMA. Previous studies suggested that HSPs might protect against inclusion formation, because overexpression of HDJ-2/HSDJ (a human HSP40 homologue) reduced ataxin-1 (SCA1) and androgen receptor (SBMA) aggregate formation in HeLa cells. We investigated these phenomena by transiently transfecting part of huntingtin exon 1 in COS-7, PC12, and SH-SY5Y cells. Inclusion formation was not seen with constructs expressing 23 glutamines but was repeat length and time dependent for mutant constructs with 43-74 repeats. HSP70, HSP40, the 20S proteasome and ubiquitin colocalized with inclusions. Treatment with heat shock and lactacystin, a proteasome inhibitor, increased the proportion of mutant huntingtin exon 1-expressing cells with inclusions. Thus, inclusion formation may be enhanced in polyglutamine diseases, if the pathological process results in proteasome inhibition or a heat-shock response. Overexpression of HDJ-2/HSDJ did not modify inclusion formation in PC12 and SH-SY5Y cells but increased inclusion formation in COS-7 cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an HSP increasing aggregation of an abnormally folded protein in mammalian cells and expands the current understanding of the roles of HDJ-2/HSDJ in protein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wyttenbach
- Department of Medical Genetics, Wellcome Trust Centre for the Study of Molecular Mechanisms in Disease, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2XY, United Kingdom
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9
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Ho LW, Furlong RA, Rubinsztein JS, Walsh C, Paykel ES, Rubinsztein DC. Genetic associations with clinical characteristics in bipolar affective disorder and recurrent unipolar depressive disorder. Am J Med Genet 2000; 96:36-42. [PMID: 10686549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Genetic factors may be associated with disease subtype as well as susceptibility. We have therefore typed polymorphisms at the serotonin transporter, dopamine receptor, tryptophan hydroxylase, tyrosine hydoxylase, and monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) loci in 139 unipolar and 131 bipolar patients and investigated associations with gender, number of episodes, age of onset, history of psychotic symptoms, history of suicidal behavior, and history of substance abuse. In bipolar subjects, the promoter variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) allele 132 of MAOA was associated with history of suicide attempts, P = 0.029, particularly in females, P = 0.006. The Fnu4HI allele 1 of MAOA was also associated with history of suicide attempts in females, P = 0.0162. The serotonin transporter promoter allele 2 was associated with increasing number of manic episodes, P = 0.02, and history of psychotic symptoms, P = 0.0243. One significant association was found in the unipolar group: dopamine D2 receptor promoter allele 2 with history of psychotic symptoms, P = 0. 0165. We have tested multiple loci for a variety of different clinical variables and performed 228 tests of significance in total. It is possible that these preliminary findings are type 1 errors, because one would expect 11 of the 228 tests to reach a nominal significance level of P < 0.05 by chance alone if all the tests were independent. The associations with the MAOA and serotonin transporter loci are consistent with previous data suggesting associations with susceptibility to bipolar affective disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.) 96:36-42, 2000
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge University, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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10
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Furlong RA, Ho LW, Rubinsztein JS, Michael A, Walsh C, Paykel ES, Rubinsztein DC. A rare coding variant within the wolframin gene in bipolar and unipolar affective disorder cases. Neurosci Lett 1999; 277:123-6. [PMID: 10624825 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(99)00865-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A recent report has shown that Wolfram syndrome carriers (heterozygotes) are 26-fold more likely to require psychiatric hospitalization compared with non-carriers, and that Wolfram syndrome heterozygotes may constitute approximately 25% of individuals hospitalized with depression and suicide attempts. We analyzed a His611Arg polymorphism of the wolframin gene by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and HhaI restriction digestion, in 158 bipolar I and 163 unipolar major affective disorder cases, and 316 controls. Statistical analyses of allele or genotype frequencies do not support a major role for wolframin in affective disorder. HhaI restriction digestion and sequencing of PCR products from four affective disorder cases showed a heterozygous Ala559Thr change. The Ala559Thr variant was not detectable in 382 controls tested. Thus, the rare wolframin 559Thr allele deserves consideration as a risk allele for affective disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Furlong
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK
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11
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Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is thought to show true dominance, since subjects with two mutant alleles have been reported to have similar ages at onset of disease compared to heterozygous sibs. We have investigated this phenomenon using a cell culture model. Protein aggregate formation was used as an indicator for pathology, as intraneuronal huntingtin inclusions are associated with pathology in vitro and in vivo. We showed that cytoplasmic and nuclear aggregates are formed by constructs comprising part of exon 1 of huntingtin with 41, 51, 66, or 72 CAG repeats, in a rate that correlates with repeat number. No inclusions were seen with 21 CAG repeat constructs. Mutant and wild type huntingtin fragments can be sequestered into inclusions seeded by a mutant huntingtin. Wild type huntingtin did not enhance or interfere with protein aggregation. The rate of protein aggregation was dose dependent for all mutant constructs tested. These experiments suggested a model for the dominance observed in HD; the decrease in the age at onset of a mutant homozygote may be small compared to the variance in the age at onset for that specific repeat number in heterozygotes. Our experiments also provide a model, which may explain the different repeat size ranges seen in patients and healthy controls for the different polyglutamine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Narain
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK
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12
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Furlong RA, Ho L, Rubinsztein JS, Walsh C, Paykel ES, Rubinsztein DC. Analysis of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene in bipolar affective disorder by association studies, meta-analyses, and sequencing of the promoter. Am J Med Genet 1999; 88:398-406. [PMID: 10402508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases catalyse the oxidative degradation of biogenic amines including neurotransmitters such as noradrenaline, dopamine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Three groups have reported positive associations of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene with bipolar affective disorder although other studies have been negative. In an extension of a previous study [Rubinsztein et al., 1996: Human Molec Genet 5:779-782] we report association studies of MAOA polymorphic markers and affective disorders. The polymorphisms comprised a CA-repeat microsatellite in intron 2 and a Fnu4HI G/T silent polymorphism at position 941 of the cDNA sequence. No significant differences were found when the control allele frequencies were compared with those in bipolar, unipolar, or combined bipolar + unipolar groups. Meta-analyses were then performed to include the data of all published studies using the MAOA microsatellite and Fnu4HI polymorphisms. Separate meta-analyses were performed for Caucasian and Japanese studies, as allele frequencies of the microsatellite in these populations were markedly different. Associations of bipolar affective disorder in pooled male and female groups were found with the MAOA microsatellite in both the Caucasian (P < 0.02) and the Japanese (P < 0.02) meta-analyses. In view of these positive associations, and as previous results have shown that coding variants do not account for the normal population variation in MAOA activity, over 1,300 bp of the promoter were sequenced in 22 bipolar cases and 1 control. A novel polymorphic promoter variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) located approximately 1,200 bp upstream from the translation start site was demonstrated. However, there was no association of this promoter VNTR with affective disorder. These results suggest that there may be functional variants in other regions of the MAOA gene or neighbouring genes that affect bipolar affective disorder risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Furlong
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Kirk R, Furlong RA, Amos W, Cooper G, Rubinsztein JS, Walsh C, Paykel ES, Rubinsztein DC. Mitochondrial genetic analyses suggest selection against maternal lineages in bipolar affective disorder. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 65:508-18. [PMID: 10417293 PMCID: PMC1377949 DOI: 10.1086/302507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports of preferential transmission of bipolar affective disorder (BP) from the maternal versus the paternal lines in families suggested that this disorder may be caused by mitochondrial DNA mutations. We have sequenced the mitochondrial genome in 25 BP patients with family histories of psychiatric disorder that suggest matrilineal inheritance. No polymorphism identified more than once in this sequencing showed any significant association with BP in association studies using 94 cases and 94 controls. To determine whether our BP sample showed evidence of selection against the maternal lineage, we determined genetic distances between all possible pairwise comparisons within the BP and control groups, based on multilocus mitochondrial polymorphism haplotypes. These analyses revealed fewer closely related haplotypes in the BP group than in the matched control group, suggesting selection against maternal lineages in this disease. Such selection is compatible with recurrent mitochondrial mutations, which are associated with slightly decreased fitness. Although such mismatch distribution comparisons have been used previously for analyses of population histories, this is, as far as we are aware, the first report of this method being used to study disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kirk
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Furlong RA, Rubinsztein JS, Ho L, Walsh C, Coleman TA, Muir WJ, Paykel ES, Blackwood DH, Rubinsztein DC. Analysis and metaanalysis of two polymorphisms within the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in bipolar and unipolar affective disorders. Am J Med Genet 1999; 88:88-94. [PMID: 10050974 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990205)88:1<88::aid-ajmg16>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of dopamine and noradrenaline. While positive associations between TH and bipolar affective disorder have been found in several studies, many studies have failed to reproduce these results. In order to clarify this situation, association studies of bipolar and unipolar affective disorder groups and metaanalyses of published data on the TH tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism were done. The association studies used the TH tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism in intron 1 and a PstI polymorphism at the 3' end of the gene. The study comprised 124 unrelated bipolar patients, 126 unipolar patients, and 242 controls. There was no significant association of either bipolar or unipolar affective disorder with the TH tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism. However, a weak association (chi2 = 3.946, 1 df, P = 0.047; odds ratio, allele 2 vs. allele 1 = 0.71 (95% CI, 0.51-0.996)) was observed in the unipolar sample with the TH-PstI polymorphism. Three metaanalyses of published data on the TH tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism in major affective disorder were performed: bipolar I + II vs. control using 583 cases and 745 controls; unipolar vs. control using 204 cases and 359 controls; and bipolar + unipolar vs. control using 846 cases and 823 controls. In each analysis there was no association of the TH tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism and affective disorder. These results do not support the tyrosine hydroxylase gene having a major role in the etiology of bipolar affective disorder. However, our data suggest that this locus should be examined in larger samples of unipolar affective disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Furlong
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK
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Furlong RA, Coleman TA, Ho L, Rubinsztein JS, Walsh C, Paykel ES, Rubinsztein DC. No association of a functional polymorphism in the dopamine D2 receptor promoter region with bipolar or unipolar affective disorders. Am J Med Genet 1998; 81:385-7. [PMID: 9754623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The dopaminergic system, along with the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems, has been implicated in the etiology of mood disorders. An association study of a functional variant in the promoter region of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) with bipolar affective disorder I or unipolar major affective disorders was performed. Variable expression of the DRD2 gene in vitro has been shown with this promoter polymorphism. One hundred and thirty-one unrelated bipolar patients, 128 unrelated unipolar patients, and 262 controls were used in the study. There were no significant differences in DRD2 allele or genotype frequencies between the affective disorder and control groups. These results do not support a major role for the DRD2 gene in the etiology of either bipolar or unipolar affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Furlong
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK
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16
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Brown GM, Leversha M, Hulten M, Ferguson-Smith MA, Affara NA, Furlong RA. Genetic analysis of meiotic recombination in humans by use of sperm typing: reduced recombination within a heterozygous paracentric inversion of chromosome 9q32-q34.3. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 62:1484-92. [PMID: 9585591 PMCID: PMC1377142 DOI: 10.1086/301863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate patterns of genetic recombination within a heterozygous paracentric inversion of chromosome 9 (46XY inv[9] [q32q34.3]), we performed sperm typing using a series of polymorphic microsatellite markers spanning the inversion region. For comparison, two donors with cytogenetically normal chromosomes 9, one of whom was heterozygous for a pericentric chromosome 2 inversion (46XY inv[2] [p11q13]), were also tested. Linkage analysis was performed by use of the multilocus linkage-analysis program SPERM, and also CRI-MAP, which was adapted for sperm-typing data. Analysis of the controls generated a marker order in agreement with previously published data and revealed no significant interchromosomal effects of the inv(2) on recombination on chromosome 9. FISH employing cosmids containing appropriate chromosome 9 markers was used to localize the inversion breakpoint of inv(9). Analysis of inv(9) sperm was performed by use of a set of microsatellite markers that mapped centromeric to, telomeric to, and within the inversion breakpoints. Three distinct patterns of recombination across the region were observed. Proximal to the centromeric breakpoint, recombination was similar to normal levels. Distal to the telomeric breakpoint, there was an increase in recombination found in the inversion patient. Finally, within the inversion, recombination was dramatically reduced, but several apparent double recombinants were found. A putative model explaining these data is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Brown
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Furlong RA, Ho L, Rubinsztein JS, Walsh C, Paykel ES, Rubinsztein DC. No association of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene with bipolar affective disorder, unipolar affective disorder, or suicidal behaviour in major affective disorder. Am J Med Genet 1998; 81:245-7. [PMID: 9603613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). An association study in bipolar affective disorder I or unipolar major affective disorder was performed by using a Bfa I restriction site polymorphism within intron 7 of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene. A total of 118 bipolar, 125 unipolar, and 437 control subjects were used in the study (1:3.7 bipolar:control, 1:3.5 unipolar:control). There were no significant differences in TPH allele or genotype frequencies between the affective disorder and control groups. In addition, bipolar and/or unipolar subjects with or without a history of suicide attempts were compared for the TPH polymorphism. No significant differences were found between suicidal and non-suicidal groups in major affective disorder, in contrast to a previous study suggesting an association of this polymorphism with a history of suicide attempts among alcoholic violent offenders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Furlong
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, United Kingdom
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18
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Furlong RA, Ho L, Walsh C, Rubinsztein JS, Jain S, Paykel ES, Easton DF, Rubinsztein DC. Analysis and meta-analysis of two serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms in bipolar and unipolar affective disorders. Am J Med Genet 1998; 81:58-63. [PMID: 9514589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The serotonin transporter is a compelling candidate gene to examine in bipolar and unipolar affective disorder, since drugs that specifically inhibit the serotonin transporter can successfully treat depression. Previous association studies of a VNTR polymorphism in intron 2 and a functional insertion/deletion polymorphism in the promoter of this gene have produced conflicting results. The present study examined allele and genotype frequencies for both of these polymorphisms and resulting haplotypes in 87 English Caucasian bipolar patients, 125 English Caucasian unipolar affective disorder patients, and 174 controls. No significant associations were detected when these unipolar or bipolar cases were compared either separately or as a pooled "affective disorder" group to the controls. A meta-analysis of over 1,400 individuals of European Caucasian origin was then performed, comprising 772 controls, 375 bipolar and 299 unipolar patients for the VNTR polymorphism, and 739 controls, 392 bipolar and 275 unipolar patients for the promoter polymorphism. A significant association of promoter allele 2 was shown with bipolar (estimated odds ratio 1.21; 95% confidence interval 1.00-1.45), unipolar (OR 1.23; 95% CI 1.01-1.42), and combined bipolar + unipolar groups (OR 1.22; 95% CI 1.04-1.42). There was no demonstrable allelic association of the VNTR polymorphism with affective disorder: for the combined bipolar + unipolar group the odds ratios for VNTR alleles 9 and 10, compared with the common allele 12 were 1.05 (95% CI 0.56-1.95) and 0.90 (95% CI 0.77-1.05). These results suggest that the promoter allele 2, which has previously been shown to result in lower levels of serotonin transporter transcription, may be associated with affective disorder risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Furlong
- Department of Medical Genetics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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19
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Brown GM, Furlong RA, Sargent CA, Erickson RP, Longepied G, Mitchell M, Jones MH, Hargreave TB, Cooke HJ, Affara NA. Characterisation of the coding sequence and fine mapping of the human DFFRY gene and comparative expression analysis and mapping to the Sxrb interval of the mouse Y chromosome of the Dffry gene. Hum Mol Genet 1998; 7:97-107. [PMID: 9384609 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/7.1.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
DFFRY (the Y-linked homologue of the DFFRX Drosophila fat-facets related X gene) maps to proximal Yq11.2 within the interval defining the AZFa spermatogenic phenotype. The complete coding region of DFFRY has been sequenced and shows 89% identity to the X-linked gene at the nucleotide level. In common with DFFRX , the potential amino acid sequence contains the conserved Cys and His domains characteristic of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolases. The human DFFRY mRNA is expressed in a wide range of adult and embryonic tissues, including testis, whereas the homologous mouse Dffry gene is expressed specifically in the testis. Analysis of three azoospermic male patients has shown that DFFRY is deleted from the Y chromosome in these individuals. Two patients have a testicular phenotype which resembles Sertoli cell-only syndrome, and the third diminished spermatogenesis. In all three patients, the deletions extend from close to the 3' end into the gene, removing the entire coding sequence of DFFRY. The mouse Dffry gene maps to the Sxrb deletion interval on the short arm of the mouse Y chromosome and its expression in mouse testis can first be detected between 7.5 and 10.5 days after birth when type A and B spermatogonia and pre-leptotene and leptotene spermatocytes are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Brown
- Human Molecular Genetics Research Group, University of Cambridge Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
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20
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Jones MH, Furlong RA, Burkin H, Chalmers IJ, Brown GM, Khwaja O, Affara NA. The Drosophila developmental gene fat facets has a human homologue in Xp11.4 which escapes X-inactivation and has related sequences on Yq11.2. Hum Mol Genet 1996; 5:1695-701. [PMID: 8922996 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/5.11.1695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
EST 221 derived from human adult testis detects homology to the Drosophila fat facets gene (fat) and has related sequences on both the X and Y chromosomes mapping to Xp11.4 and Yq11.2 respectively. These two loci have been termed DFFRX and DFFRY for Drosophila fat facets related X and Y. The major transcript detected by EST 221 is-8 kb in size and is expressed widely in a range of 16 human adult tissues. RT-PCR analysis of 13 different human embryonic tissues with primers specific for the X and Y sequences demonstrates that both loci are expressed in developing tissues and quantitative RT-PCR of lymphoblastoid cell lines carrying different numbers of X chromosomes reveals that the X-linked gene escapes X-inactivation. The amino acid sequence (2547 residues) of the complete open reading frame of the X gene has 44% identity and 88% similarity to the Drosophila sequence and contains the conserved Cys and His domains characteristic of deubiquitinating enzymes, suggesting its biochemical function may be the hydrolysis of ubiquitin from protein-ubiquitin conjugates. The requirement of faf for normal oocyte development in Drosophila combined with the map location and escape from X-inactivation of DFFRX raises the possibility that the human homologue plays a role in the defects of oocyte proliferation and subsequent gonadal degeneration found in Turner syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Jones
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, UK
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21
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Furlong RA, Zhou CY, Ferguson-Smith MA, Affara NA. Characterization of a kinesin-related gene ATSV, within the tuberous sclerosis locus (TSC1) candidate region on chromosome 9Q34. Genomics 1996; 33:421-9. [PMID: 8661001 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1996.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the search for candidate genes for the tuberous sclerosis (TSC1) disease locus on chromosome 9q34, we have isolated an overlapping series of 22 plasmid and phage cDNA clones covering nearly 7 kb and with an open reading frame of 5070 bp encoding a protein of 1690 amino acids. The putative protein product is a member of the kinesin superfamily and is homologous to the mouse KIF1A and the Caenorhabditas elegans unc-104 genes. Both KIF1A and unc-104 function in the anterograde axonal transport of synaptic vesicles. The human homolog is therefore termed H-ATSV (axonal transporter of synaptic vesicles, HGMW-approved nomenclature ATSV) Screening of DNA from 107 tuberous sclerosis patients and 80 unaffected individuals with H-ATSV cDNA probes by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis/Southern blotting following digestion by rare-cutting methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes showed variant banding patterns in three patients with tuberous sclerosis. However, further analysis indicated that these variant fragments represent a rare polymorphism probably associated with methylation of clustered restriction sites. There is no evidence to support H-ATSV as a candidate gene for TSC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Furlong
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
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22
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Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor, a potent mitogen for epithelial and other cell types, and scatter factor, a stimulant of epithelial cell motility are identical. In addition to these mitogenic and motogenic functions, the factor has been shown to be an epithelial morphogen and also has antiproliferative effects in some cancer cell lines. The membrane receptor for hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor has been identified as the c-met proto-oncogene product.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Furlong
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
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23
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Abstract
We report the construction of a physical map based on cloned DNA within the candidate region for the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC1) gene on chromosome 9q34, between the markers D9S149 and D9S66. The DNA clones form three contigs consisting of 7 YACs, bridged by P1 and cosmid clones, and cover more than 950 kb of 9q34. Despite intensive screening of all available libraries, two gaps remain. A detailed physical map of much of this region was derived, and restriction mapping of the YAC, P1, and cosmid clones reveals novel CpG islands in this region. This set of genomic clones provides a resource for characterizing candidates for the TSC1 gene, guided by the location of CpG islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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24
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Brown GM, Furlong RA, Affara NA. A dinucleotide repeat polymorphism at the D9S749 locus. Hum Mol Genet 1994; 3:1713. [PMID: 7833945 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/3.9.1713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G M Brown
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
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25
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Lyall JE, Brown GM, Furlong RA, Ferguson-Smith MA, Affara NA. A method for creating chromosome-specific plasmid libraries enriched in clones containing [CA]n microsatellite repeat sequences directly from flow-sorted chromosomes. Nucleic Acids Res 1993; 21:4641-2. [PMID: 8233805 PMCID: PMC311205 DOI: 10.1093/nar/21.19.4641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J E Lyall
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
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26
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Furlong RA, Goudie DR, Carter NP, Lyall JE, Affara NA, Ferguson-Smith MA. Analysis of four microsatellite markers on the long arm of chromosome 9 by meiotic recombination in flow-sorted single sperm. Am J Hum Genet 1993; 52:1191-9. [PMID: 8503451 PMCID: PMC1682283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Meiotic recombination in flow-sorted single sperm was used to analyze four highly polymorphic microsatellite markers on the long arm of chromosome 9. The microsatellites comprised three tightly linked markers: 9CMP1 (D9S109), 9CMP2 (D9S127), and D9S53, which map to 9q31, and a reference marker, ASS, which is located in 9q34.1. Haplotypes of single sperm were assessed by using PCR in a single-step multiplex reaction to amplify each locus. Recombinant haplotypes were identified by their relative infrequency and were analyzed using THREELOC, a maximum-likelihood-analysis program, and an adaptation of CRI-MAP. The most likely order of these markers was cen-D9S109-D9S127-D9S53-ASS-tel with D9S109, D9S127, and D9S53 being separated by a genetic distance of approximately 3%. The order of the latter three markers did not however achieve statistical significance using the THREELOC program.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Furlong
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, England
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27
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Goudie DR, Yuille MA, Leversha MA, Furlong RA, Carter NP, Lush MJ, Affara NA, Ferguson-Smith MA. Multiple self-healing squamous epitheliomata (ESS1) mapped to chromosome 9q22-q31 in families with common ancestry. Nat Genet 1993; 3:165-9. [PMID: 8499949 DOI: 10.1038/ng0293-165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A gene (ESS1) predisposing to the development of multiple invasive but self-healing skin tumours (squamous cell epitheliomata) is tightly linked to the polymorphic DNA marker D9S53 (9q31) with a maximum lod score of 9.02 at a recombination fraction of 0.03. Multipoint linkage analysis demonstrates that the disease locus is most likely to lie between D9S58 (9q22.3-31) and ASSP3 (9q11-q22). Comparison of markers associated with ESS1 in independently ascertained families suggests a common origin of the disease and defines the location of ESS1. Haplotype studies indicate that the disease locus is most likely to lie between D9S29 (9q31) and D9S1 (9q22.1-q22.2).
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Goudie
- Genetic and Tumour Virus, Pathology Unit, Cambridge University, UK
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Furlong
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
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Furlong RA, Lyall JE, Goudie DR, Leversha MA, Affara NA, Ferguson-Smith MA. A dinucleotide repeat polymorphism at the D9S109 locus. Nucleic Acids Res 1992; 20:925. [PMID: 1542592 PMCID: PMC312054 DOI: 10.1093/nar/20.4.925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R A Furlong
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
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30
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Lyall JE, Furlong RA, Yuille MA, Goudie DR, Leversha MA, Affara NA, Ferguson-Smith MA. A dinucleotide repeat polymorphism at the D9S127 locus. Nucleic Acids Res 1992; 20:925. [PMID: 1542593 PMCID: PMC312055 DOI: 10.1093/nar/20.4.925-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J E Lyall
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
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31
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Furlong RA, Takehara T, Taylor WG, Nakamura T, Rubin JS. Comparison of biological and immunochemical properties indicates that scatter factor and hepatocyte growth factor are indistinguishable. J Cell Sci 1991; 100 ( Pt 1):173-7. [PMID: 1839027 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.100.1.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Scatter factor, a stimulant of epithelial cell motility, and Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) were compared by cross-biological studies using naturally occurring and recombinant proteins in four bioassays. Both scatter factor and HGF produced similar effects in cell motility and DNA synthesis assays. Antibodies to scatter factor or HGF neutralized the biological activities of each cytokine, and in immunoblotting reacted with species of the same Mr. These results, together with the available sequence data, suggest that scatter factor and HGF are the same protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Furlong
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, UK
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32
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Adams JC, Furlong RA, Watt FM. Production of scatter factor by ndk, a strain of epithelial cells, and inhibition of scatter factor activity by suramin. J Cell Sci 1991; 98 ( Pt 3):385-94. [PMID: 1829089 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.98.3.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ndk are a strain of human epidermal keratinocytes that do not undergo terminal differentiation and which grow as single cells rather than compact colonies. We show that ndk are motile and secrete an epithelial scatter factor that has the same biochemical and immunological properties as the scatter factor previously purified from ras-transformed 3T3 fibroblasts. We have found that suramin, a polyanionic detergent, will reverse the activity of scatter factor from either cell type in the standard MDCK activity assay. When added to ndk cultures, suramin causes the cells to grow in coherent patches. This morphological change is accompanied by alterations in the distribution of actin and integrins, but not by stratification or terminal differentiation. The effect is reversed upon removal of suramin. We propose that the motile phenotype of ndk is due, at least in part, to autocrine production of scatter factor and that suramin may be useful for further studies of scatter factor binding to the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Adams
- Keratinocyte Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, UK
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Moffat EH, Furlong RA, Dannatt AH, Bloom AL, Peake IR. Anti-idiotypes to factor VIII antibodies and their possible role in the pathogenesis and treatment of factor VIII inhibitors. Br J Haematol 1989; 71:85-90. [PMID: 2492821 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1989.tb06279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the production and characterization of anti-idiotype antibodies (AId) to monoclonal factor VIII antibodies (McFVIIIAb) are reported. Two AIds were produced and one of these exhibited cross-reactivity with two other McFVIIIAb but showed no reactivity with haemophilic and non-haemophilic FVIIIAb. This AId was also active against McFVIIIAb which bound immunologically active forms of factor VIII but it did not neutralize McFVIIIAb directed against procoagulant factor VIII. The in vitro effect of therapeutic pooled human IgG concentrates upon haemophilic and non-haemophilic FVIIIAb was also assessed. Approximately 25% of non-haemophilic FVIIIAb were inhibited following incubation with human IgG whereas the latter had no effect upon haemophilic FVIIIAb activity. Studies on haemophilic sibling pairs of FVIIIAb and non-FVIIIAb producing individuals indicated FVIIIAb neutralizing activity in the non-FVIIIAb producing sibling's IgG fraction which may be of anti-idiotypic origin. These findings lend further support to suggestions that anti-idiotypes have a regulatory role in FVIIIAb production and are of potential therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Moffat
- Department of Haematology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff
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Furlong RA, Chesham J, Peake IR. The combined use of monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for factor VIII antigen (VIII:Ag) and von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF:Ag) for the detection of carriers of haemophilia A. Clin Lab Haematol 1988; 10:295-305. [PMID: 3141105 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2257.1988.tb00023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for factor VIII antigen (VIII:Ag) and von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF:Ag) have been developed, each employing monoclonal antibodies. In the majority of severe haemophilic plasmas tested, VIII:Ag was undetectable by ELISA and also by immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) using haemophilic VIII:C antibodies. In haemophilic plasmas with mild/moderate deficiency of coagulant factor VIII (VIII:C), there was no significant difference between the two immunoassays although there was a general trend for ELISA VIII:Ag results to be higher. Assay of von Willebrand's disease (vWd) plasmas with the ELISA for vWF:Ag demonstrated reduced levels of this antigen in type I vWd, normal levels in type IIA, and a severe reduction of vWF:Ag in type III vWd. The discrimination of obligate carriers of haemophilia from normal was determined using ratios of factor VIII/vWF. Factor VIII antigen/von Willebrand factor antigen measured by IRMA and Laurell immunoelectrophoresis respectively, gave a superior discriminant to that of VIII:C/vWF:Ag (Laurell), but optimal discrimination was obtained with the combination of ELISAs for VIII:Ag and vWF:Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Furlong
- Department of Haematology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff
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35
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Furlong RA, Welch AN, Peake IR. Monoclonal antibodies to factor VIII: their application in immunoblotting for the visualization of factor VIII in therapeutic concentrates and plasma. Br J Haematol 1987; 66:341-8. [PMID: 3113473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1987.tb06921.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Two monoclonal antibodies (McAb) termed 12A4 and 19C1 have been raised against human factor VIII. In immunoassays 12A4 bound to factor VIII antigen (VIII:Ag) in plasma but not serum whilst 19C1 bound to VIII:Ag in both plasma and serum. Both McAb were shown by immunoblotting to react with the carboxy (C) terminal polypeptide of factor VIII which appeared as a doublet with a molecular weight (Mr) of 77,000/75,000. The C terminal factor VIII polypeptide was detectable by immunoblotting in each of 12 therapeutic factor VIII concentrates, from six different manufacturers, although its level was variable. Factor VIII was visualized in plasma by immunoblotting following its immunoadsorption and elution from agarose-bound monoclonal antibodies. No Mr 77,000/75,000 bands were detectable in plasma obtained from 13 unrelated CRM- haemophiliacs whilst 11 CRM+ haemophilic plasmas from seven kindred were shown to have a C terminal factor VIII polypeptide of normal molecular size.
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Furlong RA, Peake IR. Heterogeneity of human procoagulant factor VIII (VIIIC) antibodies in their reaction with factor VIII related antigen (VIIIRAG). Thromb Res 1984; 34:379-87. [PMID: 6204399 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(84)90242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Human inhibitors to procoagulant factor VIII (VIIIC) were tested for possible reactivity with factor VIII related antigen (VIIIRAg) by a modified VIIIRAg immunoradiometric assay (IRMA). Inhibitor IgG's were screened for anti-VIIRAg by competition with I125 labelled VIIIRAg antibodies for common antigenic determinants using either an VIIIRAg concentrate from which factor VIII coagulant antigen (VIIICAg) had been dissociated, or normal plasma (containing VIIIRAg and VIIICAg) as an antigen source. There was no evidence of VIIIRAg antibodies in the five haemophilic VIIIC inhibitor IgG's tested but low titre VIIIRAg antibodies were detected in one spontaneous VIIIC inhibitor IgG.
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Yoshioka A, Peake IR, Furlong BL, Furlong RA, Giddings JC, Bloom AL. The interaction between factor VIII clotting antigen (VIIICAg) and phospholipid. Br J Haematol 1983; 55:27-36. [PMID: 6411112 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1983.tb01221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between factor VIII clotting antigen (VIIICAg) and phospholipid (PL) was studied using a two-site solid phase immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) for VIII CAg. Incubation (2 h, 37 degrees C) of normal plasma, cryoprecipitate or factor VIII concentrate with Diagen PL (0.5 mg/unit VIIICAg) resulted in 80-90% loss of IRMA-measurable VIIICAg. No loss of factor VIII related antigen (VIIIRAg) or factor VIII clotting activity (VIIIC) was seen. Treatment of factor VIII concentrate with purified PLs showed greatest VIIICAg reduction with phosphatidylserine, less with phosphatidylethanolamine, and very little with phosphatidylcholine. The action of phospholipase-C (PL-C) on VIIICAg-PL complexes was investigated, with enzyme activity being monitored by thin-layer chromatography. Treatment of normal plasma, cryoprecipitate or factor VIII concentrate with PL-C (5 u/unit VIIICAg) resulted in 25%, 25% and 30% increases in VIIICAg. No increase in VIIIC or VIIIRAg was seen. Preincubation of factor VIII concentrate with PL, followed by PL-C incubation, resulted in 70-80% recovery of measurable VIIICAg. Incubation of 'activated' prothrombin complex with PL-C increased VIIICAg by 44% (Autoplex) and 80% (FEIBA), indicating VIIICAg-PL complexes are present. Incubation of factor VIII concentrate with fresh platelet lysate led to a reduction in VIIICAg (100 u/dl to 21 u/dl). In fresh platelet lysate alone low VIIICAg levels were detectable (0.71 X 10(-3) u/10(9) plt). After PL-C incubation VIIICAg levels increased to 9.8 X 10(-3) u/10(9) plt) (14-fold increase). Thus VIIICAg in platelets may be hidden by VIIICAg-PL complexes.
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Abstract
The stability of factor VIII coagulant antigens (VIII:CAg) at 56 degrees C was investigated using an immunoradiometric assay for VIII:CAg. In normal or CRM+ haemophilic plasmas VIII:CAg was rapidly inactivated at 56 degrees C. VIII:CAg in spontaneous VIII:C inhibitor plasmas and in post-treatment samples from haemophiliacs with VIII:C inhibitor was resistant to inactivation at 56 degrees C, indicating the presence of heat stable VIII:CAg-anti VIII:CAg complexes. In vitro VIII:CAg-anti VIII:CAg complexes were formed by incubation of diluted VIII:C antibodies and normal plasma and the stability of these complexes at 56 degrees C was studied. Haemophilic VIII:CAg antibodies formed heat stable immune complexes over a narrow range of inhibitor dilutions whilst some spontaneous VIII:CAg antibodies formed these stable complexes over a much wider range of dilutions emphasizing the difference in the properties of these antibodies.
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Furlong RA, Peake IR, Bloom AL. Factor VIII clotting antigen (VIIICAg) in haemophilia measured by two immunoradiometric assays (IRMA) using different antibodies, and the measurement of inhibitors to procoagulant factor VIII (VIIIC) by IRMA. Br J Haematol 1981; 48:643-50. [PMID: 6791678 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1981.00643.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Factor VIII clotting antigen (VIIICAg) was measured by immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) using two different antibodies. Both antibodies arose in polytransfused severe haemophiliacs and had similar titres against VIIIC. In 12 normal plasmas there was no significant difference in VIIICAg values obtained (VIIICAg (AbI) = VIIICAg (AbII)). In the majority of 15 severe haemophiliacs tested VIIICAg was undetectable by both antibodies. In 28 mild to moderate haemophiliacs VIIICAg (AbII) was significantly greater than VIIICAg (AbI) (P less than 0.01) suggesting different antigenic determinants. The difference, however, was small and does not affect diagnosis of haemophilia. A modified IRMA has been used to measure anti VIIIC inhibitors by competition of the inhibitor with 125I labelled VIIICAg antibodies for common antigenic determinants. Using an inhibitor of 225 Bethesda units as a standard, results by IRMA of inhibitors in severe haemophiliacs have been similar to those obtained by clotting assay, but with a sensitivity of 0.01 u/ml suggesting the possible use in the detection of weak inhibitors.
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Peake IR, Newcombe RG, Davies BL, Furlong RA, Ludlam CA, Bloom AL. Carrier detection in haemophilia a by immunological measurement of factor VIII related antigen (VIIIRAg) and factor VIII clotting antigen (VIIICAg). Br J Haematol 1981; 48:651-60. [PMID: 6791679 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1981.00651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
23 obligate carriers of mild and severe haemophilia A and 26 normal females were bled on three occasions, and their plasmas assayed for procoagulant factor VIII (VIIIC), factor VIII related antigen (VIIIRAg) and factor VIII clotting antigen (VIIICAg). A comparison of the ratios VIIIC/VIIIRAg and VIIICAg/VIIIRAg indicated that, although the two ratios gave the same proportional misclassification of carriers as normals (four of 23), the latter ratio showed greater discriminatory power when an unequal variances predictive method was used to calculate likelihood ratios (for carrier status). This greater power was shown to be due to a greater reproducibility between visits for the VIIICAg/VIIIRAg ratio. Discrimination was considerably better when the median of the three median values for each variable was analysed, compared to the median value obtained at the first visit. There was also no statistical difference between VIIICAg/VIIIRAg (or VIIIC/VIIIRAg) ratios obtained from carriers of severe compared to mild haemophilia.
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Kemball-Cook G, Furlong RA, Peake IR, Barrowcliffe TW. Aluminium hydroxide absorption of factor VIII procoagulant antigen from plasma and factor VIII concentrate. Thromb Res 1981; 23:193-6. [PMID: 6795755 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(81)90251-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Davies BL, Furlong RA, Peake IR. Studies on the relationship between factor VIII related antigen (VIIIRAg) and factor VIII clotting antigen (VIIICAg) by immunoelectrophoresis and autoradiography using 125I anti VIIICAg. Thromb Res 1981; 22:87-96. [PMID: 6794178 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(81)90311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Barrowcliffe TW, Kemball-Cook G, Morris G, Holt JC, Furlong RA, Peake IR. Factor VIII-related activities in therapeutic concentrates. J Lab Clin Med 1981; 97:429-38. [PMID: 6780643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that factor VIII exists in plasma as a complex containing two distinct antigens (VIII R:Ag and VIII C:Ag) and two different biological activities (VIII:C and VIII R:RCo). Concentrations of these four entities have been measured in all the different types of therapeutic material used for treatment of hemophilia and von Willebrand's disease. In all materials, the ratio of VIII R:Ag to VIII:C was greater than 1: however, there were significant differences between concentrates, and the lowest ratio was found in cryoprecipitate. In VIII R:Ag assays, the freeze-dried concentrates gave nonparallel dose-response curves compared with plasma, indicating alterations in molecular form during purification. Values for VIII C:Ag were much lower than the corresponding VIII R:Ag values, and ratios of VIII C:Ag to VIII:C were close to 1 in many of the concentrates, suggesting that the low yields of VIII:C in some production processes could result from losses of VIII:C molecules rather than from denaturation. Measurement of VIII R:RCo by a platelet counting method gave lower values in most concentrates than by an aggregometry technique. It is proposed that the platelet counting method may reflect closely the biological activity of the concentrates in treatment of von Willebrand's disease.
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Mibashan RS, Peake IR, Rodeck CH, Thumpston JK, Furlong RA, Gorer R, Bains L, Bloom AL. Dual diagnosis of prenatal haemophilia A by measurement of fetal factor VIIIC and VIIIC antigen (VIIICAg). Lancet 1980; 2:994-7. [PMID: 6107675 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(80)92155-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Procoagulant factor VIII (VIIIC) and procoagulant factor VIII antigen (VIIICAg) were measured in 20 samples of pure fetal blood obtained by fetoscopy at mid-term from non-haemophilic fetuses. VIIIC levels ranged from 25 to 89 U/dl (mean 43.5) and VIIICAg from 11 to 43 U/dl (mean 22.3). Samples from 39 consecutive fetuses at risk of haemophilia A gave results indicating haemophilia in 11, and these pregnancies were terminated at the parents' request. Of the remaining 28, 18 have resulted in normal births, 8 still await delivery, and 2 pregnancies were terminated for non-haematological reasons. The results confirm that pure fetal blood can be aspirated fetoscopically for plasma assays of both VIIIC and VIIICAg. Dual measurement enhances the reliability of predicting or excluding haemophilia A, and makes prenatal diagnosis a dependable option for known or potential carriers seeking this information.
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Ludlam CA, Peake IR, Allen N, Davies BL, Furlong RA, Bloom AL. Factor VII and fibrinolytic response to deamino-8-D-argenine vasopressin in normal subjects and dissociate response in some patients with haemophilia and von Willebrand's disease. Br J Haematol 1980; 45:499-511. [PMID: 6775673 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1980.tb07169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Deamino-8-D-argenine vasopressin (DDAVP) was given by intravenous infusion to normal subjects, haemophiliacs and patients with von Willebrand's disease (vWd) and the factor VIII and plasminogen activator response was studied. In normal subjects and most patients with mild haemophilia and mild (intermediate) von Willebrand's disease there was an increase in plasminogen activator and all factor VIII related activities. In patients with mild vWd the prolonged bleeding time was shortened by DDAVP despite only a modest rise in factor VIII related Ristocetin cofactor activity (VIIIR:RiCoF). Sub-groups of patients have been characterized in whom atypical responses was observed. In two brothers with clinically severe haemophilia, but with 5--6 u/dl procoagulant factor VIII (VIIIC), there was an increase in VIIIC but no rise of the corresponding antigen, suggesting increased release of an antigenically abnormal poorly functioning molecule. A patient with intermediate vWd was studied in whom neither DDAVP, adrenaline infusion, nor venous occlusion resulted in an increase in either plasminogen activator or factor VIII related antigen (VIIRAg), although there was a significant increase in VIIIC. In a further patient with severe vWd, DDAVP failed to elicit any plasminogen activator or VIII response. The results obtained from these two patients suggested that in some individuals the presumed endothelial cell abnormality in vWd may be more extensive than a defect in VIIIRAg synthesis. Sub-groups of patients have been identified for whom treatment with factor VIII concentrates would be more appropriate than DDAVP prior to minor surgery.
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Bloom AL, Peake IR, Furlong RA, Davies BL. High potency factor VIII concentrate: more effective than cryoprecipitate in a patient with von Willebrand's disease and inhibitor. Thromb Res 1979; 16:847-52. [PMID: 316585 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(79)90229-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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