Cleaner technology for the production of linear long-chain α-olefins through a “millisecond” oxidative cracking process: a positive impact of the reactant carbon chain length

The oxidative cracking of n-decane, n-dodecane, n-tetradecane and n-hexadecane was assessed at millisecond contact times on a platinum catalyst at a C/O molar ratio of 1.8.

Bio oil synthesis by coupling biological biomass pretreatment and catalytic hydroliquefaction process

The bio-oil synthesis from a mixture of wastes (7wt.% straw, 38wt.% wood, and 45wt.% grass) was carried out by direct liquefaction reaction using Raney Nickel as catalyst and tetralin as solvent. The green wastes were biologically degraded during 3 months. Longer the destructuration time; higher the yield into oil is. Biological pretreatment of green wastes promotes the liquefaction process. Among the components of degraded biomass, Humin, the major fraction (60-80wt.%) that was favored by the biological treatment, yields to a bio oil extremely energetic with a HHV close to biopetroleum (40MJ kg(-1)), contrariwise, Fulvic acids (2-12wt.%), the minor fraction is refractory to liquefaction reaction.

Evaluation of humic fractions potential to produce bio-oil through catalytic hydroliquefaction

Humic substances were extracted from biodegraded lignocellulosic biomass (LCBb) and submitted to catalytic hydroliquefaction. The resulting bio-oils were compared with those of the initial biomass. Compared to fulvic and humic acids, humin presented a high conversion rate (74 wt.%) and the highest amount of liquid fraction (66 wt.%). Moreover it represented 78% of LCBb. Humin produced 43 wt.% of crude oil and 33 wt.% of hexane soluble fraction containing hydrocarbons which is a higher yield than those from other humic substances as well as from the initial biomass. Hydrocarbons were mainly aromatics, but humin produces the highest amount of aliphatics. Considering the quantity, the quality and the molecular composition of the humic fractions, a classification of the potential of the latter to produce fuel using hydroliquefaction process can be assess: Hu>AF>AH. The higher heating value (HHV) and oxygen content of HSF from humin were fully compatible with biofuel characteristics.

Conversion of lignin to aromatic-based chemicals (L-chems) and biofuels (L-fuels)

Conversion of lignin into chemicals and biofuels was performed using the commercial Kraft lignin, Indulin AT. Lignin was depolymerised in an aqueous alkaline solution using a continuous flow reactor generating four fractions. First is the gas fraction (mainly CO(2)), the second includes methanol, acetic acid and formic acid, thus defined as small organic compounds and third one (up to 19.1 wt.% of lignin) is mostly composed of aromatic monomers. The fourth fraction (45-70 wt.%) contains oligomers (polyaromatic molecules) and modified lignin. Pyrocatechol was the most abundant product at high severities (315°C) with selectivity up to 25.8%. (31)P NMR showed the loss of almost all aliphatic OH groups and apparition of catechol groups during depolymerisation.

Biological pretreatment for production of lignocellulosic biofuel

Lignocellulosic biomass was submitted to a biological pretreatment prior to a catalytic hydroliquefaction in order to produce biofuel. The biodegradation process was conducted over 3 months in a reactor under controlled conditions. During the biodegradation process the organic matter was characterised and its evolution was correlated with physico-chemical parameters. In parallel with the analysis of the lipidic fraction, analytical pyrolysis was used to monitor bacterial activity. The alterations of branched to linear fatty acids ratio and of mono- to diacids ratio were compared when determined by thermochemolysis and observed in the directly extractable lipids. The evolution of the phytol to the corresponding isoprenoic ketone ratio was observed to be dependent on the desorption technique since it decreases using headspace while it increases using pyrolysis. "Humic"/"fulvic acids" ratio, infrared spectroscopy and thermodifferential analysis were used to determine the degree of OM complexification.

Hydroliquefaction of green wastes to produce fuels

The direct liquefaction of a biomass composed of a mixture of wastes (straw, wood and grass) was studied using Nickel Raney as catalyst and tetralin as a solvent. Tetralin allows to solubilize green waste from 330°C at relatively low hydrogen pressure, and avoids the recondensation of the intermediate products. The green waste deoxygenation results mainly from a decarboxylation reaction. The addition of Raney Ni in the feed, increases the gas yield due to methane formation, without diminishing the yield in solvolysis oil. The catalyst hydrogenolyses the small molecules present in the light fraction. Moreover, it improves the quality of the oil by increasing the hydrogen transfer between the solvent and the solvolysis oil. As a consequence, the oxygen content decreases and the yield of oil soluble in hexane strongly increases. The catalyst allows to obtain straight long chain alkanes (C(13)-C(26)), which result from the hydrogenation of the extractives compounds of the green waste.