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Adler F, Christley R, Campe A. Invited review: Examining farmers' personalities and attitudes as possible risk factors for dairy cattle health, welfare, productivity, and farm management: A systematic scoping review. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:3805-3824. [PMID: 30852027 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to determine how research regarding farmers' personalities and attitudes as risk factors is reported (methodological approaches to assessing, extracting, and processing data and analyzing risk factors) and to explore evidence for the effect of farmers' attitudes and personalities on dairy cattle health, welfare, productivity, and management. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of studies on personality and attitude as risk factors for dairy cattle health, welfare, productivity, and farm management. Database searches captured 1,144 records, and 38 were finally included in the review. Thirty-three manuscripts assessed farmers' attitudes, 1 assessed their personalities, and 4 assessed both as risk factors. These potential risk factors were checked for relationships with more than 50 different outcome variables regarding farm management (17 manuscripts), animal health (13 manuscripts), animal productivity (11 manuscripts), and animal welfare (4 manuscripts). The approaches to assessing risk factors and processing and interpreting data varied greatly; thus, drawing conclusions regarding the effects of attitude and personality as risk factors is impeded because manuscripts are difficult to compare. Our findings highlight the need for harmonization of attitudes and personality assessments in future research. Furthermore, researchers should carefully consider which depth of detail to apply when planning and evaluating related research. Nevertheless, results highlight the importance of the effect of personality and attitude on outcomes. Farmers' personality and attitudes are associated with dairy cattle health, welfare, productivity, and management. In general, attitudes indicating higher degrees of technical knowledge, affection with problems, perceived responsibility, perception of control of a situation, a better human-animal relationship, or a positive evaluation of the benefits of management decisions tended to affect outcomes in a beneficial way. "Agreeableness" and "conscientiousness" were shown to promote better farm performance, whereas "neuroticism" had a negative effect. Therefore, further research on attitude and personality and their consideration by professionals and decision-makers within the dairy sector and politics is strongly recommended. This might provide the chance to better understand the needs of dairy farmers and therefore develop tailored advice and support strategies to improve both satisfactory and constructive cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Adler
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, Buenteweg 2, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - R Christley
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - A Campe
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, Buenteweg 2, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
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Sudunagunta S, Green D, Christley R, Dukes-McEwan J. The prevalence of pulmonary hypertension in Cavalier King Charles spaniels compared with other breeds with myxomatous mitral valve disease. J Vet Cardiol 2019; 23:21-31. [PMID: 31174726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common consequence of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). Cavalier King Charles spaniels (CKCS) are frequently affected with MMVD and appear to have different disease progression compared to other dogs. This study aimed to determine if CKCS are more likely to develop PH as a result of MMVD than dogs of other breeds. A secondary aim was to explore whether breed or PH impacted survival. ANIMALS A total of 187 dogs diagnosed with MMVD, 94 CKCS and 93 non-CKCS, were included in this study. METHODS This is a retrospective review of dogs with MMVD. Data were analyzed for presence of PH, congestive heart failure (CHF) and echocardiographic variables including the ratio between mitral E wave velocity (E vel) and isovolumic relaxation time (E/IVRT) and were compared between CKCS/non-CKCS and dogs with/without PH. Survival analysis was also performed. RESULTS American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) stage (p < 0.001), CKCS (p = 0.005), left atrium-to-aortic ratio (LA/Ao) (p < 0.001), E vel (p < 0.001) and log10(E/IVRT) (p < 0.001) were significant at the univariate level for PH development. At the multivariate level, only ACVIM stage remained significant (p = 0.044), suggesting that worsening MMVD was the predominant determinant of PH development in this study. Pulmonary hypertension was associated with greater likelihood of CHF (p < 0.001) and death (both cardiac [p < 0.001] and all-cause mortality [p = 0.011]). Cavalier King Charles spaniels were more likely to experience cardiac death than non-CKCS (p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS In this study, development of PH was associated with worse MMVD, according to ACVIM stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sudunagunta
- Cardiology Service, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - D Green
- Waikanae Beach, Wellington, 5036, New Zealand
| | - R Christley
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - J Dukes-McEwan
- Cardiology Service, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
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Laing G, Christley R, Stringer A, Aklilu N, Ashine T, Newton R, Radford A, Pinchbeck G. Respiratory disease and sero-epidemiology of respiratory pathogens in the working horses of Ethiopia. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:793-799. [PMID: 29574904 PMCID: PMC6175379 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogens are frequently implicated in equine respiratory disease. In Ethiopia, respiratory disease is a frequent cause for presentation at veterinary clinics and a priority concern for users of working horses. However, there is little existing literature on possible aetiologies. OBJECTIVES Determine prevalence of respiratory signs and exposure to major respiratory pathogens through a serological survey. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHODS Systematically selected horses from 19 sites in central Ethiopia were examined clinically and sampled once (August-December 2013). A face-to-face interview collected data on horses' management and history. Serological testing targeted equine influenza virus (EIV), equine herpesviruses-1 (EHV-1) and -4 (EHV-4), equine rhinitis viruses A (ERAV) and B (ERBV), equine arteritis virus (EAV) and Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi). RESULTS Owners reported a recent history of coughing in 38% of horses and nasal discharge in 7%. No animals were observed coughing during examination but 6% had a nasal discharge. Antibodies towards S. equi, were most prevalent (8%, 33/350). Antibodies to EAV were confirmed in one animal (0.3%). Low antibody titres to EHV-1/4 and ERA/BV suggested prior exposure but antibodies to EIV were not detected. Multivariable, multilevel logistic regression analysis for risk factors associated with S. equi serostatus showed higher odds of seropositivity in younger animals and those working less frequently. MAIN LIMITATIONS A single serological sample cannot describe dynamic changes in antibodies. Sampling horses at the place of work may result in healthy-worker bias. CONCLUSIONS S. equi may be endemic in this population and contributing, in part, to the occurrence of respiratory disease. Low prevalence of antibodies to viruses, with the exception of EIV, indicates these pathogens are present, but unlikely a predominant cause of respiratory signs and noninfectious causes of disease should also be investigated. Working horses in this region would be vulnerable to incursion of equine influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Laing
- Institute of Infection and Global HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - R. Christley
- Institute of Infection and Global HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - A. Stringer
- Institute of Infection and Global HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - N. Aklilu
- SPANA (Society for the Protection of Animals Abroad)Debre ZeitEthiopia
| | - T. Ashine
- SPANA (Society for the Protection of Animals Abroad)Debre ZeitEthiopia
| | - R. Newton
- Animal Health TrustNewmarketSuffolkUK
| | - A. Radford
- Institute of Infection and Global HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - G. Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection and Global HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
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Ogola J, Fèvre EM, Gitau GK, Christley R, Muchemi G, de Glanville WA. The topology of between-herd cattle contacts in a mixed farming production system in western Kenya. Prev Vet Med 2018; 158:43-50. [PMID: 30220395 PMCID: PMC6152584 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Degree of farm contact and the distances between farms were negatively correlated. Disease control and surveillance to consider between farms contacts in the villages. Heterogeneities in between farm contact may limit infectious disease spread.
In many livestock production systems in sub-Saharan Africa, cattle are owned by individual keepers but regularly mix with animals from other herds while grazing communal land, at watering points or through the use of shared bulls for breeding and ploughing. Such contacts may have important implications for disease transmission and control but are not well documented. We describe between-farm contacts in Kimilili sub-county of Bungoma County, a mixed farming area of predominately smallholder farmers. Between-farm contacts occurring during grazing or at shared water points over the past four weeks were captured in seven randomly selected villages using a photo-elicitation tool. The use of shared bulls for breeding and ploughing and cattle introductions from farms within the same village in the past 12 months were also captured. Contact networks were constructed for each contact type in each village. In total 329 farms were included in the study. Networks resembled undirected scale-free graphs with a network density ranging between 9.6 and 14.0. Between 45.6 and 100% of the farms in each study village had been in contact over the past four weeks through grazing and watering contacts. Between 88.9 and 100% were considered to have been in contact over the past 12 months. The topology of the networks was heterogeneous, with some farms exhibiting a high degree of contact. The degree of farm contact and distances between farms were negatively correlated (Pearson correlation coefficient range −0.2 to −0.4). Effective disease control and surveillance must take into consideration the frequency and range of contacts that occur between farms within a single village. Cattle keepers are highly interconnected and pathogens that are transmitted through direct or indirect animal contact would be expected to spread rapidly in the study system. However, the observed heterogeneity in between-farm contact may present opportunities for interventions to be targeted to particular herds to limit infectious disease spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ogola
- Department of Public Health Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, PO Box 9053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - E M Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - G K Gitau
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Nairobi, PO Box 29053-00625 Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - R Christley
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - G Muchemi
- Department of Public Health Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, PO Box 9053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - W A de Glanville
- International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Infection, Immunity & Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Kings Buildings, West Mains Rd, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK.
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Hamilton-Elliott J, Ambrose E, Christley R, Dukes-McEwan J. White blood cell differentials in dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF) in comparison to those in dogs without cardiac disease. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 59:364-372. [PMID: 29314019 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine if dogs with congestive heart failure have different white blood cell differential cell counts than dogs without cardiac disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, 72 dogs with congestive heart failure and 143 controls were included in this retrospective study. Signalment, white blood cell differential counts and echocardiography data were retrieved. Basic statistical analysis was performed on white blood cell differential counts, and principal component analysis was used to compare these counts between cases and controls, with age, gender and case/control status as supplementary variables. Cases and controls were compared with binary logistic regression for the principal components identified and individual white blood cell differential counts. Principal component analysis of cases alone was conducted with age, gender, weight and mitral E wave:isovolumic relaxation time as supplementary variables. Linear regression analysis was used to explore the association between mitral E wave:isovolumic relaxation time and the principal components, weight, gender, age and diagnosis (mitral valve disease or dilated cardiomyopathy). RESULTS Among cases and controls, the largest variance in data (component 1) was associated with neutrophils, band neutrophils, monocytes and case status (P<0·01). The odds of an individual being a case increased 2·5-fold (95% confidence interval: 1·4 to 4·4) for each unit increase in component 1. Among the cases, mitral E wave:isovolumic relaxation time was associated with neutrophil count and case/control category. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Dogs with congestive heart failure had a statistically significant increase in neutrophils, band neutrophils and monocytes in comparison with those without cardiac disease but the cell counts remained within normal reference intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hamilton-Elliott
- Cardiology Service, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Chester, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - E Ambrose
- Cardiology Service, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Chester, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - R Christley
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, Chester, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - J Dukes-McEwan
- Cardiology Service, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Chester, CH64 7TE, UK
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Hutton S, Bettridge J, Christley R, Habte T, Ganapathy K. Detection of infectious bronchitis virus 793B, avian metapneumovirus, Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in poultry in Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:317-322. [PMID: 27924415 PMCID: PMC5253144 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1195-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A survey was conducted into respiratory infectious diseases of poultry on a chicken breeder farm run by the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), located in Debre Zeit, Ethiopia. Oropharyngeal swabs were collected from 117 randomly selected birds, and blood was taken from a subset of 73 of these birds. A combination of serological and molecular methods was used for detection of pathogens. For the first time in Ethiopia, we report the detection of variant infectious bronchitis virus (793B genotype), avian metapneumovirus subtype B and Mycoplasma synoviae in poultry. Mycoplasma gallisepticum was also found to be present; however, infectious laryngotracheitis virus was not detected by PCR. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was not detected by PCR, but variable levels of anti-NDV HI antibody titres shows possible exposure to virulent strains or poor vaccine take, or both. For the burgeoning-intensive industry in Ethiopia, this study highlights several circulating infectious respiratory pathogens that can impact on poultry welfare and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hutton
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - J Bettridge
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - R Christley
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, UK
| | - T Habte
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - K Ganapathy
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK.
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Brindle H, Choisy M, Tran M, Doorn R, Nadjm B, Christley R, Griffiths M, Nghia H, Thwaites G, Baker S. The Vietnam Initiative on Zoonotic Infections (VIZIONs): An interim analysis of the epidemiology and aetiology of central nervous system infections. Int J Infect Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Laing G, Christley R, Stringer A, Radford A, Aklilu N, Newton R, Pinchbeck G. Unraveling the causes of respiratory disease in the working equids of Ethiopia: A cross sectional survey. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.02.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Christley
- Institute of Infection and Global Health; University of Liverpool; UK
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Carter SD, Fox-Clipsham LY, Christley R, Swinburne J. Foal immunodeficiency syndrome: carrier testing has markedly reduced disease incidence. Vet Rec 2013; 172:398. [PMID: 23486505 DOI: 10.1136/vr.101451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S D Carter
- Department of Infection Biology, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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