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Thomas TK, Ritter T, Bruden D, Bruce M, Byrd K, Goldberger R, Dobson J, Hickel K, Smith J, Hennessy T. Impact of providing in-home water service on the rates of infectious diseases: results from four communities in Western Alaska. J Water Health 2016; 14:132-141. [PMID: 26837837 PMCID: PMC5557094 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2015.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 20% of rural Alaskan homes lack in-home piped water; residents haul water to their homes. The limited quantity of water impacts the ability to meet basic hygiene needs. We assessed rates of infections impacted by water quality (waterborne, e.g. gastrointestinal infections) and quantity (water-washed, e.g. skin and respiratory infections) in communities transitioning to in-home piped water. Residents of four communities consented to a review of medical records 3 years before and after their community received piped water. We selected health encounters with ICD-9CM codes for respiratory, skin and gastrointestinal infections. We calculated annual illness episodes for each infection category after adjusting for age. We obtained 5,477 person-years of observation from 1032 individuals. There were 9,840 illness episodes with at least one ICD-9CM code of interest; 8,155 (83%) respiratory, 1,666 (17%) skin, 241 (2%) gastrointestinal. Water use increased from an average 1.5 gallons/capita/day (g/c/d) to 25.7 g/c/d. There were significant (P-value < 0.05) declines in respiratory (16, 95% confidence interval (CI): 11-21%), skin (20, 95%CI: 10-30%), and gastrointestinal infections (38, 95%CI: 13-55%). We demonstrated significant declines in respiratory, skin and gastrointestinal infections among individuals who received in-home piped water. This study reinforces the importance of adequate quantities of water for health.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Thomas
- Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, 3900 Ambassador Drive, Anchorage, Alaska, 99508, USA E-mail:
| | - T Ritter
- Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, 3900 Ambassador Drive, Anchorage, Alaska, 99508, USA E-mail:
| | - D Bruden
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Arctic Investigation Program, 4055 Tudor Center Drive, Anchorage, Alaska, 99508, USA
| | - M Bruce
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Arctic Investigation Program, 4055 Tudor Center Drive, Anchorage, Alaska, 99508, USA
| | - K Byrd
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Arctic Investigation Program, 4055 Tudor Center Drive, Anchorage, Alaska, 99508, USA
| | - R Goldberger
- Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, 3900 Ambassador Drive, Anchorage, Alaska, 99508, USA E-mail:
| | - J Dobson
- Yukon Kuskokwim Health Corporation, P.O. Box 528, Bethel, Alaska, 99559, USA
| | - K Hickel
- Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, 3900 Ambassador Drive, Anchorage, Alaska, 99508, USA E-mail:
| | - J Smith
- Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, 3900 Ambassador Drive, Anchorage, Alaska, 99508, USA E-mail:
| | - T Hennessy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Arctic Investigation Program, 4055 Tudor Center Drive, Anchorage, Alaska, 99508, USA
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Abstract
Poikilothermia syndrome is a rare cause of intrinsic thermoregulatory failure. Patients with this syndrome regulate body temperature poorly, if at all. Recently, a patient was referred to us who had clinical evidence of poikilothermia syndrome, as well as long-standing multiple sclerosis. Computerized tomography and magnetic resonance scanning failed to identify a hypothalamic lesion. The patient was gradually warmed to sweating, and then cooled to vasoconstriction and shivering. The core-temperature thresholds triggering each defence were calculated, after compensating for the changes in skin temperature. The calculated sweating threshold was 38.3 degrees C (normal: 37.0 +/- 0.3 degrees C). The vasoconstriction threshold was 34.4 degrees C (normal: 36.4 +/- 0.3 degrees C). The sweating-to-vasoconstriction interthreshold range was thus approximately 4 degrees C, which is between 10 and 20 times the normal value. The shivering threshold was 31.8 degrees C (normal: 35.6 +/- 0.3 degrees C). The vasoconstriction-to-shivering range was thus approximately 2.5 degrees C which is more than twice the normal value. The pattern of thermoregulatory failure in this patient resembled that resulting from general anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kurz
- Department of Anaesthesia and General Intensive Care, University of Vienna, Austria
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Smith O, Meyers MM, Vogel T, Deeley RD, Goldberger R. Defective in vitro binding of histidyl-transfer ribonucleic acid to feedback resistant phosphoribosyl transferase of Salmonella typhimurium. Nucleic Acids Res 1974; 1:881-8. [PMID: 10793720 PMCID: PMC343391 DOI: 10.1093/nar/1.7.881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously proposed that the first enzyme for histidine biosynthesis in Salmonellatyphimurium plays a role in regulating expression of the histidine operon and that in order to play this role the enzyme must form a complex with histidyl-tRNA. Among the many observations that led to these conclusions were 1) that regulation of the histidine operon is defective in strains carrying a mutation in the gene for the first enzyme that renders the enzyme resistant to inhibition by histidine; and 2) that the enzyme purified from the wild type strain interacts specifically, and with high affinity, with histidyl-tRNA. The present study was carried out to test the prediction that the enzyme purified from the mutant strain described above would display a defect in its interaction with histidyl-tRNA. This prediction was fulfilled by the finding that purified histidine-insensitive enzyme does not bind histidyl-tRNA. Our results therefore suggest that the capacity of the enzyme to bind histidyl-tRNA invitro is a reflection of its regulatory function invivo.
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