1
|
Khandia R, Puranik N, Lodhi N, Gautam B, Alqahtani T, Alqahtani AM, Alamri AH, Chidambaram K. Comparing heart risk scores to identify the most important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2021; 25:7947-7963. [PMID: 34982458 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202112_27645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common non-communicable disease and the leading cause of death worldwide. To reduce the global burden of CVD and related morbidity and mortality, early prediction of CVD risk is essential. Various tools are available to access the risk of cardiovascular disorders. In the present study, we evaluated four risk score calculators associated to CVD for superiority and most reliable CVD prognosis parameters. PATIENTS AND METHODS In the present prospective study, we investigated the probability of CVD in 150 individuals, including both men and women, using four different cardiovascular risk assessment estimators (Framingham Risk Score [FRS] Calculator, Q-RISK calculator, Reynolds score calculator, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk calculator) and evaluated how closely they were related to 16 selected parameters. The four risk estimators shared several common parameters, such as age, smoking status, and blood pressure; however, each of them also used some unique parameters. We used statistical analysis to reduce the number of parameters necessary to predict CVD. RESULTS Statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation between the main factors responsible for CVD risk. The analysis revealed that out of the four risk calculators tested, the FRS calculator was superior to the others because it showed more significant corroboration with statistical tools and could better predict the most important prognostic factors in CVD. CONCLUSIONS In all four risk estimators, the parameters that affected risk most significantly and conferred the most reliable CVD prognosis were age, weight, total cholesterol, and hemoglobin levels. With that FRS calculator was superior to the others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Khandia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Khandia R, Puranik N, Bhargava D, Lodhi N, Gautam B, Dhama K. Wound Infection with Multi-Drug Resistant Clostridium Perfringens: A Case Study. Arch Razi Inst 2021; 76:1565-1573. [PMID: 35355768 PMCID: PMC8934091 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2021.355985.1757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Wound infections are among public health problems worldwide. However, progress has been made in improving surgical techniques and antibiotic treatments. Misuse/overuse of antibiotics to prevent and treat bacterial infections eventually leads to increased bacterial resistance with rising incidences of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial strains. The wider dissemination of antibiotics may ultimately result in ineffectiveness to antibiotic therapy, thereby complicating/graving the outcome of a patient. In the present study, a 60-year-old male patient having wound infection with MDR bacterium that ultimately required surgical amputation of the toe was investigated. For the confirmation of MDR bacterium, two culture media viz., MacConkeyAgar and Mueller Hinton Agar media were used. The sensitivity of the isolated strain for various antibiotics was tested using the disc diffusion method. The wound sample was found positive for Gram-positive bacterium that was identified as Clostridium Perfringens. The bacterium was screened for 40 antibiotics, and among all the antibiotics, it was found sensitive for only Piperacillin/Tazobactam antibiotic combination. C. perfringens bacterium caused the gas gangrene in the infected wound part of the patient. Amputation of the gangrene -affected foot part was performed by surgery, and with good medical care, the person recovered fast. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first-ever report of MDR C. perfringens single isolate harboring resistance against at least 40 antibiotics tested. More research is needed to develop really new and effective medicines that do not cross-react with antibiotics now in use and have robust activity against MDR organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Khandia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal 462026 MP, India
| | - N Puranik
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal 462026 MP, India
| | - D Bhargava
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal 462026 MP, India
| | - N Lodhi
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal 462026 MP, India
| | - B Gautam
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal 462026 MP, India
| | - K Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Khandia R, Pattnaik B, Rajukumar K, Pateriya AK, Puranik N, Bhatia S, Murugkar H. Identification of other Cellular Receptors for Edema Factor of Bacillus anthracis by Independent Inhibition of Protective Antigen Evidenced by Inhibition of Embryo Growth and Angiogenesis. Arch Razi Inst 2021; 76:847-855. [PMID: 35096320 PMCID: PMC8790966 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2021.355959.1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Edema factor (EF) is one of the major secretory proteins of anthrax bacteria along with protective antigen (PA) and lethal factor (LF). Edema factor is a calmodulin-and calcium-dependent adenylate cyclase that increases intracellular levels of cAMP. Intracellular trafficking of EF occurs through PA by binding to ATR/CMG2 receptors, which are also involved in other physiological functions of cells. cAMP is a secondary messenger which activates multiple signaling cascades involved in the cytokinetics of actin molecules and cell junction formation. The present study evaluated the effect of EF on growth and angiogenesis patterns in chicken embryos in the in ovo model. Angiogenesis in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of an embryonated chicken egg was decreased and embryo growth was delayed by EF despite the absence of trafficking moiety PA, which is required for transferring the EF molecule inside the cell. Angiogenesis inhibition and embryo growth retardation indicate the use of an alternative receptor by EF to modulate these cellular functions. Additionally, docking was performed between EF as a ligand and hepatocyte growth factor receptor (cMET) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors, which are mainly involved in growth and angiogenesis. The analysis revealed a very strong binding of EF to cMET receptor (in terms of the number of hydrogen bonds and energy) compared to its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which indicates the use of cMET receptor by EF and induction of angiogenesis and embryo growth retardation possibly by competitive inhibition of HGF ligand or receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Khandia
- ICAR-National Institute for High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, MP, India,
Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, MP, India
| | - B Pattnaik
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Mukteswar - Kumaon, Nainital, UK
| | - K Rajukumar
- ICAR-National Institute for High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, MP, India
| | - A. K Pateriya
- ICAR-National Institute for High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, MP, India
| | - N Puranik
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, MP, India
| | - S Bhatia
- ICAR-National Institute for High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, MP, India
| | - H Murugkar
- ICAR-National Institute for High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, MP, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bhatia S, Khandia R, Sood R, Bhat S, Siddiqui A, Jahagirdhar G, Mishra S, Mishra A, Pateriya A, Kulkarni D. Reverse genetics based rgH5N2 vaccine provides protection against high dose challenge of H5N1 avian influenza virus in chicken. Microb Pathog 2016; 97:172-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
5
|
Premkrishnan GN, Sood R, Hemadri D, Chanu KV, Khandia R, Bhat S, Dimri U, Bhatia S. Cross-sectional study indicates nearly a quarter of sheep population in Karnataka state of India is infected with ovine herpesvirus 2. Virusdisease 2015; 26:180-8. [PMID: 26396985 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-015-0274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In a cross-sectional study, prevalence of ovine herpesvirus 2 (family: Herpesviridae, subfamily: Gammaherpesvirinae, genus Macavirus and species: Ovine herpesvirus 2) infection was estimated in sheep population of Karnataka state in India. Based on the three stage cluster sampling method, whole blood samples (356) of sheep were collected from 11 sheep-dense districts of the state. The samples were tested for presence of OvHV-2 genome by recommended hemi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. The true prevalence of OvHV-2 infection in sheep population of Karnataka was 24.44 %. Of the 11 district surveyed, highest true prevalence of 42.42 % (CI 25.56-59.29) was found in Raichur followed by Tumkur (39.02 %, CI 24.09-53.96). Inverse distance weighted interpolation of prevalence indicated that OvHV-2 prevalence within a given district is not uniform and there are areas of varied prevalence. The nucleotide sequence of the 422 bp DNA fragment, amplified in PCR, matched 99 % with OvHV-2 reference sequence and other sequences reported from India. Grouping of OvHV-2 sequences obtained from Karnataka with those from Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Jammu and Kashmir in the neighbour joining tree indicated a close relationship among the OvHV-2s circulating in India. This is the first study in the country where systematic screening of sheep population of a state for the presence of OvHV-2 infection has been carried out, which indicated a widespread prevalence calling for an urgent need for policy measures to prevent economic losses due to the disease in susceptible cattle and buffalo species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G N Premkrishnan
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021 India
| | - R Sood
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021 India
| | - D Hemadri
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064 India
| | - Kh Victoria Chanu
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021 India
| | - R Khandia
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021 India
| | - S Bhat
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021 India
| | - U Dimri
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243122 India
| | - S Bhatia
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021 India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sengupta D, Shaikh A, Bhatia S, Pateriya A, Khandia R, Sood R, Prakash A, Pattnaik B, Pradhan H. Development of single-chain Fv against the nucleoprotein of type A influenza virus and its use in ELISA. J Virol Methods 2014; 208:129-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
7
|
Bhatia S, Kunal A, Khandia R, Siddiqui A, Pateriya AK, Sood R. Genetic and antigenic analysis of H5N1 viruses for selection of HA-donor virus for vaccine strains. Indian J Virol 2014; 24:357-64. [PMID: 24426298 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-013-0151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and antigenic analysis of H5N1 viruses, isolated in India during a period from year 2006 to 2010, was carried out for selection of the potential H5-HA (haemagglutinin) gene donor virus for developing a reverse genetics based DIVA marker H5 vaccine for poultry in India. Out of the 47 H5N1 viruses (clade 2.2), 14 representative viruses were selected on the basis of amino acid sequence analysis of HA1 gene for further antigenic characterization. Using antigenic cartography, an antigenic map was constructed based on the data of cross-HI (haemagglutinin inhibition) titration of 14 sera versus 14 viruses to visualize the relatedness among the antigens and antigenic coverage of the sera. Sera against five H5N1 viruses (A/crow/Assam/142119/2008, A/chicken/West Bengal/100879/2008, A/chicken/West Bengal/155505/2009, A/chicken/West Bengal/80995/2008 and A/chicken/West Bengal/81760/2008) exhibited maximum (100 %) antigenic coverage, hence, were selected as the potential HA donor viruses. However, the virus strain A/chicken/West Bengal/80995/2008 matched completely with the consensus amino acid sequence of the 47 viruses, therefore, was considered the best HA donor candidate out of the five showing 100 % antigenic coverage. The present study demonstrates a stepwise methodology for logical selection of vaccine strain or HA gene donor strain for developing H5 vaccines using genetic and antigenic data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Bhatia
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, 462021 Madhya Pradesh India
| | - A Kunal
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, 462021 Madhya Pradesh India
| | - R Khandia
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, 462021 Madhya Pradesh India
| | - A Siddiqui
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, 462021 Madhya Pradesh India
| | - A K Pateriya
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, 462021 Madhya Pradesh India
| | - R Sood
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, 462021 Madhya Pradesh India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sood R, Kumar M, Bhatia S, Pateriya AK, Khandia R, Siddiqui A, Kulkarni DD, Kumar S, Venkatesha MD. Ovine herpesvirus type 2 infection in captive bison in India. Vet Rec 2012; 170:654. [PMID: 22730503 DOI: 10.1136/vr.e4291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
9
|
Nagarajan S, Murugkar H, Tosh C, Behera P, Khandia R, Jain R, Katare M, Syed Z, Tripati S, Dubey S. Comparison of a nucleoprotein gene based RT-PCR with real time RT-PCR for diagnosis of avian influenza in clinical specimens. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:504-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
10
|
Dubey S, Dahal N, Nagarajan S, Tosh C, Murugkar H, Rinzin K, Sharma B, Jain R, Katare M, Patil S, Khandia R, Syed Z, Tripathi S, Behera P, Kumar M, Kulkarni D, Krishna L. Isolation and characterization of influenza A virus (subtype H5N1) that caused the first highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak in chicken in Bhutan. Vet Microbiol 2012; 155:100-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
11
|
Tosh C, Murugkar HV, Nagarajan S, Tripathi S, Katare M, Jain R, Khandia R, Syed Z, Behera P, Patil S, Kulkarni DD, Dubey SC. Emergence of amantadine-resistant avian influenza H5N1 virus in India. Virus Genes 2010; 42:10-5. [PMID: 20953687 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-010-0534-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the genetic characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus (subtype H5N1) isolated from poultry in West Bengal, India. We analyzed all the eight genome segments of two viruses isolated from chickens in January 2010 to understand their genetic relationship with other Indian H5N1 isolates and possible connection between different outbreaks. The hemagglutinin (HA) gene of the viruses showed multiple basic amino acids at the cleavage site, a marker for high virulence in chickens. Of greatest concern was that the viruses displayed amino acid substitution from serine-to-asparagine at position 31 of M2 ion channel protein suggesting emergence of amantadine-resistant mutants not previously reported in HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in India. Amino acid lysine at position 627 of the PB2 protein highlights the risk the viruses possess to mammals. In the phylogenetic trees, the viruses clustered within the lineage of avian isolates from India (2008-2009) and avian and human isolates from Bangladesh (2007-2009) in all the genes. Both these viruses were most closely related to the viruses from 2008 in West Bengal within the subclade 2.2.3 of H5N1 viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Tosh
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nagarajan S, Tosh C, Murugkar HV, Venkatesh G, Katare M, Jain R, Behera P, Khandia R, Tripathi S, Kulkarni DD, Dubey SC. Isolation and molecular characterization of a H5N1 virus isolated from a Jungle crow (Corvus macrohynchos) in India. Virus Genes 2010; 41:30-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-010-0477-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
13
|
Nagarajan S, Murugkar HV, Tosh C, Behera P, Jain R, Tripathi S, Khandia R, Gupta V, Kulkarni DD, Dubey SC. Avian influenza virus (H5N1) in chickens in India. Vet Rec 2009; 164:128. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.164.4.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Nagarajan
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory; Indian Veterinary Research Institute; Anand Nagar Bhopal 462 021 Madhya Pradesh India
| | - H. V. Murugkar
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory; Indian Veterinary Research Institute; Anand Nagar Bhopal 462 021 Madhya Pradesh India
| | - C. Tosh
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory; Indian Veterinary Research Institute; Anand Nagar Bhopal 462 021 Madhya Pradesh India
| | - P. Behera
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory; Indian Veterinary Research Institute; Anand Nagar Bhopal 462 021 Madhya Pradesh India
| | - R. Jain
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory; Indian Veterinary Research Institute; Anand Nagar Bhopal 462 021 Madhya Pradesh India
| | - S. Tripathi
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory; Indian Veterinary Research Institute; Anand Nagar Bhopal 462 021 Madhya Pradesh India
| | - R. Khandia
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory; Indian Veterinary Research Institute; Anand Nagar Bhopal 462 021 Madhya Pradesh India
| | - V. Gupta
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory; Indian Veterinary Research Institute; Anand Nagar Bhopal 462 021 Madhya Pradesh India
| | - D. D. Kulkarni
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory; Indian Veterinary Research Institute; Anand Nagar Bhopal 462 021 Madhya Pradesh India
| | - S. C. Dubey
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory; Indian Veterinary Research Institute; Anand Nagar Bhopal 462 021 Madhya Pradesh India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tosh C, Murugkar HV, Nagarajan S, Bhatia S, Pateriya AK, Behera P, Jain R, Kumar S, Khandia R, Vanamayya PR, Dubey SC, Ahlawat SPS. Outbreak of avian influenza virus H5N1 in India. Vet Rec 2007; 161:279. [PMID: 17720970 DOI: 10.1136/vr.161.8.279-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|