Synergistic antibacterial and mosquitocidal effect of Passiflora foetida synthesized silver nanoparticles

Silver nanoparticles are opted to have various applications in different fields ranging from traditional medicines to culinary items. It is toxic and most effective against bacteria, fungi viruses, parasites, parasite carrying vectors such as mosquitoes and their larvae and other eukaryotic microorganisms at low concentration without any side effects and toxicity to humans. In view of these data, the present research has been investigated by synthesizing silver nanoparticles using 1mM silver nitrate and aqueous extract of Passiflora foetida. The variation of nanoparticles in size and shape concerning the concentration of extract prepared were analysed. The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by colour changing from yellowish green to reddish-brown implicating the surface plasmon resonance. Further, it was concluded by obtaining an absorbance peak at 420 nm using UV-Visible spectrophotometer analysis. FTIR analysis was used to identify the capping ligands, which included alkanes, aromatic groups and nitro compounds. The average grain size of ~12 nm to 14 nm with crystalline phase was revealed by X-ray Diffraction studies. The SEM images depicted the surface morphology with agglomeration; TEM studies showed the shape of nanoparticles as spherical and hexagonal with sizes ranging from 40 nm to 100 nm and EDAX analysis confirmed the presence of elemental silver as the principal constituent. The characterized silver nanoparticles were then tested for synergistic antibacterial effects with tetracycline, and the results show that they are more active against E. coli and S. aureus, but moderately effective against B. cereus and K. pneumoniae . It also had a strong larval and pupal toxic effects on the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti with the highest mortality. As a result, silver nanoparticles could be a viable alternative for a variety of applications.

Less risk of conversion to total knee arthroplasty without significant clinical and survivorship difference for opening-wedge high tibial osteotomies in varus knee deformities at 10-year minimum follow-up compared to closing-wedge high tibial osteotomies

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes and survivorship at minimum 10-year follow-up of patients undergoing primary valgisation high tibial osteotomy (HTO) for medial osteoarthritis (OA), treated by Opening-Wedge HTO (OW-HTO) or Closing-Wedge HTO (CW-HTO).

METHODS

This was a retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients presenting to a single institution undergoing HTO for isolated medial compartment OA. Two hundred and twenty three HTOs for isolated medial tibio-femoral OA were performed between January 2002 and December 2010. Patients were eligible if they had minimum 10-year follow-up and received either a CW or OW-HTO. Fifteen (6.7%) patients died and twenty-five (11.2%) were lost to follow-up. One hundred and eighty three (82.1%) patients were included in the final analysis and divided into two groups: OW-HTO (96/183; 52.4%) and CW-HTO (87/183; 47.6%). Range of motion, KSS, KOOS scores, and conversion to TKA rate were analyzed between groups. Both groups were comparable regarding age, arthrosis stage, gender, ASA score and BMI at the time of HTO. Survival analysis was conducted with re-intervention for TKA as the end point.

RESULTS

At the time of HTO, mean age was 55 years ± 7.9 (27-73.9) with 72.7% of patients being male. The mean follow-up was 13.3 years ± 2.7 (10-19). Sixty-four (34.9%) patients underwent TKA at a mean delay of 9.3 years ± 3 (3-16). The conversion to TKA rate was significantly higher in the CW-HTO group versus the OW-HTO group: 42.5% (37/87) versus 28.1% (27/96) (p = 0.04). The survival at 15-year follow-up was 59.2% in the OW-HTO group versus 54.6% in the CW-HTO group (n.s.). At 13-year follow-up, KSS Function score was significantly better in the OW-HTO (90.9 versus 82.4; p = 0.007). No significant difference was observed between the two groups regarding the KOOS score, KSS Knee Score and complication rate.

CONCLUSION

At mean follow-up of 13 years, no significant clinical and survivorship difference was observed between the two groups. The conversion to TKA was significantly lower following OW-HTO. Minor correction was associated with risk of requiring subsequent TKA.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Retrospective case series, IV.

Assessment of knowledge and practice of mammography and breast self-examination among the general female population in Asir region of KSA

OBJECTIVE

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and an increasing burden in terms of incidence, morbidity and mortality. It accounts for about 28.7% of all new cancers in women. In 2015, the Saudi cancer registry shows that breast cancer was graded first among women and it accounts for 16.7% of all cancers reported among Saudi nationals. This study was designed to assess breast cancer screening knowledge and practices among women in the Asir region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A cross-sectional study recruiting 1,021 female participants was performed. The variables included breast cancer knowledge, socio-demographic features, breast self-examination knowledge and practice. Descriptive statistics was used to compare and analyze the collected data while chi-square test was used to check the statistical significance among the selected variables. Saudi married women from Asir region were the participants of this cross-sectional study.

RESULTS

Our findings suggested that participants had a satisfactory level of knowledge about breast self-examination and mammograms at a rate of > 90% and 44.76% respectively. Over 90% of participants had good breast self-exam knowledge, however, only 6.37% was always performed breast self-examination. Similarly, nearly 40% of participants performed mammograms, while 40.5% were unaware. Leaflets and doctors were the primary sources of information for participants regarding the information of breast cancer screening.

CONCLUSIONS

Breast self-examination is a crucial approach to the timely detection of breast cancer and is subsequently critical for effective treatment. From the findings of this study we concluded that most women in the Asir region have a good awareness of breast cancer screening methods. However, either screening of self-examination or mammogram for breast cancer was not carried out thoroughly and regularly. This means that we must continue to emphasize the importance of primary health care in the earliest stages of breast cancer.

Comparing heart risk scores to identify the most important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases

OBJECTIVE

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common non-communicable disease and the leading cause of death worldwide. To reduce the global burden of CVD and related morbidity and mortality, early prediction of CVD risk is essential. Various tools are available to access the risk of cardiovascular disorders. In the present study, we evaluated four risk score calculators associated to CVD for superiority and most reliable CVD prognosis parameters.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In the present prospective study, we investigated the probability of CVD in 150 individuals, including both men and women, using four different cardiovascular risk assessment estimators (Framingham Risk Score [FRS] Calculator, Q-RISK calculator, Reynolds score calculator, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk calculator) and evaluated how closely they were related to 16 selected parameters. The four risk estimators shared several common parameters, such as age, smoking status, and blood pressure; however, each of them also used some unique parameters. We used statistical analysis to reduce the number of parameters necessary to predict CVD.

RESULTS

Statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation between the main factors responsible for CVD risk. The analysis revealed that out of the four risk calculators tested, the FRS calculator was superior to the others because it showed more significant corroboration with statistical tools and could better predict the most important prognostic factors in CVD.

CONCLUSIONS

In all four risk estimators, the parameters that affected risk most significantly and conferred the most reliable CVD prognosis were age, weight, total cholesterol, and hemoglobin levels. With that FRS calculator was superior to the others.