[Impact of Myocardial Infarction and Abnormalities of Cardiac Conduction System on Sudden Cardiac Death]

Sudden cardiac death （SCD）, most commonly seen in coronary heart disease, is a kind of sudden death caused by series of cardiac parameters, which usually combines with myocardial infarction. However, some SCDs （including early myocardial infarction） happen suddenly and cause death in a very short time. In these circumstances, typical morphological changes are lack in macroscopic or microscopic fields, which make such SCDs become the emphasis and difficulty in the present research. SCD caused by myocardial infarction and abnormalities of cardiac conduction system （CCS） is related to atherosclerosis of coronary artery closely. This paper reviews cardiac dysfunction caused by myocardial infarction and diseases of CCS from morphology and molecular biology, and explores potential relationship between them. This paper aims to provide clues to the mechanism of myocardial infarction related sudden death and possible assistance for forensic diagnosis of SCD.

109 cases of blepharoptosis treated by forked frontalis muscle aponeurosis procedure with long term follow-up

109 cases of severe or recurrent blepharoptosis have been treated with the forked frontalis muscle aponeurosis (FFMA) technique since 1989. In comparison with other frontalis muscle flap (FMF) protocols, this technique has three advantages: (i) no skin incision in the lower rim of the eyebrow; (ii) no incision in the frontalis muscle; and (iii) no dissection under the frontalis muscle. The FFMA is formed at the junction of the frontalis and orbicularis muscles. The 9-year follow-up shows that this is a highly effective procedure. The postoperative function of the frontalis muscle is good and the lack of damage has been confirmed by EMG. There are a few complications such as the sluggishness of the upper eyelid on downward gaze and the possibility of asymmetrical brow height in unilateral blepharoptosis. However, this technique may serve as the best choice in the treatment of severe or recurrent blepharoptosis.

Unilateral cleft lip repair without making incisions on the lip surface. A modified Millard operation

In clinical and anatomical studies carried out during 1986-1990, two new findings were identified: a small spade-shaped myocutaneous tag which can often be found at the medial side of the cleft near the columella base and the levator septi nasi muscle which draws the cleft side of the philtrum upwards. With the full use of the two findings, a method of unilateral cleft lip repair without making incisions on the lip surface was developed. Since 1986, 52 cases of unilateral cleft lip have been repaired with this method. The early and late results were gratifying.

[Anatomical study and improvement of rotation-advancement method in repair of cleft lip]

A new method of cleft lip repair, based on anatomical research of levator septi nasi and a peach-shaped musculocutaneous flap has been designed. The special features of this method are: 1. A small peach-shaped musculocutaneous flap is used as Millard's "c" flap, 2. all skin incisions are made on the edge of the cleft, 3. rotation-advancement repair is applied in the muscle layer. 32 patients have been followed for 6 years after the operation.

[Augmentation mammoplasty and an improved method of silastic gel breast prosthesis implantation through an areolar incision]

"Flat chest" of a woman due to under development of the breast is not a rare deformity. This deformity is best treated with augmentation mammoplasty. Currently, silastic gel breast prosthesis implantation is the most commonly used operation. There are three methods to carry out this operation, Viz the inframammary incision method, the axillary incision method and the areolar incision method. The last method is not often used because it has many drawbacks. Nevertheless, it has one unique advantage that is the incision scar is not vivid and can be camouflaged by the dark color of the areolar skin and the roughness of the Montgomery's glands. The improved method of this paper can avoid the various drawbacks and retain the advantage.

[A reduction mammaplasty operation for Oriental females]

There are many reduction mammaplasty operations, e.g., the operations of Strombeck, Skoog, McKissock, Wiener, Pitanguy, Onizuka, etc. All of these operations can produce very good results. Nonetheless, all of these classical procedures when they are used to treat large ptotic breasts of oriental young females, have a serious disadvantage, i.e. they all leave incisional scars at the parasternal region. Which often become hypertrophic or keloid. The skin of the lower lateral part of the chest wall is looser and less likely to have hypertrophic scars than the front sternal region. On account of this, I changed my operative field of reduction mammaplasty from the lower central to the lower lateral region of the large ptotic breast since 1963. After several modifications, my present technique is about the same as the Pitanguy's operation, but there is no visible scars at the anterior surface of the chest wall because no surgery has been done here. This lower lateral technique of reduction mammaplasty had been presented at the First Conference of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery for the Orientals, held in Tokyo, Japan, on Oct. 24-26, 1988. It had received good remarks at the meeting.

Double eyelid operations

The double eyelid in the Chinese population is a desirable physical feature, which is now increasingly popular and demands modern up-to-date aesthetic operations for its formation. The author describes 3 types of double eyelid operations, e.g., the ligation method, the incision method, and the skin grafting method. The advantages, disadvantages, and indications for each of these methods are evaluated and discussed. The creation of a double eyelid from an anatomic point of view is especially emphasized, with the illustrations of the anatomy and the operation made by the senior author.