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Kals KS, Ramayani A, Hariharan R, Lee TT. A Rare Multilevel Spinal Epidural Abscess With Streptococcus agalactiae in an Adult With Uncontrolled Diabetes: A Case Report. Cureus 2023; 15:e42802. [PMID: 37664334 PMCID: PMC10470477 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal epidural abscess (SEA) is a rare, life-threatening infection that typically presents with fever, back pain, and neurologic deficits. Although most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, this case reviews a rare occurrence of a multilevel SEA caused by Streptococcus agalactiae in a 62-year-old female with uncontrolled type II diabetes mellitus. The patient initially presented with lower back pain and was subsequently diagnosed with a SEA complicated by hyperglycemia. A prompt diagnosis with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed extensive abscess formation, leading to emergent neurosurgical intervention. Streptococcus agalactiae was identified as the causative organism through culture. The report emphasizes the challenges of early detection of SEA and highlights the importance of considering unusual pathogens in high-risk patients. Timely management is crucial to prevent permanent neurologic deficits and to achieve favorable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karanvir S Kals
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, St. John's Riverside Hospital, Yonkers, USA
| | - Aakriti Ramayani
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, St. John's Riverside Hospital, Yonkers, USA
| | | | - Thomas T Lee
- Neurological Surgery, St. John's Riverside Hospital, Yonkers, USA
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2
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Saravanan A, Senthil Kumar P, Rangasamy G, Hariharan R, Hemavathy RV, Deepika PD, Anand K, Karthika S. Strategies for enhancing the efficacy of anaerobic digestion of food industry wastewater: An insight into bioreactor types, challenges, and future scope. Chemosphere 2023; 310:136856. [PMID: 36243094 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Food waste have become a growing concern worldwide with raising population and economic growth. Wastewater discharged from food industries contains many valuable and toxic components that have a negative impact on the ecological system. Large amounts of wastewater are discharged from the food industry, which necessitates the creation of effective technologies. Wastewater from the food industry can be seen as a rich source of energy and a primary source for generating valuable products. Waste disposal and resource recovery are sustainably valued by anaerobic digestion of wastewater from the food sector. The characteristics, composition, and nature of wastewater produced from various food sectors are elaborated upon in this review. An overview of the anaerobic digestion process for wastewater treatment in the food industry is included. Enhancement strategies for the anaerobic digestion process have been discussed in detail. In addition, various types of reactors utilized for performing anaerobic digestion is illustrated. Though anaerobic digestion process possesses advantages, the challenges and future scope are examined for improving the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saravanan
- Department of Sustainable Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India; School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon.
| | - Gayathri Rangasamy
- University Centre for Research and Development & Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India
| | - R Hariharan
- Department of Sustainable Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - R V Hemavathy
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - P D Deepika
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - Krithika Anand
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - S Karthika
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, 602105, India
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3
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Nair D, Martinek MR, Colley J, Sundaram S, Hariharan R, Morales G, Sommer P, Healy S, Siddiqui U, Williams C, Sarver A, Lo M. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation ablation with a novel flexible tip radiofrequency catheter incorporating contact force sensing: acute results of the TactiFlex AF IDE trial. Eur Heart J 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac544.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Catheter ablation is an established therapy for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF). The TactiFlex™ Ablation Catheter, Sensor-Enabled™ (TactiFlex SE) is a next-generation radiofrequency ablation catheter incorporating highly accurate fiber optics-based contact force sensing technology with a flexible, laser-cut tip.
Purpose
To demonstrate that ablation with TactiFlex SE is safe and effective for the treatment of drug refractory, symptomatic PAF.
Methods
The TactiFlex AF IDE is a prospective, non-randomized, multi-center clinical study which enrolled 355 subjects worldwide. Enrollment in the main study began on June 26, 2020 and completed on June 18, 2021. Subjects underwent de novo Pulmonary Vein Isolation (PVI) and, if indicated, a Cavotricuspid Isthmus ablation (CTI line) for CTI-dependent atrial flutter.
Results
Subjects were divided into two as treated subgroups: High Standard Power (HSP, n=189), defined as subjects with 100% of left atrial lesions ablated at ≥40 W, and Low Standard Power (LSP, n=119), defined as subjects with at least one left atrial lesion ablated at <40W. First pass success, defined as isolation of all pulmonary veins (PVs) confirmed after a minimum 20 min waiting period was achieved in 93.5% (175/186) and 84.5% (98/116) of HSP and LSP subjects, respectively (p=0.0104). Significant decreases in the HSP versus LSP procedures were also seen in total procedure time (112.0 min [89.0, 139.5] and 149.0 [115.0, 182.0], respectively [p<0.001]), total RF time for PV ablation (14.0 min [11.0, 19.0] and 29.0 [19.0, 41.0], respectively [p<0.0001]), total fluoroscopy time (4.0 min [0.0, 11.0] and 8.0 [3.0, 17.0], respectively [p<0.0001]) and irrigation fluid volume (378.0 mL [310.0, 466.0] and 636.0 [476.0, 829.0], respectively [p<0.0001]) (values given as Median [Q1, Q3]), see Figure 1. Both HSP and LSP subjects had a low rate of repeat procedures (1.6% [3/182] and 4.3% [5/115], respectively [p=0.2684]) and primary safety endpoint events (4.8% [9/189] and 4.2% [5/119], respectively [p=0.8182]) through 90 days post-index procedure.
Conclusion
The acute data on the TactiFlex SE catheter demonstrates safe and effective treatment of PAF using either a HSP or LSP ablation strategy. Ablation procedures performed using a HSP strategy were shorter and required less irrigation fluid and fluoroscopy. It is anticipated these results will be reflected in the 12-month safety and effectiveness primary endpoints.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: Private company. Main funding source(s): Abbott
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nair
- St. Bernards Medical Center , Jonesboro , United States of America
| | - M R Martinek
- A. o. Krankenhaus her Elisabethinen Linz , Linz , Austria
| | - J Colley
- Jackson Heart Clinic , Jackson , United States of America
| | - S Sundaram
- South Denver Cardiology Associates PC , Littleton , United States of America
| | - R Hariharan
- Memorial Hermann Hospital , Houston , United States of America
| | - G Morales
- Affinity Cardiovascular Specialists, LLC , Birmingham , United States of America
| | - P Sommer
- Heart and Diabetes Center NRW , Bad Oeynhausen , Germany
| | - S Healy
- Monash Medical Centre , Melbourne , Australia
| | - U Siddiqui
- Advent Health Orlando , Orlando , United States of America
| | - C Williams
- Abbott , Saint Paul , United States of America
| | - A Sarver
- Abbott , Saint Paul , United States of America
| | - M Lo
- Arkansas Heart Hospital , Little Rock , United States of America
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He P, Hariharan R, Karpavičiūtė N, Croft N, Firminger L, Chambost J, Jacques C, Saravelos S, Wouters K, Fréour T, Zaninovic N, Malmsten J, Vasconcelos F, Hickman C. O-177 Towards 3D Reconstructions of Human Preimplantation Embryo Development. Hum Reprod 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deac105.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study question
Can we use focal stacks collected through Hoffman modulation contrast (HMC) microscopy to generate 3D reconstructions of preimplantation embryos?
Summary answer
A machine learning system was designed to generate 3D meshes that approximate the structures of embryos captured on HMC microscopes up to the 8-cell stage.
What is known already
The 3D arrangement of cells in preimplantation human embryos is a topic of clinical interest, with significant associations between the cell arrangement and blastulation potential from as early as the 4-cell stage. In basic research, the use of confocal microscopy for generating 3D reconstructions is commonplace. However, the use of confocal microscopy in the IVF clinic is often infeasible due to cost and concerns for embryos’ wellbeing. The assessment of 3D cell arrangement in clinical settings can thus prove difficult and time-consuming as many embryologists rely on focal stacks captured through the HMC microscopes widely integrated into incubators.
Study design, size, duration
The study was a retrospective analysis of 581 Embryoscope focal stacks of embryos from 4 clinics collected between 2018 and 2020. The number of planes in each stack ranged from 7-11 and cell outlines were annotated along with the depths at which they were most in-focus. A deep learning system was designed to generate 3D reconstructions of the embryos. Two clinics’ data were used for training (N = 551) and the others’ for evaluation (N = 30).
Participants/materials, setting, methods
The deep learning system consisted of three stages: a super-resolution module, a cell segmentation module and a depth regression module. The super-resolution stage was used to predict missing planes in focal stacks that did not contain 11 focal planes; the segmentation module identified individual cells; the depth regression module identified the focal plane at which each cell was most “in-focus”. Meshes were then generated under the assumption that blastomeres’ dimensions are similar along each axis.
Main results and the role of chance
The superresolution module was evaluated by calculating the structural similarity index (SSIM; an image similarity measure ranging from 0-1) between predicted and true planes when tasked with predicting missing frames in focal stacks with up to 4 planes artificially removed (by uniform random sampling). The module achieved an SSIM of 0.80. The predictions were also evaluated by 2 embryologists, a clinician and a developmental biologist on a scale of 1-5 (1=very unrealistic; 3=usable; 5=very realistic), achieving a mean score of 4.11.
The segmentation module was evaluated on the proportion of cells it managed to identify (91%) as well as the mean overlap between predicted cell segmentations and the ground truth (intersection-over-union of 0.86). The depth module was evaluated on the mean deviation of predictions from the true most “in-focus” plane (0.73 planes).
3D reconstructions generated by the system were evaluated with reference to the original focal stacks by 2 embryologists on a 1-5 scale similar to before, with a mean score of 3.72. The most common issues with the reconstructions identified by the embryologists were missing cells/fragments, incorrect cell shape due to obstruction by the well’s edge and imprecise depth predictions (with the “true” depth being between focal planes).
Limitations, reasons for caution
As previously mentioned, some reconstructions had inaccuracies. These would likely be ameliorated through modifications to the system modules and more training data. Moreover, the system was not trained or evaluated on morulae/blastocysts. Finally, each focal stack was analysed independently - future work may examine enforcing temporal consistency within timelapses.
Wider implications of the findings
This work serves as a first step towards unlocking data captured in IVF clinics for research into cell arrangement in preimplantation embryos. Combined with cell tracking, the system may be useful for research into cell fate. Moreover, the work may find clinical relevance in enabling easier assessment of cell arrangement.
Trial registration number
N/A
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Affiliation(s)
- P He
- Apricity, AI Team , London, United Kingdom
- University College London, Department of Computer Science , London, United Kingdom
- University College London , Wellcome / , London, United Kingdom
- EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences , Wellcome / , London, United Kingdom
| | - R Hariharan
- Apricity, AI Team , London, United Kingdom
- University Hospitals of Morecambe Bay NHS Foundation Trust, Furness General Hospital , Barrow-in-Furness, United Kingdom
| | | | - N Croft
- Apricity, AI Team , London, United Kingdom
- University of Surrey, Department of Health and Medical Sciences , Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - L Firminger
- Apricity, AI Team , London, United Kingdom
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Department of Life Sciences , Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - S Saravelos
- Apricity, Care Team , London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine , London, United Kingdom
| | - K Wouters
- University Hospital Brussels, Centre for Reproductive Medicine , Jette, Belgium
| | - T Fréour
- Nantes University Hospital, ART Centre , Nantes, France
| | - N Zaninovic
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , New York City, U.S.A
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Reproductive Medicine , New York City, U.S.A
| | - J Malmsten
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Reproductive Medicine , New York City, U.S.A
| | - F Vasconcelos
- University College London, Department of Computer Science , London, United Kingdom
- University College London , Wellcome / , London, United Kingdom
- EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences , Wellcome / , London, United Kingdom
| | - C Hickman
- Apricity, AI Team , London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine , London, United Kingdom
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5
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Hariharan R, He P, Karpavičiūtė N, Derrick R, Jacques C, Chambost J, Ebner T, Rosselot M, Loubersac S, Wouters K, Zaninovic N, Miller R, Malmsten J, Badalotti M, Hickman C. P-281 A multi-centre evaluation of a novel 4-cell embryo classification system based on intercellular contact points. Hum Reprod 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deac107.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study question
Is there any prognostic value to classifying 4-cell embryos according to intercellular contact points (ICPs)?
Summary answer
A significant association was found between the new blastomere arrangement classifications and blastulation, as well as blastocyst quality. No significant association was found for pregnancy.
What is known already
Current literature states that the geometric arrangement of blastomeres in 4-cell embryos is usually classified as either “tetrahedral” or “non-tetrahedral/planar”. Though tetrahedral embryos have been associated with greater developmental capacity, their prevalence has varied between studies. At ESHRE 2021, Hickman et al. proposed a more fine-grained classification system; each class was associated with a 4-digit code, where the Nth digit in said code gave the number of cells with N-1 ICPs. This gave rise to 6 classes: tetrahedral (0004), pseudotetrahedral (0022), planar (0040), closed-Y (0121), open-Y (0301) and linear (0220). In our study, we evaluate this new system.
Study design, size, duration
This study was a retrospective analysis of 844 4-cell embryos across 3 clinics in 3 countries. Focal stacks of the embryos were captured on Embryoscope/MIRI time-lapse incubators between 2018 and 2020. Embryos were annotated by their respective clinics using the original “tetrahedral/planar” system. Additionally, data on blastulation, blastocyst grade (Gardner scale) and biochemical pregnancy rates were obtained for each embryo.
Participants/materials, setting, methods
The embryos were annotated according to the new system by a panel of three researchers without knowledge of the clinics’ or each other’s classifications. Afterwards, the panelists assembled for discussion and a unanimous consensus was reached for each embryo. The cell arrangement classes were analysed with respect to blastulation rates, blastocyst grade and pregnancy rates using chi-squared tests. The distribution of classes across the clinics was also analysed, as well as agreement among the panelists.
Main results and the role of chance
Under the new system, tetrahedral and pseudotetrahedral embryos saw significantly higher rates of blastulation (P = 0.017) and good-quality blastocysts (p = 0.043; here, “good-quality” means that the grade contains no ‘C’s or numbers less than 3) compared to other arrangements. No association was found with respect to biochemical pregnancy (p = 0.77).
There was significant variation between the clinic-provided classifications (p < 0.001) with tetrahedral-to-planar ratios ranging from 1 to 9. Under the new system, there was no significant difference between the proportions of each arrangement (p = 0.66). The arrangements in order of decreasing prevalence across all the data were tetrahedral (63.7%), pseudotetrahedral (25.8%), planar (8.0%), closed-Y (2.2%) and linear (0.3%). No open-Y embryos were observed. Upon comparison with the clinic-provided tetrahedral/planar classifications, there were clear differences in the treatment of pseudotetrahedral embryos - some clinics predominantly classified them as “tetrahedral” while others as “planar”.
Prior to any discussions, the panelists’ annotations unanimously agreed on the classifications of 63% of the embryos; with 33% of the embryos having 2 different classifications and 4% of embryos causing total disagreement. The majority of disagreements regarded pseudotetrahedral embryos being confused for either tetrahedral or planar embryos.
Limitations, reasons for caution
It can be at times difficult to visualise the 3D structure of embryos from focal stacks. As a result, some annotations may be erroneous, though the use of a panel-based approach helped to mitigate this. Moreover, further studies will need to take place to validate the findings in this work.
Wider implications of the findings
The findings demonstrate the prognostic utility of Hickman et al.’s ICP-based classification system. Moreover, the findings suggest that much of the variability seen in the prevalence of tetrahedral embryos under the tetrahedral/planar system came from the mislabelling of pseudotetrahedral embryos which comprised 25.8% of the study population.
Trial registration number
N/A
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hariharan
- Apricity, AI Team , London, United Kingdom
- University Hospitals of Morecambe Bay NHS Foundation Trust, Furness General Hospital , Barrow-in-Furness, United Kingdom
| | - P He
- Apricity, AI Team , London, United Kingdom
- University College London, Department of Computer Science , London, United Kingdom
- University College London, Wellcome / EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences , London, United Kingdom
| | | | - R Derrick
- Apricity, AI Team , London, United Kingdom
- Royal Surrey NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Surrey County Hospital , Guildford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - T Ebner
- Kepler University Hospital, Department of Gynecology- Obstetrics and Gynecological Endocrinology , Linz, Austria
| | - M Rosselot
- Nantes University Hospital, ART Centre , Nantes, France
| | - S Loubersac
- Nantes University Hospital, ART Centre , Nantes, France
| | - K Wouters
- University Hospital Brussels, Centre for Reproductive Medicine , Brussels, Belgium
| | - N Zaninovic
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , New York City, U.S.A
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Reproductive Medicine , New York City, U.S.A
| | - R Miller
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Reproductive Medicine , New York City, U.S.A
| | - J Malmsten
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Reproductive Medicine , New York City, U.S.A
| | - M Badalotti
- Fertilitat, Reproductive Medicine Centre , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - C Hickman
- Apricity, AI Team , London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine , London, United Kingdom
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Berger JI, Vernon K, Abdo F, Gulati S, Hariharan R. Looks Like Neurosyphilis, Feels Like Guillain-Barre: At the Confluence of Infection and Immunology. Cureus 2022; 14:e26318. [PMID: 35911366 PMCID: PMC9314239 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a 51-year-old male, with a past medical history of type 2 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (T2IDDM) without neuropathy, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in April 2020 without residual symptoms, Raynaud's, and recent occupational outdoor exposure to insects as a construction manager who came to the emergency room complaining of a three-week history of bilateral progressive numbness and weakness beginning in his lower extremities and ascending toward his pelvis. Notably, he received the second dose of his Moderna COVID-19 vaccine one week prior to symptom onset and four weeks prior to admission. He also reported a recent appearance of a maculopapular rash on his upper extremities and flanks. Physical exam was remarkable for bilateral distal motor weakness in the upper and lower extremities with associated paresthesia and decreased reflexes in the lower extremities. The patient had slight ataxia and difficulty with heel walk and toe walk. Notably, the cranial nerve exam was normal, and the patient was afebrile. Intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) was started empirically for the treatment of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), and doxycycline 100mg intravenous twice a day and ceftriaxone 2g intravenous daily were started for possible tick-borne disease. Subsequently, rapid plasma reagin (RPR) returned reactive at 1:64, and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) test was reactive at 1:2 with markedly elevated protein and pleocytosis. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing was negative. Lyme disease testing was negative. Nerve conduction studies (NCS) and electromyography (EMG) showed a sensorimotor polyneuropathy with mixed demyelinating and axonal features. IVIG was continued for a total of five days, and antibiotics were changed to penicillin G (PCN G) for a total of 14 days for definitive treatment of early neurosyphilis (NS). While both clinical and laboratory findings confirm a positive diagnosis of NS, the patient’s CSF composition showed very elevated total protein levels and pleocytosis. Additionally, his early peripheral neuropathy and EMG findings are not characteristics of a single disease and, instead, suggested a mixed pathology. We postulate that this patient had confirmed secondary syphilis with early NS associated with, and possibly correlated with, a simultaneous episode of acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP) and/or a vaccine-related phenomenon.
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Wong S, Hirani S, Forbes A, Kumar N, Hariharan R, O'Driscoll J, Viswanathan A, Harvey G, Sekhar R, Jamous A. Effect of lactobacillus casei shirota in preventing antibiotic associated diarrhoea including clostridium difficile infection in patients with spinal cord injuries: a multicentre randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Hariharan R, He P, Hickman C, Chambost J, Jacques C, Hentschke M, Cunegatto B, Dutra C, Drakeley A, Zhan Q, Miller R, Verheyen G, Rosselot M, Loubersac S, Kelley K. P–165 Using Artificial Intelligence to Classify Embryo Shape: An International Perspective. Hum Reprod 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deab130.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study question
Is a pre-trained machine learning algorithm able to accurately detect cellular arrangement in 4-cell embryos from a different continent?
Summary answer
Artificial Intelligence (AI) analysis of 4-cell embryo classification is transferable across clinics globally with 79% accuracy.
What is known already
Previous studies observing four-cell human embryo configurations have demonstrated that non-tetrahedral embryos (embryos in which cells make contact with fewer than 3 other cells) are associated with compromised blastulation and implantation potential. Previous research by this study group has indicated the efficacy of AI models in classification of tetrahedral and non-tetrahedral embryos with 87% accuracy, with a database comprising 2 clinics both from the same country (Brazil). This study aims to evaluate the transferability and robustness of this model on blind test data from a different country (France).
Study design, size, duration
The study was a retrospective cohort analysis in which 909 4-cell embryo images (“tetrahedral”, n = 749; “non-tetrahedral”, n = 160) were collected from 3 clinics (2 Brazilian, 1 French). All embryos were captured at the central focal plane using Embryoscope™ time-lapse incubators. The training data consisted solely of embryo images captured in Brazil (586 tetrahedral; 87 non-tetrahedral) and the test data consisted exclusively of embryo images captured in France (163 tetrahedral; 72 non-tetrahedral).
Participants/materials, setting, methods
The embryo images were labelled as either “tetrahedral” or “non-tetrahedral” at their respective clinics. Annotations were then validated by three operators. A ResNet–50 neural network model pretrained on ImageNet was fine-tuned on the training dataset to predict the correct annotation for each image. We used the cross entropy loss function and the RMSprop optimiser (lr = 1e–5). Simple data augmentations (flips and rotations) were used during the training process to help counteract class imbalances.
Main results and the role of chance
Our model was capable of classifying embryos in the blind French test set with 79% accuracy when trained with the Brazilian data. The model had sensitivity of 91% and 51% for tetrahedral and non-tetrahedral embryos respectively; precision was 81% and 73%; F1 score was 86% and 60%; and AUC was 0.61 and 0.64. This represents a 10% decrease in accuracy compared to when the model both trained and tested on different data from the same clinics.
Limitations, reasons for caution
Although strict inclusion and exclusion criteria were used, inter-operator variability may affect the pre-processing stage of the algorithm. Moreover, as only one focal plane was used, ambiguous cases were interpoloated and further annotated. Analysing embryos at multiple focal planes may prove crucial in improving the accuracy of the model.
Wider implications of the findings: Though the use of machine learning models in the analysis of embryo imagery has grown in recent years, there has been concern over their robustness and transferability. While previous results have demonstrated the utility of locally-trained models, our results highlight the potential for models to be implemented across different clinics.
Trial registration number
Not applicable
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P He
- Apricity, AI Team, London, United Kingdom
| | - C Hickman
- Apricity, AI Team, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - M Hentschke
- Fertilitat, Gynaecology, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - B Cunegatto
- Fertilitat, Embryology, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - C Dutra
- Reproferty, Embryology, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - A Drakeley
- Hewitt Fertility Centre of Liverpool Women’s Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Q Zhan
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, New York, USA
| | - R Miller
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Reproductive Medicine, New York, USA
| | - G Verheyen
- UZ Brussels, Reproductive Medicine, Jette, Belgium
| | - M Rosselot
- CHU de Nantes, Reproductive Medicine, Nantes, France
| | - S Loubersac
- CHU de Nantes, Reproductive Medicine, Nantes, France
| | - K Kelley
- POMA Fertility, Data Analytics, Kirkland, USA
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9
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N P, Ezhilarasan M, Hariharan R, Devaraajan NP. Human Health Diagnosis System Based on Iris Features. Ophthalmology 2018. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-5195-9.ch014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Iris feature has been used in authentication systems in many real time applications and is proved to provide high accuracy. Apart from authentication iris features can also be used for detecting pathological changes in human body and diagnose human health. The present study analyses the relationship between human iris anatomy and their health, as it is proved that changes in human health condition reflects the iris. Basically, in authentication system iris texture features are used for identification, in the proposed work iris texture and geometric features can also be deployed in diagnosing human health. The texture features present in the human iris are extracted using the mathematical statistical measure which is used to specify the characteristics of the texture of an image using gray-level co-occurrence matrix. The iris and pupil are extracted and correlated to the compactness features of the circle. Based on the comparison the system enables in prediction of abnormalities in the iris texture and identifies the affected person.
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Chowdhury S, Goyal P, Hariharan R, Samui P. Determination of Stability of Rock Slope Using Intelligent Pattern Recognition Techniques. ARTIF INTELL 2017. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-1759-7.ch024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rajkumar K, Bhattacharya A, David S, Balaji SH, Hariharan R, Jayakumar M, Balaji N. Socio-demographic study on extent of knowledge, awareness, attitude, and risks of zoonotic diseases among livestock owners in Puducherry region. Vet World 2016; 9:1018-1024. [PMID: 27733806 PMCID: PMC5057023 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1018-1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study was conducted to assess the extent of knowledge, awareness, attitude, and risks of zoonotic diseases among livestock owners in Puducherry region. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 250 livestock farmers were selected randomly from eight revenue villages. And each farmer was interviewed with a questionnaire containing both open- and close-ended questions on various aspects of zoonotic diseases, a total of 49 questionnaires were framed to assess the source and transmission of infection to the farmers and to test their knowledge and awareness about zoonotic diseases. The data collected were analyzed by chi-square test using software Graph pad prism, and results were used to assess the relationship between education level and zoonotic disease awareness; risk of zoonotic diseases and its relation with independent variables. RESULTS The present survey analysis represents that most of the respondents are belonging to the age group of 41-60 years. About 42.8% of respondents' household having a graduate. The most of the respondent are small-scale farmers and their monthly income was less than Rs. 10,000. About 61.2% of farmers were keeping their animal shed clean. About 29.6% of the respondents were ignorant about cleaning the dog bitten wound. Only 16.4% of respondents knew that diseases in animals can be transmitted to humans. Only 4.8%, 3.6%, 6.8%, and 22.4% of respondents knew about the zoonotic potential of diseases such as brucellosis, tuberculosis (TB), anthrax, and avian flu, respectively. Only 18% of the respondents were aware about zoonotic diseases from cattle. Regarding the list of zoonotic diseases contracted, 37.7% reported respiratory infection, 31.1% digestive disturbances, 15.5% had dermatological problem, and 15.5% reported indiscrete disease such as fever, body pain, and headache joint pain. From the respondent got the zoonotic disease (n=45), 51.2% of the respondent reported chronic infection and 48.8% of the respondent reported acute form of zoonotic infection. About 30% of the respondents' farm had an incidence of abortion. Our analyses showed that there was significant in educational level of respondents and treatment of dog bitten animals. Furthermore, there was statistical significance in occurrence of hand and foot lesions in the respondent and occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in their animals. CONCLUSION From this study, it is concluded that involvement of educated family members in farming practices can create awareness and improve knowledge toward zoonotic disease. Further creation of awareness toward zoonotic diseases is of utmost important.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Rajkumar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry - 605 009, India
| | - A. Bhattacharya
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry - 605 009, India
| | - S. David
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry - 605 009, India
| | - S. Hari Balaji
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry - 605 009, India
| | - R. Hariharan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry - 605 009, India
| | - M. Jayakumar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry - 605 009, India
| | - N. Balaji
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry - 605 009, India
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Hariharan R, Bhuvana S, Sarojadevi M. Structural Characterization and Properties of Organo-soluble Polyimides, Bismaleimide and Polyaspartimides Based on 4,4′-Dichloro-3,3′-Diamino Benzophenone. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008306056866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel chlorinated diamine monomer with keto group, 4,4′-dichloro-3,3′-diamino benzophenone (DADCB) was prepared through the nitration of dichloro benzophenone (DNDCB) followed by catalytic reduction with SnCl4 and HCl. Chlorinated polyimides (IVa-e) were synthesized from the above diamine with various commercially available dianhydrides via one-step and two-step methods. Polyimides IVa-e have inherent viscosity in the range 0.98–1.42 dL g° 1 in the one-step method and 0.70–0.95 dL g° 1 (thermal imidization) and 0.84–1.33 dL g° 1(chemical imidization) in the two-step method. The polyimidesprepared by the one-step method and chemical imidization method exhibited excellent solubility, but those prepared via thermal imidization exhibited limited solubility. Polyimide° lms exhibited tensile strength 95–121MPa, percentage elongation 8–13% and tensile modulus 1.6–2.4 GPa. The T g of the polyimides are in the range 272–297° C and T10 values are in the range 510–542° C in N2 and 460–498° C in air with more than 40% char yield at 800° C in N2 atmosphere. The prepared polyimides have cutoff wavelength in the range of 360–398 nm and percentage transmittance at 500 nm is in the range 80.9–94.2%. The dielectric constant of the polyimide films are in the range of 2.90–3.82 at 1 kHz and 2.85–3.68 at 10 kHz with moisture absorption in the range 0.38–0.88%. Bismaleimide (BMCB) was also synthesized using the synthesized diamine and maleic anhydride and further treated with various diamines to form linear polyaspartimides and their properties such as viscosity, solubility and thermal properties were also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Bhuvana
- Department of Chemistry, Anna University, Chennai-600025, India
| | - M. Sarojadevi
- Department of Chemistry, Anna University, Chennai-600025, India
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Abstract
The evaluation of liquefaction potential of soil due to an earthquake is an important step in geosciences. This article examines the capability of Minimax Probability Machine (MPM) for the prediction of seismic liquefaction potential of soil based on the Cone Penetration Test (CPT) data. The dataset has been taken from Chi–Chi earthquake. MPM is developed based on the use of hyperplanes. It has been adopted as a classification tool. This article uses two models (MODEL I and MODEL II). MODEL I employs Cone Resistance (qc) and Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR) as input variables. qc and Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) have been taken as inputs for MODEL II. The developed MPM gives 100% accuracy. The results show that the developed MPM can predict liquefaction potential of soil based on qc and PGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pijush Samui
- Centre for Disaster Mitigation and Management, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
| | - R Hariharan
- Annai Mira College of Engineering and Technology, Department of Computer Science, Arapakam, Vellore 632517, India
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Magimairaj H, Hariharan R, Thumbikat P. Orthodeoxia syndrome: a rare complication of ASD in spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord Ser Cases 2015; 1:15005. [PMID: 28053709 DOI: 10.1038/scsandc.2015.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN This is a single-subject case report. OBJECTIVES The objective is to describe and discuss a rare presentation of orthodeoxia after spinal cord injury in a previously healthy adult with an asymptomatic and undiagnosed atrial septal defect. SETTING This study was conducted at the Tertiary Care Spinal Injuries Center in Sheffield, UK. METHODS An 81-year-old woman who was otherwise healthy and active sustained a polytrauma following a road traffic collision. Her injuries were managed conservatively. As a complication of epidural analgesia, she developed a complete thoracic paraplegia secondary to an epidural hematoma. She was found to have repeated episodes of severe deoxemia, without any significant postural hypotension when attempts were made to sit her up in bed. Detailed investigations were done to ascertain the cause for this deoxemia. RESULTS Echocardiography revealed an atrial septal defect; agitated saline contrast transesophageal ultrasound done in various positions revealed interatrial defect with reversal of shunting when the patient was made to sit up in bed. CONCLUSION Orthodeoxia is an uncommon finding in spinal injury patients. Detailed investigations at an early stage of rehabilitation need to be done to rule out cardiac causes after ruling out the common medical complications seen in the acute and subacute phases following spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Magimairaj
- The Princess Royal Spine Injuries Center, Northern General Hospital , Sheffield, UK
| | - R Hariharan
- The Princess Royal Spine Injuries Center, Northern General Hospital , Sheffield, UK
| | - P Thumbikat
- The Princess Royal Spine Injuries Center, Northern General Hospital , Sheffield, UK
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Chakrabarty S, Hariharan R, Gowda D, Suresh H. Association of premature androgenetic alopecia and metabolic syndrome in a young Indian population. Int J Trichology 2014; 6:50-3. [PMID: 25191037 PMCID: PMC4154150 DOI: 10.4103/0974-7753.138586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Although evidences for association of androgenetic alopecia (AGA) with metabolic syndrome (MetS) are accruing, inconclusiveness with respect to the gender specificity and differential association of MetS with increasing severity of AGA continues to persist. Furthermore, data specific to Indian settings are relatively sparse. Aims: The present study aimed at assessing the frequency of MetS in individuals with early AGA in Indian settings. Settings and Design: A case-control study was conducted at a trichology clinic in Bengaluru between April 2012 and September 2012 with a total of 85 cases of AGA and 85 age-matched controls. Materials and Methods: The Norwood-Hamilton classification was used to assess the grade of AGA. MetS was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Blood pressure, blood glucose, lipid parameters, and body mass index along with anthropometric measurements were assessed in all study participants. Statistical Analysis Used: Chi-square test was used to compare proportions between groups. Means were compared between groups using Student's t-test. Results: MetS was seen in a higher proportion of patients with AGA (43.5%) as compared to the control group (2.4%) and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.001). As compared to controls, patients with AGA had higher triglycerides (P < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (P < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.001) along with significantly lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (P < 0.001). Severity of AGA was not associated with MetS. Conclusions: AGA is associated with MetS in male Indian patients aged <30 years. Studies with large sample sizes may be required to conclusively define any putative associations between AGA grades and MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chakrabarty
- Hairline International Hair Clinic, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - R Hariharan
- Department of Observational, Research Clinibyte Health Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Dg Gowda
- Hairline International Hair Clinic, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Hemalini Suresh
- Hairline International Hair Clinic, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Senthilkumar S, Hariharan R, Suganthi A, Ashokkumar M, Rajarajan M, Pitchumani K. Synergistic photodynamic action of ZnO nanomaterials encapsulated meso-tetra (4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin. POWDER TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2012.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hariharan R, Senthilkumar S, Suganthi A, Rajarajan M. Synthesis and characterization of daunorubicin modified ZnO/PVP nanorods and its photodynamic action. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Hariharan R, Senthilkumar S, Suganthi A, Rajarajan M. Synthesis and characterization of doxorubicin modified ZnO/PEG nanomaterials and its photodynamic action. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 2012; 116:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
In this correspondence, we address the task of recovering shape-from-focus (SFF) as a perceptual organization problem in 3-D. Using tensor voting, depth hypotheses from different focus operators are validated based on their likelihood to be part of a coherent 3-D surface, thereby exploiting scene geometry and focus information to generate reliable depth estimates. The proposed method is fast and yields significantly better results compared with existing SFF methods.
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Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3beta) is a multifunctional serine/threonine kinase which was originally identified as a regulator of glycogen metabolism. It plays a key role in the regulation of numerous signalling pathways including cellular process such as cell cycle, inflammation and cell proliferation. Over the last few years there is a considerable rise in the number of journals and patents publication by different workers worldwide. Many pharmaceutical companies are focusing on GSK3beta as a therapeutic target for the treatment of disease conditions. The present review is focused on signalling pathways of different disease conditions where GSK3beta is implicated. In this review, we present a comprehensive map of GSK3beta signalling pathways in disease physiologies. Structural analysis of GSK3beta along with molecular modelling reports from numerous workers are reviewed in context of design and development of GSK3beta inhibitors. Patent landscape of the small molecule modulators is profiled. The chemo space for small molecule modulators extracted from public and proprietary Kinase Chembiobase for GSK3beta are discussed. Compounds in different clinical phases of discovery are analysed. The review ends with the overall status of this important therapeutic target and challenges in development of its modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Phukan
- Structure Directed Molecular Design, Jubilant Biosys Ltd, Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore, India
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Pillai MR, Hariharan R, Babu JM, Lakshmi S, Chiplunkar SV, Patkar M, Tongaonkar H, Dinshaw K, Jayshree RS, Reddy BKM, Siddiqui M, Roychoudury S, Saha B, Abraham P, Gnanamony M, Peedicayil A, Subhashini J, Ram TS, Dey B, Sharma C, Jain SK, Singh N. Molecular variants of HPV-16 associated with cervical cancer in Indian population. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:91-103. [PMID: 19358280 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human papilloma virus is a causative factor in the etiology of cervical cancer with HPV16 being the most prevalent genotype associated with it. Intratype variations in oncogenic E6/E7 and capsid L1 proteins of HPV 16 besides being of phylogenetic importance, are associated with risk of viral persistence and progression. The objective of this multicentric study was to identify HPV-16 E6, E7 and L1 variants prevalent in India and their possible biological effects. Squamous cell cervical cancer biopsies were collected from 6 centres in India and examined for the presence of HPV 16. Variants of HPV-16 were characterized by full length sequence analysis of L1, E6 and E7 genes in 412 samples. Similar distribution of the variants was seen from the different centres/regions, with the European variant E350G being the most prevalent (58%), followed by American Asian variant (11.4%). Fifty six changes were seen in E6 region, 31 being nonsynonymous. The most frequent being L83V (72.3%), Q14H (13.1%) and H78Y (12.1%). Twenty-nine alterations were seen in E7 region, with 12 being nonsynonymous. The most frequent being F57V (9%). L1 region showed 204 changes, of which 67 were nonsynonymous. The most frequent being 448insS (100%), and 465delD (100%), H228D (94%), T292A (85%). The identified variants some new and some already reported can disrupt pentamer formation, transcriptional regulation of the virus, L1 protein interface interaction, B and T cell epitopes, p53 degradation, and thus their distribution is important for development of HPV diagnostics, vaccine, and for therapeutic purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Pillai
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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Hariharan R, Sarojadevi M. Synthesis and properties of novel organosoluble bismaleimides and polyaspartimides containing bis(4-maleimido-3, 5-dimethyl phenyl) halo phenyl methane. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Sreekumar E, Janki MBV, Arathy DS, Hariharan R, Premraj CA, Rasool TJ. Molecular characterization and expression of interferon-gamma of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 118:75-83. [PMID: 17537520 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterial organisms has emerged as one of the major diseases in captive elephants. In vitro Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) assay is being used as an ancillary test for early detection of TB in domestic and captive wild animals. In the present study, basic sequence information and immunological cross-reactivity of this major cytokine of Asian elephants were explored. At predicted amino acid level, IFN-gamma of Asian elephant showed maximum identity to that of horse (73%). Other IFN-gamma amino acid sequences that showed high level identity were that of giant panda (72%), dog (71%), nine-banded armadillo (69%), cattle (63%) and human (62%). IFN-gamma promoter sequences of Asian elephant, human, cattle and mouse showed high level conservation of the putative transcription factor binding sites, TATA box and transcriptional start site. The functionally important human IFN-gamma promoter elements, such as AP-2IRE-BE, YY1-gammaIFN-BED, ATFCS and AP-1gammaINF binding sites, were absolutely conserved in the corresponding elephant sequence. There was only a single nucleotide variation in the other two important elements, NFAT-gammaINF and IFN-gammaPE, indicating the highly conserved regulation of IFN-gamma expression across different species. Phylogenetic analysis based on IFN-gamma protein sequences revealed a closer relation of Asian elephants and nine-banded armadillo. This shows a closer evolution of these members of Afrotheria and Xenarthra, respectively; and supports the previous reports based on mitochondrial DNA studies. In Western blot analysis, IFN-gamma of Asian elephant expressed in Escherichia coli was detected using an anti-bovine IFN-gamma monoclonal antibody, indicating immunological cross-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sreekumar
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thycaud P.O., Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India.
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Hariharan R, Bhuvana S, Amutha N, Sarojadevi M. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Polyimides Containing Anthracene Moiety. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2006. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008305056486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hariharan R, Sarojadevi M. Synthesis and properties of organosoluble polyimides derived from bis(4-amino-3,5-dimethyl phenyl) halo phenyl methane and various dianhydrides. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Bhuvana S, Hariharan R, Sarojadevi M. Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(amide‐imide‐imide)s Containing 1,1‐Bis(4‐amino 3,5‐dimethyl)‐1‐(4‐methoxy phenyl) Methane. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 2005. [DOI: 10.1081/ma-200063166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Pittas AG, Hariharan R, Stark PC, Hajduk CL, Greenberg AS, Roberts SB. Interstitial Glucose Level Is a Significant Predictor of Energy Intake in Free-Living Women with Healthy Body Weight. J Nutr 2005; 135:1070-4. [PMID: 15867283 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.5.1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative contribution of circulating glucose to meal-to-meal variability in energy intake is not known. In 8 free-living young (median age 26.5 y) women with healthy body weight (median BMI 22.2 kg/m(2)), we measured glucose in the interstitial space by an automated monitoring procedure (continuous glucose monitoring system, CGMS) for up to 3 consecutive days (mean 706 glucose readings per subject). We examined the association between interstitial glucose (which lags blood glucose by approximately 10 min), self-reported hunger, satiety, desire for a meal, and nutrient intakes. Participants reported consuming a typical Western diet (59% carbohydrate, 27% fat, 14% protein). Median (interquartile range) interstitial glucose was 5.2 mmol/L (4.7-5.8). Using repeated-measures techniques in univariate analyses, desire for a meal (r = 0.45, P < 0.0001), hunger (r = 0.37, P = 0.0002), satiety (r = -0.40, P < 0.0001), low interstitial absolute mean glucose up to 25 min before eating (r = -0.23, P = 0.02), and a large decline in glucose between 40 and 5 min before eating (r = -0.17, P = 0.08) were all associated with meal energy intake. In multivariate regression analyses, desire for a meal (P < 0.0001) and hunger (P = 0.02) were the strongest independent contributors to meal energy intake, whereas absolute mean glucose measured in the period 15 to 0 min before eating was marginally significant (P = 0.08). In conclusion, absolute glucose level is a significant predictor of energy intake in nonobese women. However, desire for a meal and hunger are quantitatively more important, emphasizing the importance of both glucose signals and nonglucose (internal or environmental) factors in within-subject variability in energy intake. In addition, the CGMS may have utility in understanding the role of circulating glucose in energy regulation in free-living subjects under a wide range of different nutritional conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastassios G Pittas
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Hariharan R, Amutha N, Bhuvana S, Sarojadevi M. Synthesis and Characterization of Polyaspartimides Containing Anthracene Moiety. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/ma-120028210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Hariharan R, Anuradha G, Bhuvana S, Saroja Devi M, Anitha M. Synthesis and Characterization of Polyaspartimides Containing Anisyl Moiety. Journal of Polymer Research 2004. [DOI: 10.1023/b:jpol.0000043411.34912.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Guhanathan S, Hariharan R, Sarojadevi M. Studies on castor oil-based polyurethane/polyacrylonitrile interpenetrating polymer network for toughening of unsaturated polyester resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hariharan R, Bhuvana S, Malbi MA, Sarojadevi M. Synthesis and characterization of polyimides containing pyridine moiety. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.20650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Itokazu GS, Fischer JH, Manitpisitkul P, Hariharan R, Danziger LH. Lack of effect of nizatidine-induced elevation of gastric pH on the oral bioavailability of dapsone in healthy volunteers. Pharmacotherapy 2002; 22:1420-5. [PMID: 12432968 DOI: 10.1592/phco.22.16.1420.33698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of histamine2 (H2)-receptor antagonist-induced elevation of gastric pH on oral bioavailability of a single dose of dapsone 100 mg. DESIGN Prospective, randomized, crossover, open-label, single-dose pharmacokinetic study. SETTING Teaching hospital. PATIENTS Sixteen men were enrolled in the study; data from 11 subjects were evaluable. INTERVENTIONS Participants received two treatments separated by at least 14 days. Treatment A consisted of a single dose of dapsone 100 mg. Treatment B consisted of a single dose of dapsone 100 mg plus two doses of oral nizatidine 300 mg administered 3-4 hours apart to maintain gastric pH above 6.0. Plasma samples collected before and up to 120 hours after dapsone administration were analyzed for dapsone and monoacetyldapsone (MADDS) by high-performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental analysis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Gastric pH in the first 6 hours after dapsone administration was above 6.0 for a mean +/- SD of 1.1% +/- 2.9% of the time in the absence of nizatidine and 69.5% +/- 18.0% of the time during nizatidine therapy. The geometric mean dapsone maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) declined by 13% (p<0.01), and median time to Cmax occurred 2 hours later (p<0.01) with nizatidine coadministration compared with dapsone alone. Inclusion of the 90% confidence interval for the mean Cmax ratio within the equivalence interval of 0.8-1.25 demonstrated the lack of clinical significance for this modest decrease in Cmax. Neither the area under the dapsone plasma concentration-time curve from zero to infinity nor the elimination half-life of dapsone were significantly altered by nizatidine. No clinically significant changes were observed in the pharmacokinetics of MADDS with regard to coadministration of nizatidine. CONCLUSION Elevation of gastric pH by H2-receptor antagonists, such as nizatidine, does not result in clinically important changes in the rate or extent of oral dapsone absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail S Itokazu
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA.
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Raghavan S, Hariharan R, Brahmachari SK. Polypurine.polypyrimidine sequences in complete bacterial genomes: preference for polypurines in protein-coding regions. Gene 2000; 242:275-83. [PMID: 10721721 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(99)00505-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The genomes of Methanococcus jannaschii, Mycoplasma genitalium, Haemophilus influenzae, Archaeoglobus fulgidus, Helicobacter pylori, Treponema pallidum, Borrelia burgdorferri, Rickettsia prowazekeii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, Synechocystis sp. PCC6803, Bacillus subtilis, Chlamydia trachomatis, Pyrococcus horikoshii, Aquifex aeolicus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Escherichia coli have been analysed for the presence of polypurine.polypyrimidine tracts, in order to understand their distribution in these genomes. We observed a variation in abundance of such sequences in these bacteria, with the archaeal genomes forming a high-abundance group and the canonical eubacteria forming a low-abundance group. The genomes of M. tuberculosis and A. aeolicus are unique among the organisms analysed here in the abnormal underrepresentation and overrepresentation of polypurine.polypyrimidine, respectively. We also observe a strand bias, i.e., a preferential occurrence of polypurines in coding strands. It varies widely among the bacteria, from the very high bias in M. jannaschii to the slightly inverse bias in the parasitic genomes of T. pallidum and C. trachomatis. The extent of strand bias, however, cannot be explained on the basis of the GC-content of the genome, use of all-purine codons or an excess in the amino acids that are encoded by such codons. The probable causes and effects of this phenomenon are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Raghavan
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation, Bangalore, India
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Hariharan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, and Elf Atochem, 95 Rue Danton, BP 108, 92300 Levallois-Perret, France
| | - C. Biver
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, and Elf Atochem, 95 Rue Danton, BP 108, 92300 Levallois-Perret, France
| | - W. B. Russel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, and Elf Atochem, 95 Rue Danton, BP 108, 92300 Levallois-Perret, France
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Arbo MD, Hariharan R, Nathan C, Barefoot L, Weinstein RA, Snydman DR. Utility of serial rectal swab cultures for detection of ceftazidime- and imipenem-resistant gram-negative bacilli from patients in the intensive care unit. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 17:727-30. [PMID: 9865988 DOI: 10.1007/s100960050169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Forty-four patients receiving intensive care were studied prospectively to assess the utility of serial rectal swab cultures and clinical correlates of resistance for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., Morganella morganii, and Serratia marcescens strains resistant to ceftazidime or imipenem. Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., or Morganella morganii were found in 26 of 44 (59%) patients: 17 (65%) in clinical sites (11 with concomitant rectal isolates) and nine (35%) in a rectal site only. Of 49 total isolates, 13 (26.5%) were resistant: 10 (20.4%) to ceftazidime and three (6.1%) to imipenem. Surveillance rectal swabs from 27 patients without a clinical isolate identified two patients with resistant organisms (15% of all resistant isolates). The majority of resistance to ceftazidime or imipenem among Pseudomonas or Enterobacter can be detected by the use of clinical specimens alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Arbo
- Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Hariharan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, Elf Atochem, 95 Rue Danton, BP 108, 92300 Levallois-Perret, France, and Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-1240
| | - C. Biver
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, Elf Atochem, 95 Rue Danton, BP 108, 92300 Levallois-Perret, France, and Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-1240
| | - J. Mays
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, Elf Atochem, 95 Rue Danton, BP 108, 92300 Levallois-Perret, France, and Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-1240
| | - W. B. Russel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, Elf Atochem, 95 Rue Danton, BP 108, 92300 Levallois-Perret, France, and Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-1240
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Fred HL, Hariharan R. Bluish skin lesions, anemia, and focal seizures in a young boy. Hosp Pract (1995) 1997; 32:43-4. [PMID: 9385312 DOI: 10.1080/21548331.1997.11443594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H L Fred
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA
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Hariharan R, Masozera N, Fred HL. Case in point. Chronic aortic dissection. Hosp Pract (1995) 1997; 32:24. [PMID: 9227654 DOI: 10.1080/21548331.1997.11443520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Hariharan
- Balyor College of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Fred
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Healh Science Center at Houston, USA
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Hariharan R, Fred HL. Case in point. Eosinophilic pneumonia. Hosp Pract (1995) 1997; 32:232. [PMID: 9153152 DOI: 10.1080/21548331.1997.11443496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Hariharan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
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Biver C, Hariharan R, Mays J, Russel WB. Neutral and Charged Polymer Brushes: A Model Unifying Curvature Effects from Micelles to Flat Surfaces. Macromolecules 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9610065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Biver
- Centre d'Application de Levallois, Elf Atochem, BP 108, 92300 Levallois-Perret, France, Research and Development Center, General Electric Company, Schenectady, New York 12301, Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-1240, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - R. Hariharan
- Centre d'Application de Levallois, Elf Atochem, BP 108, 92300 Levallois-Perret, France, Research and Development Center, General Electric Company, Schenectady, New York 12301, Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-1240, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - J. Mays
- Centre d'Application de Levallois, Elf Atochem, BP 108, 92300 Levallois-Perret, France, Research and Development Center, General Electric Company, Schenectady, New York 12301, Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-1240, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - W. B. Russel
- Centre d'Application de Levallois, Elf Atochem, BP 108, 92300 Levallois-Perret, France, Research and Development Center, General Electric Company, Schenectady, New York 12301, Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-1240, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
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Fred HL, Hariharan R. High fever and shaking chills in a heroin addict. Hosp Pract (1995) 1997; 32:224, 226. [PMID: 9078984 DOI: 10.1080/21548331.1997.11443453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H L Fred
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Fred
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA
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Fred HL, Hariharan R. Ophthalmoplegia and palatal necrosis in a man with diabetes. Hosp Pract (1995) 1996; 31:87, 91. [PMID: 8969682 DOI: 10.1080/21548331.1996.11443393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H L Fred
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA
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Hariharan R, Fred HL. Diffuse hyperpigmentation in a man with diabetes. Hosp Pract (1995) 1996; 31:45, 49. [PMID: 8941160 DOI: 10.1080/21548331.1996.11443378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hariharan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Fred
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA
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