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Robinson DA, Foster ME, Bennett CH, Bhandarkar A, Webster ER, Celebi A, Celebi N, Fuller EJ, Stavila V, Spataru CD, Ashby DS, Marinella MJ, Krishnakumar R, Allendorf MD, Talin AA. Tunable Intervalence Charge Transfer in Ruthenium Prussian Blue Analog Enables Stable and Efficient Biocompatible Artificial Synapses. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2207595. [PMID: 36437049 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Emerging concepts for neuromorphic computing, bioelectronics, and brain-computer interfacing inspire new research avenues aimed at understanding the relationship between oxidation state and conductivity in unexplored materials. This report expands the materials playground for neuromorphic devices to include a mixed valence inorganic 3D coordination framework, a ruthenium Prussian blue analog (RuPBA), for flexible and biocompatible artificial synapses that reversibly switch conductance by more than four orders of magnitude based on electrochemically tunable oxidation state. The electrochemically tunable degree of mixed valency and electronic coupling between N-coordinated Ru sites controls the carrier concentration and mobility, as supported by density functional theory computations and application of electron transfer theory to in situ spectroscopy of intervalence charge transfer. Retention of programmed states is improved by nearly two orders of magnitude compared to extensively studied organic polymers, thus reducing the frequency, complexity, and energy costs associated with error correction schemes. This report demonstrates dopamine-mediated plasticity of RuPBA synapses and biocompatibility of RuPBA with neuronal cells, evoking prospective application for brain-computer interfacing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Aleyna Celebi
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Nisa Celebi
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | | | | | | | - David S Ashby
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Matthew J Marinella
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | | | | | - A Alec Talin
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
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2
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Goldberger Z, Hauert S, Chang K, Kurtanich T, Alpar AT, Repond G, Wang Y, Gomes S, Krishnakumar R, Siddarth P, Swartz MA, Hubbell JA, Briquez PS. Membrane-localized neoantigens predict the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101145. [PMID: 37552990 PMCID: PMC10439248 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint immunotherapy (ICI) can re-activate immune reactions against neoantigens, leading to remarkable remission in cancer patients. Nevertheless, only a minority of patients are responsive to ICI, and approaches for prediction of responsiveness are needed to improve the success of cancer treatments. While the tumor mutational burden (TMB) correlates positively with responsiveness and survival of patients undergoing ICI, the influence of the subcellular localizations of the neoantigens remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate in both a mouse melanoma model and human clinical datasets of 1,722 ICI-treated patients that a high proportion of membrane-localized neoantigens, particularly at the plasma membrane, correlate with responsiveness to ICI therapy and improved overall survival across multiple cancer types. We further show that combining membrane localization and TMB analyses can enhance the predictability of cancer patient response to ICI. Our results may have important implications for establishing future clinical guidelines to direct the choice of treatment toward ICI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Goldberger
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Hauert
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kevin Chang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Trevin Kurtanich
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aaron T Alpar
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Grégoire Repond
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Suzana Gomes
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Prabha Siddarth
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Melody A Swartz
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Ben May Department of Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Hubbell
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Priscilla S Briquez
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Balakrishnan K, Sureshrao K, Krishnakumar R, Rajgopalan G, Ratnagiri R. Hemodynamic Consequences of Right Ventricular (RV) Dysfunction in Left Heart Failure : Insights from a Mathematical Model with Clinical Correlation from Patients Awaiting a Heart Transplant. J Heart Lung Transplant 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2023.02.768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
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Balakrishnan K, Sureshrao K, Rajagopalan G, Krishnakumar R, Ratnagiri R. Pulmonary Elastance (PEa) Has Greater Impact on RV Function Than PVR and Ratio of Pulmonary to Systemic Elastance (SEa) Predicts Survival after Heart Transplantation: A Clinical Study with Physiological Correlation from a Mathematical Model of the Cardiovascular System. J Heart Lung Transplant 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2023.02.763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
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Ratnagiri R, Sureshrao K, Krishnakumar R, Rajagopalan G, Balakrishnan K. The Effect of Pulmonary Artery Pulsatility Index (PAPi) in Heart Failure and in LVADs is Mediated Through Different Mechanisms. J Heart Lung Transplant 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2023.02.1266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
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Dallo T, Krishnakumar R, Kolker SD, Ruffing AM. High-Density Guide RNA Tiling and Machine Learning for Designing CRISPR Interference in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:1175-1186. [PMID: 36893454 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
While CRISPRi was previously established in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 (hereafter 7002), the design principles for guide RNA (gRNA) effectiveness remain largely unknown. Here, 76 strains of 7002 were constructed with gRNAs targeting three reporter systems to evaluate features that impact gRNA efficiency. Correlation analysis of the data revealed that important features of gRNA design include the position relative to the start codon, GC content, protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) site, minimum free energy, and targeted DNA strand. Unexpectedly, some gRNAs targeting upstream of the promoter region showed small but significant increases in reporter expression, and gRNAs targeting the terminator region showed greater repression than gRNAs targeting the 3' end of the coding sequence. Machine learning algorithms enabled prediction of gRNA effectiveness, with Random Forest having the best performance across all training sets. This study demonstrates that high-density gRNA data and machine learning can improve gRNA design for tuning gene expression in 7002.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Dallo
- Molecular and Microbiology, Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, MS 1413, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Raga Krishnakumar
- Systems Biology, Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 969, MS 9292, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Stephanie D Kolker
- Molecular and Microbiology, Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, MS 1413, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Anne M Ruffing
- Molecular and Microbiology, Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, MS 1413, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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Rangarajan GK, Krishnakumar R, Devakumar D, Karthigaiselvi M, Raja A, Krishnan C. Correction to: Influence of Accuracy and Precision of Measurements of Long Bone Tumors in Imaging Studies—A Retrospective Study in Musculoskeletal Oncology. Indian J Surg Oncol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13193-023-01714-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
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Krishnakumar R, Devakumar D, Karthigaiselvi M, Raja A, Krishnan C, Rangarajan GK. Influence of Accuracy and Precision of Measurements of Long Bone Tumors in Imaging Studies—A Retrospective Study in Musculoskeletal Oncology. Indian J Surg Oncol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13193-022-01699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Siva L, Krishnakumar R, Sugumaran DK, Mohan G, Shaheed Ahamed SS, Prabhu A. Association of abnormal oral habits with body mass index among 6–12-year-old school children in and around Melmaruvathur: A cross-sectional study. J Indian Assoc Public Health Dent 2023. [DOI: 10.4103/jiaphd.jiaphd_139_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
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10
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Subramanian K, Krishnakumar R. 8801 Safe Hysteroscopic Management of Caesarean Scar Pregnancy. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2022.09.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Krishnakumar R, Ruffing AM. OperonSEQer: A set of machine-learning algorithms with threshold voting for detection of operon pairs using short-read RNA-sequencing data. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009731. [PMID: 34986143 PMCID: PMC8765615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Operon prediction in prokaryotes is critical not only for understanding the regulation of endogenous gene expression, but also for exogenous targeting of genes using newly developed tools such as CRISPR-based gene modulation. A number of methods have used transcriptomics data to predict operons, based on the premise that contiguous genes in an operon will be expressed at similar levels. While promising results have been observed using these methods, most of them do not address uncertainty caused by technical variability between experiments, which is especially relevant when the amount of data available is small. In addition, many existing methods do not provide the flexibility to determine the stringency with which genes should be evaluated for being in an operon pair. We present OperonSEQer, a set of machine learning algorithms that uses the statistic and p-value from a non-parametric analysis of variance test (Kruskal-Wallis) to determine the likelihood that two adjacent genes are expressed from the same RNA molecule. We implement a voting system to allow users to choose the stringency of operon calls depending on whether your priority is high recall or high specificity. In addition, we provide the code so that users can retrain the algorithm and re-establish hyperparameters based on any data they choose, allowing for this method to be expanded as additional data is generated. We show that our approach detects operon pairs that are missed by current methods by comparing our predictions to publicly available long-read sequencing data. OperonSEQer therefore improves on existing methods in terms of accuracy, flexibility, and adaptability. Bacteria and archaea, single-cell organisms collectively known as prokaryotes, live in all imaginable environments and comprise the majority of living organisms on this planet. Prokaryotes play a critical role in the homeostasis of multicellular organisms (such as animals and plants) and ecosystems. In addition, bacteria can be pathogenic and cause a variety of diseases in these same hosts and ecosystems. In short, understanding the biology and molecular functions of bacteria and archaea and devising mechanisms to engineer and optimize their properties are critical scientific endeavors with significant implications in healthcare, agriculture, manufacturing, and climate science among others. One major molecular difference between unicellular and multicellular organisms is the way they express genes–multicellular organisms make individual RNA molecules for each gene while, prokaryotes express operons (i.e., a group of genes coding functionally related proteins) in contiguous polycistronic RNA molecules. Understanding which genes exist within operons is critical for elucidating basic biology and for engineering organisms. In this work, we use a combination of statistical and machine learning-based methods to use next-generation sequencing data to predict operon structure across a range of prokaryotes. Our method provides an easily implemented, robust, accurate, and flexible way to determine operon structure in an organism-agnostic manner using readily available data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raga Krishnakumar
- Systems Biology Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Anne M. Ruffing
- Molecular and Microbiology Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
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Kuppan N, Muthu S, Krishnakumar R. Aggressive Thoracic Hemangioma of Spine Presenting as Painful Adolescent Scoliosis – Diagnosis and Management. J Orthop Case Rep 2022; 12:95-99. [PMID: 37013233 PMCID: PMC10066677 DOI: 10.13107/jocr.2022.v12.i11.3430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: : Spinal hemangioma is the most common benign lesion of the spine with an incidence of 10–12%. Aggressive hemangioma presents with back pain, deformity, or neurologic deficit. Aggressive hemangioma presenting as painful scoliosis is very rare and literature reporting them is very limited. Case Report: We present the case of a boy in his second decade who presented with back pain for 1 month radiating to his right chest with a deformity in his back. MRI showed a hyperintense lesion involving the sixth dorsal vertebra in the T2-weighted image and a hypointense lesion with striations in STIR images suggestive of hemangioma. Pre-operative embolization was done using micro platinum coils. The patient underwent a decompressive laminectomy and vertebral body decompression. The patient also underwent 12 cycles of adiotherapy. The patient had complete resolution of the deformity without any recurrence at 2 years. Conclusion: Management of aggressive hemangiomas with neurologic deficit needs a multidisciplinary approach with surgery, pre-operative embolization, and post-operative radiotherapy. Keywords: Adolescent scoliosis, spinal hemangioma, laminectomy, embolization, scoliosis
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Sundaram S, Christian SD, Krishnakumar R, Ramya R, Ramadoss M, Karunagaran D. Clinicopathologic implications of epithelial cell adhesion molecule expression across molecular subtypes of breast carcinoma. J Cancer Res Ther 2021; 16:1354-1359. [PMID: 33342796 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_490_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), a type I transmembrane protein of the epithelial tissues and known cell adhesion molecule, has been demonstrated to have critical role in carcinogenesis. In breast cancer, EpCAM expression has been associated with poor prognosis. The expression pattern of EpCAM across molecular subtypes of breast carcinoma has been studied in patients reporting to a South Indian multispecialty tertiary care hospital. The prognostic significance of EpCAM expression pattern and probable response to therapy has also been addressed. Materials and Methods EpCAM expression was assessed by immunohistochemical studies on 200 breast carcinoma tissue samples of different molecular subtypes, including luminal A, luminal B, Her2Neu, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The expression was scored using the standard scoring system. A correlation was drawn with detailed clinicopathologic annotation and available outcomes data to analyze the influence of EpCAM on prognosis. Results EpCAM expression varied significantly in the different intrinsic subtypes of breast carcinoma. Differential expression was also established with different grades of breast carcinoma with varying levels of differentiation. We observed strong EpCAM expression in TNBC among other subtypes. Conclusion The differential expression of EpCAM among intrinsic subtypes of breast cancer and the correlation of EpCAM expression with high-grade breast carcinoma shown in the study have important implications in understanding the role of EpCAM and might form the basis for developing targeted therapies in breast cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Sundaram
- Department of Pathology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (SRIHER), Porur; Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Simon Durairaj Christian
- Department of Pathology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (SRIHER), Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Krishnakumar
- Department of Pathology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (SRIHER), Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Ramya
- Department of General Surgery, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (SRIHER), Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahalakshmi Ramadoss
- Clinical Research Division, Central Research Facility (CRF), Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (SRIHER), Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Devarajan Karunagaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Jana S, Sreedhar SM, Krishnakumar R, Vinod Kumar R, Saratchandran S. Quality Assurance Challenges for Development of Crew Escape System Motors. CURR SCI INDIA 2021. [DOI: 10.18520/cs/v120/i1/147-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Janarthinakani M, Kalaiselvi S, Priyadarshini R, Arun S, Shashidhar K, Krishnakumar R, Manjunath N, Roopa S, Raman SG. Does Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Increase the Survival in Patients with Locally Advanced Gastric Cancer Patients? – A Real‑World Evidence. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/ijmpo.ijmpo_188_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background: In locally advanced gastric cancer (LAGC), perioperative chemotherapy has shown to improve the survival to a larger extent compared to surgery alone. In India, the treatment followed for gastric carcinoma widely varies based on the type of health-care provider and treatment access. There is a paucity of data on the role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on survival among LAGC patients in the Indian context. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) between neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapies among LAGC patients. Subjects and Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study involving clinical record review of LAGC patients enrolled between 2015 and 2017 from four tertiary cancer centers in South India. The date for the following events, namely diagnosis, recurrence, death, and last day of visit, was extracted in a mobile-based open-access tool. The median duration of OS and DFS between the neoadjuvant and adjuvant groups was compared using Kaplan–Meier survival curves. Results: Of the 137 patients, 70 (51%) had received neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery and 67 (49%) had adjuvant chemotherapy following the surgery. The mean (standard deviation) age of participants was 55.4 (11.4) years. Seventy-eight percent of the patients were diagnosed at Stage 3 or 4. Regional lymph nodes were involved in 83.9%. The median duration of follow-up was 15 months. The OS in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant groups was 18.6 months and 8.3 months, respectively. Nonregional lymph node involvement and adjacent organ involvement had independently increased the risk of death. Conclusion: Among LAGC patients, the neoadjuvant chemotherapy indicated a better median and DFS compared to the adjuvant group. However, these findings were statistically not significant. The current study has contributed an important finding to the existing evidences of clinical practice in an Indian setting. Further large-scale studies are required to validate the promising trend of using neoadjuvant chemotherapy in LAGC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rajamani Priyadarshini
- Department of Research, Fenivi Research Solutions Private Limited, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Seshachalam Arun
- Department of Medical Oncology, GVN Cancer Institute, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Shashidhar
- Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - R Krishnakumar
- Meenakshi Mission Hospital and Research Centre, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Manjunath
- Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sirigeri Roopa
- Department of Oncology, Columbia Asia, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - SG Raman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Madras Cancer Care Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Mageeney CM, Lau BY, Wagner JM, Hudson CM, Schoeniger JS, Krishnakumar R, Williams KP. New candidates for regulated gene integrity revealed through precise mapping of integrative genetic elements. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:4052-4065. [PMID: 32182341 PMCID: PMC7192596 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrative genetic elements (IGEs) are mobile multigene DNA units that integrate into and excise from host bacterial genomes. Each IGE usually targets a specific site within a conserved host gene, integrating in a manner that preserves target gene function. However, a small number of bacterial genes are known to be inactivated upon IGE integration and reactivated upon excision, regulating phenotypes of virulence, mutation rate, and terminal differentiation in multicellular bacteria. The list of regulated gene integrity (RGI) cases has been slow-growing because IGEs have been challenging to precisely and comprehensively locate in genomes. We present software (TIGER) that maps IGEs with unprecedented precision and without attB site bias. TIGER uses a comparative genomic, ping-pong BLAST approach, based on the principle that the IGE integration module (i.e. its int-attP region) is cohesive. The resultant IGEs from 2168 genomes, along with integrase phylogenetic analysis and gene inactivation tests, revealed 19 new cases of genes whose integrity is regulated by IGEs (including dut, eccCa1, gntT, hrpB, merA, ompN, prkA, tqsA, traG, yifB, yfaT and ynfE), as well as recovering previously known cases (in sigK, spsM, comK, mlrA and hlb genes). It also recovered known clades of site-promiscuous integrases and identified possible new ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Mageeney
- Sandia National Laboratories, Systems Biology Department, Livermore, CA 94551-0969, USA
| | - Britney Y Lau
- Sandia National Laboratories, Systems Biology Department, Livermore, CA 94551-0969, USA
| | - Julian M Wagner
- Sandia National Laboratories, Systems Biology Department, Livermore, CA 94551-0969, USA
| | - Corey M Hudson
- Sandia National Laboratories, Systems Biology Department, Livermore, CA 94551-0969, USA
| | - Joseph S Schoeniger
- Sandia National Laboratories, Systems Biology Department, Livermore, CA 94551-0969, USA
| | - Raga Krishnakumar
- Sandia National Laboratories, Systems Biology Department, Livermore, CA 94551-0969, USA
| | - Kelly P Williams
- Sandia National Laboratories, Systems Biology Department, Livermore, CA 94551-0969, USA
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Hirakawa M, Krishnakumar R, Timlin J, Carney J, Butler K. Gene editing and CRISPR in the clinic: current and future perspectives. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:BSR20200127. [PMID: 32207531 PMCID: PMC7146048 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome editing technologies, particularly those based on zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat DNA sequences)/Cas9 are rapidly progressing into clinical trials. Most clinical use of CRISPR to date has focused on ex vivo gene editing of cells followed by their re-introduction back into the patient. The ex vivo editing approach is highly effective for many disease states, including cancers and sickle cell disease, but ideally genome editing would also be applied to diseases which require cell modification in vivo. However, in vivo use of CRISPR technologies can be confounded by problems such as off-target editing, inefficient or off-target delivery, and stimulation of counterproductive immune responses. Current research addressing these issues may provide new opportunities for use of CRISPR in the clinical space. In this review, we examine the current status and scientific basis of clinical trials featuring ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR-based genome editing, the known limitations of CRISPR use in humans, and the rapidly developing CRISPR engineering space that should lay the groundwork for further translation to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raga Krishnakumar
- Systems Biology, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94551, U.S.A
| | - Jerilyn A. Timlin
- Molecular and Microbiology, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, U.S.A
| | - James P. Carney
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, U.S.A
| | - Kimberly S. Butler
- Molecular and Microbiology, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, U.S.A
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Balakrishnan K, Krishnakumar R. Physiologically Significant Pulsatility Key to Reducing Adverse Events in CF LVADS. J Heart Lung Transplant 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2020.01.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Krishnakumar R, Ramesh R. A Method and an Experimental Setup for Measuring the Self-Noise of Piezoelectric Hydrophones. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2020; 67:413-421. [PMID: 31562081 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2019.2943955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Self-noise of hydrophone is one of the important parameters for critical sonar applications, as it finally decides the lowest detectable signal from a target. To measure the ambient noise of the ocean, the self-noise of the hydrophone should be much less than the sea state zero (SS0) noise. Hence, an experimental setup is required to measure the self-noise generated by the hydrophones. An experimental setup has been designed, developed, and demonstrated. The facility consists of a vibration-isolated and EMI-shielded vacuum chamber which encloses the sample holder assembly and effectively isolates the test hydrophones from external environmental noise sources, such as ground vibrations, electromagnetic interference, and airborne acoustic noises. This enables the measurement of self-noise that is originating purely within the hydrophone. A procedure is developed to remove the noise contribution of the preamplifier including its resistors from the measured output signal of the preamplifier. Uncertainty in measurement using this setup is estimated using the propagation of distribution method through Monte Carlo simulation. This article describes the factors contributing to the self-noise in piezoelectric (PE) transducers, the noise measurement principle, the constructional details of the experimental setup, and the calibration procedure. The technique is demonstrated by measuring the self-noise of a few different types of hydrophones. Thermal noise as low as 0.5 nV / √{Hz} with an estimated uncertainty of 0.5 nV / √{Hz} with a confidence level of 95% is achieved.
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Prakash U, Krishnakumar R, Lakshmipathy KM, Venkatachalapathy E. Unusual FDG PET/CT Uptake in Uterine Tumors in Cancer Survivor. Indian J Gynecol Oncolog 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40944-019-0286-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Edwards HS, Krishnakumar R, Sinha A, Bird SW, Patel KD, Bartsch MS. Real-Time Selective Sequencing with RUBRIC: Read Until with Basecall and Reference-Informed Criteria. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11475. [PMID: 31391493 PMCID: PMC6685950 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47857-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Oxford MinION, the first commercial nanopore sequencer, is also the first to implement molecule-by-molecule real-time selective sequencing or “Read Until”. As DNA transits a MinION nanopore, real-time pore current data can be accessed and analyzed to provide active feedback to that pore. Fragments of interest are sequenced by default, while DNA deemed non-informative is rejected by reversing the pore bias to eject the strand, providing a novel means of background depletion and/or target enrichment. In contrast to the previously published pattern-matching Read Until approach, our RUBRIC method is the first example of real-time selective sequencing where on-line basecalling enables alignment against conventional nucleic acid references to provide the basis for sequence/reject decisions. We evaluate RUBRIC performance across a range of optimizable parameters, apply it to mixed human/bacteria and CRISPR/Cas9-cut samples, and present a generalized model for estimating real-time selection performance as a function of sample composition and computing configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison S Edwards
- Exploratory Systems Dept., Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Raga Krishnakumar
- Systems Biology Dept., Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Anupama Sinha
- Systems Biology Dept., Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Sara W Bird
- Biotechnology & Bioengineering Dept., Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA.,uBiome, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kamlesh D Patel
- Exploratory Systems Dept., Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA.,Purdue Partnerships Dept., Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Michael S Bartsch
- Exploratory Systems Dept., Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA.
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Simondurairaj C, Krishnakumar R, Sundaram S, Venkatraman G. Interleukin-6 Receptor (IL-6R) Expression in Human Gastric Carcinoma and its Clinical Significance. Cancer Invest 2019; 37:293-298. [PMID: 31328584 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2019.1638395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study is to analyse the expression of Interleukin-6 receptor in different human gastric tissue and to correlate with the clinicopathological features of the patients. Immunohistochemistry was done against the IL-6R antibody and the Q-score was calculated from the staining pattern. Higher Q-scores were observed in tumour cells than the adjacent normal cells which were statistically significant. We also observed a significant correlation between the expressions of IL-6R and the clinicopathological features These findings suggest that IL-6R may represent as a therapeutic target for gastric carcinoma and serve as a prognostic indicator, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Simondurairaj
- Department of Pathology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University) , Chennai , India
| | - R Krishnakumar
- Department of Pathology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University) , Chennai , India
| | - Sandhya Sundaram
- Department of Pathology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University) , Chennai , India
| | - Ganesh Venkatraman
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University) , Chennai , India
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23
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Krishnakumar R, Srivatsa N. Multimodal intraoperative neuromonitoring in scoliosis surgery: A two-year prospective analysis in a single centre. Neurol India 2019; 65:75-79. [PMID: 28084243 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.198189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM The present study is a prospective analysis of neuromonitoring [somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) and transcranial motor evoked potentials (TcMEP)] in consecutive scoliosis surgeries done at a tertiary care spine centre. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prospective analysis was performed on 52 consecutive patients undergoing scoliosis correction from 2013 to 2015. SSEPs were obtained by stimulating the median and tibial nerves with stimulus intensity level 20-25 mA. TcMEPs were recorded bilaterally from abductor pollicis brevis, biceps, and deltoid for the upper limb, and from tibialis anterior, quadriceps, gastrocnemius, and abductor hallucis for the lower limb. Stimulation was given in the form of a high voltage (300-400 V) stimulus. An "alert" was defined as reduction in the amplitude of at least 50% for SSEP and at least 65% for TcMEP compared to the baseline recordings and an increase in the latency by more than 10%. RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 14.6 years (7-33 years). Thirty-nine of the patients were females and 13 were males. Baseline values in neuromuscular scoliosis were low compared to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). There were no false negative incidents. False positive cases were due to low blood pressure and malfunctioning of the leads. CONCLUSION Use of upper limb leads could help in identifying malposition or malfunctioning of leads to eliminate false positive results. Combined multimodal intraoperative monitoring helps in increasing the safety in scoliosis corrective surgeries with a high sensitivity and specificity. Baseline values in neuromuscular scoliosis patients are possibly lower than idiopathic scoliosis patients. Intraoperative variations must be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Krishnakumar
- Department of Orthopaedics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Viswa Vidhyapeetam, Kerala, India
| | - N Srivatsa
- Department of Orthopaedics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Viswa Vidhyapeetam, Kerala, India
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24
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Rabiabasree R, Krishnakumar R, Prabhu AS, Naik NS, Shashibhushan KK, Janarthanan K. Inhibitory effect of a resin coat-containing prereacted glass fillers on the enamel demineralization of the primary teeth: An in vitro pilot study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2019; 37:146-150. [PMID: 31249177 DOI: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_309_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With an increasing interest in preventive strategies, pedodontics research is now more focused on developing newer materials and techniques to coat the primary teeth to prevent onset of new carious lesions. AIM The aim of this study is to evaluate the inhibitory effect of prereacted glass (PRG) filler-containing resin coat on enamel demineralization of the primary teeth. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Eight de-rooted primary caries-free teeth sectioned into 4 mm × 4 mm were divided into either experimental group which received the PRG barrier coat or control group which was left uncoated. These were then immersed in acid buffer at pH 4.5 for 3 days. Mineral content was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Data were collected and analyzed statistically using paired Student's "t" test, with a P < 0.05 being considered statistically significant. RESULTS When the calcium/phosphorous (Ca/P) ratio (wt%) which is indicative of the mineral content of enamel was compared, the values were higher for the experimental group than that for the control group and the association was statistically significant (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The higher Ca/P ratio of experimental group was suggestive of the ability of PRG barrier coat to inhibit enamel demineralization in the primary teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rabiabasree
- Department of Paediatrics and Preventive Dentistry, Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Krishnakumar
- Division of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anand S Prabhu
- Division of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Sathyajith Naik
- Division of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - K K Shashibhushan
- Division of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Sharavathi Dental College, Shimoga, Karnataka, India
| | - K Janarthanan
- Division of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
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25
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Miller PR, Taylor RM, Tran BQ, Boyd G, Glaros T, Chavez VH, Krishnakumar R, Sinha A, Poorey K, Williams KP, Branda SS, Baca JT, Polsky R. Extraction and biomolecular analysis of dermal interstitial fluid collected with hollow microneedles. Commun Biol 2018; 1:173. [PMID: 30374463 PMCID: PMC6197253 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0170-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermal interstitial fluid (ISF) is an underutilized information-rich biofluid potentially useful in health status monitoring applications whose contents remain challenging to characterize. Here, we present a facile microneedle approach for dermal ISF extraction with minimal pain and no blistering for human subjects and rats. Extracted ISF volumes were sufficient for determining transcriptome, and proteome signatures. We noted similar profiles in ISF, serum, and plasma samples, suggesting that ISF can be a proxy for direct blood sampling. Dynamic changes in RNA-seq were recorded in ISF from induced hypoxia conditions. Finally, we report the first isolation and characterization, to our knowledge, of exosomes from dermal ISF. The ISF exosome concentration is 12-13 times more enriched when compared to plasma and serum and represents a previously unexplored biofluid for exosome isolation. This minimally invasive extraction approach can enable mechanistic studies of ISF and demonstrates the potential of ISF for real-time health monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Miller
- Nano and Micro Sensors, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
| | - Robert M Taylor
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Bao Quoc Tran
- Excet Inc., 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, VA, 22150, USA
| | - Gabrielle Boyd
- Excet Inc., 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, VA, 22150, USA
| | - Trevor Glaros
- Research and Technology Directorate, US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Edgewood, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Victor H Chavez
- Nano and Micro Sensors, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
| | - Raga Krishnakumar
- Systems Biology, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94551, USA
| | - Anupama Sinha
- Systems Biology, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94551, USA
| | - Kunal Poorey
- Systems Biology, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94551, USA
| | - Kelly P Williams
- Systems Biology, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94551, USA
| | - Steven S Branda
- Biomass Science and Conversion Technology, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94551, USA
| | - Justin T Baca
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Ronen Polsky
- Nano and Micro Sensors, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA.
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Krishnakumar R, Chen AF, Pantovich MG, Danial M, Parchem RJ, Labosky PA, Blelloch R. FOXD3 Regulates Pluripotent Stem Cell Potential by Simultaneously Initiating and Repressing Enhancer Activity. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 23:306-307. [PMID: 30075131 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Chen AF, Liu AJ, Krishnakumar R, Freimer JW, DeVeale B, Blelloch R. GRHL2-Dependent Enhancer Switching Maintains a Pluripotent Stem Cell Transcriptional Subnetwork after Exit from Naive Pluripotency. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 23:226-238.e4. [PMID: 30017589 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The enhancer landscape of pluripotent stem cells undergoes extensive reorganization during early mammalian development. The functions and mechanisms behind such reorganization, however, are unclear. Here, we show that the transcription factor GRHL2 is necessary and sufficient to activate an epithelial subset of enhancers as naive embryonic stem cells (ESCs) transition into formative epiblast-like cells (EpiLCs). Surprisingly, many GRHL2 target genes do not change in expression during the ESC-EpiLC transition. Instead, enhancers regulating these genes in ESCs diminish in activity in EpiLCs while GRHL2-dependent alternative enhancers become activated to maintain transcription. GRHL2 therefore assumes control over a subset of the naive network via enhancer switching to maintain expression of epithelial genes upon exit from naive pluripotency. These data evoke a model where the naive pluripotency network becomes partitioned into smaller, independent networks regulated by EpiLC-specific transcription factors, thereby priming cells for lineage specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy F Chen
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Arthur J Liu
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Raga Krishnakumar
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jacob W Freimer
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Brian DeVeale
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Robert Blelloch
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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28
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Jayashree R, Nazeem PA, Rekha K, Sreelatha S, Thulaseedharan A, Krishnakumar R, Kala RG, Vineetha M, Leda P, Jinu U, Venkatachalam P. Over-expression of 3-hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase 1 (hmgr1) gene under super-promoter for enhanced latex biosynthesis in rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.). Plant Physiol Biochem 2018; 127:414-424. [PMID: 29680705 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Natural rubber (cis-1, 4-polyisoprene) is being produced from bark laticifer cells of Hevea brasiliensis and the popular high latex yielding Indian rubber clones are easily prone to onset of tapping panel dryness syndrome (TPD) which is considered as a physiological syndrome affecting latex production either partially or completely. This report describes an efficient protocol for development of transgenic rubber plants by over-expression of 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl Co-enzyme A reductase 1 (hmgr1) gene which is considered as rate limiting factor for latex biosynthesis via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The pBIB plasmid vector containing hmgr1 gene cloned under the control of a super-promoter was used for genetic transformation using embryogenic callus. Putatively transgenic cell lines were obtained on selection medium and produced plantlets with 44% regeneration efficiency. Transgene integration was confirmed by PCR amplification of 1.8 kb hmgr1 and 0.6 kb hpt genes from all putatively transformed callus lines as well as transgenic plants. Southern blot analysis showed the stable integration and presence of transgene in the transgenic plants. Over expression of hmgr1 transgene was determined by Northern blot hybridization, semi-quantitative PCR and real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Accumulation of hmgr1 mRNA transcripts was more abundant in transgenic plants than control. Increased level of photosynthetic pigments, protein contents and HMGR enzyme activity was also noticed in transgenic plants over control. Interestingly, the latex yield was significantly enhanced in all transgenic plants compared to the control. The qRT-PCR results exhibit that the hmgr1 mRNA transcript levels was 160-fold more abundance in transgenic plants over untransformed control. These results altogether suggest that there is a positive correlation between latex yield and accumulation of mRNA transcripts level as well as HMGR enzyme activity in transgenic rubber plants. It is presumed that there is a possibility for enhanced level of latex biosynthesis in transgenic plants as the level of mRNA transcripts and HMGR enzyme activity is directly correlated with latex yield in rubber tree. Further, the present results clearly suggest that the quantification of HMGR enzyme activity in young seedlings will be highly beneficial for early selection of high latex yielding plants in rubber breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jayashree
- Advanced Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam 686 009, Kerala, India.
| | - P A Nazeem
- Department of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biotechnology Molecular Biology, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - K Rekha
- Advanced Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam 686 009, Kerala, India
| | - S Sreelatha
- Advanced Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam 686 009, Kerala, India
| | - A Thulaseedharan
- Advanced Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam 686 009, Kerala, India
| | - R Krishnakumar
- Advanced Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam 686 009, Kerala, India
| | - R G Kala
- Advanced Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam 686 009, Kerala, India
| | - M Vineetha
- Advanced Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam 686 009, Kerala, India; Department of Microbiology, Government Arts & Science College, Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - P Leda
- Advanced Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam 686 009, Kerala, India
| | - U Jinu
- Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem 636011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Venkatachalam
- Advanced Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam 686 009, Kerala, India; Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem 636011, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Sajeev S, Krishnakumar R. An unusual cause of combined cauda equina and conus medullaris syndrome. Neurol India 2018; 66:886-888. [PMID: 29766974 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.232280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Sajeev
- Department of Spine Surgery, VPS Lakeshore Hospital, Ernakulam, Kerala, India
| | - R Krishnakumar
- Department of Spine Surgery, VPS Lakeshore Hospital, Ernakulam, Kerala, India
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30
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Krishnakumar R, Sinha A, Bird SW, Jayamohan H, Edwards HS, Schoeniger JS, Patel KD, Branda SS, Bartsch MS. Systematic and stochastic influences on the performance of the MinION nanopore sequencer across a range of nucleotide bias. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3159. [PMID: 29453452 PMCID: PMC5816649 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21484-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging sequencing technologies are allowing us to characterize environmental, clinical and laboratory samples with increasing speed and detail, including real-time analysis and interpretation of data. One example of this is being able to rapidly and accurately detect a wide range of pathogenic organisms, both in the clinic and the field. Genomes can have radically different GC content however, such that accurate sequence analysis can be challenging depending upon the technology used. Here, we have characterized the performance of the Oxford MinION nanopore sequencer for detection and evaluation of organisms with a range of genomic nucleotide bias. We have diagnosed the quality of base-calling across individual reads and discovered that the position within the read affects base-calling and quality scores. Finally, we have evaluated the performance of the current state-of-the-art neural network-based MinION basecaller, characterizing its behavior with respect to systemic errors as well as context- and sequence-specific errors. Overall, we present a detailed characterization the capabilities of the MinION in terms of generating high-accuracy sequence data from genomes with a wide range of nucleotide content. This study provides a framework for designing the appropriate experiments that are the likely to lead to accurate and rapid field-forward diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anupama Sinha
- Systems Biology, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Sara W Bird
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA.,uBiome, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Harikrishnan Jayamohan
- Advanced Systems Engineering & Deployment, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA.,Roche Molecular Systems, Pleasanton, CA, USA
| | - Harrison S Edwards
- Advanced Systems Engineering & Deployment, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA.,University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Kamlesh D Patel
- Advanced Systems Engineering & Deployment, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Steven S Branda
- Biomass Science and Conversion Technology, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Bartsch
- Advanced Systems Engineering & Deployment, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA.
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31
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Freimer JW, Krishnakumar R, Cook MS, Blelloch R. Expression of Alternative Ago2 Isoform Associated with Loss of microRNA-Driven Translational Repression in Mouse Oocytes. Curr Biol 2018; 28:296-302.e3. [PMID: 29307557 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mouse oocyte maturation, fertilization, and reprogramming occur in the absence of transcription, and thus, changes in mRNA levels and translation rate are regulated through post-transcriptional mechanisms [1]. Surprisingly, microRNA function, which is a major form of post-transcriptional regulation, is absent during this critical period of mammalian development [2, 3]. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the global suppression of microRNA activity. In both mouse and frogs, microRNA function was active in growing oocytes but then absent during oocyte maturation. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of mouse oocytes uncovered that the microRNA effector protein AGO2 is predominantly expressed as an alternative isoform that encodes a truncated protein lacking all of the known essential domains. Full-length Ago2 as well as the related Argonautes (Ago1, Ago3, and Ago4) were lowly expressed in maturing mouse oocytes. Reintroduction of full-length AGO2 together with an exogenous microRNA in either mouse or frog oocytes restored translational repression of a target reporter. However, levels of endogenous transcripts remained unchanged. Consistent with a lack of microRNA activity, analysis of transcripts with alternative polyadenylation sites showed increased stability of transcripts with a longer 3' UTR during oocyte maturation. Redundant mechanisms protecting endogenous transcripts and the conserved loss of microRNA activity suggest a strong selection for suppressing microRNA function in vertebrate oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob W Freimer
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Raga Krishnakumar
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew S Cook
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Robert Blelloch
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Harikrishnan S, Sanjay G, Ashishkumar M, Menon J, Rajesh G, Krishnakumar R, Jeemon P. P730Characteristics of patients with pulmonary hypertension from a developing country setting; data from the PROKERALA registry in Kerala, India. Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx501.p730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Indhushree R, Monica R, Coral K, Angayarkanni N, Punitham R, Subburathinam BM, Krishnakumar R, Santanam PP. Visual functions of workers exposed to organic solvents in petrochemical industries. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2017; 20:133-137. [PMID: 28446838 PMCID: PMC5384391 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5278.203138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to evaluate the visual functions of workers exposed to organic solvents in petrochemical industries. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty workers from the petroleum refinery and 30 age-matched controls (mean age) were recruited. Visual functions and occupational exposure levels were assessed among both the groups. Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, color vision, and visual fields were evaluated at the workplace. The biological samples, namely blood and urine, were collected at the workplace and transported to the laboratory for analysis. The urinary excretion of hippuric and methylhippuric acid as well as creatinine was measured by high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS The mean age of the workers and controls were 39.7 ± 7.6 years and 38.6 ± 8.1, years respectively. The mean years of experience of the workers were 15.6 ± 6.8 years. Visual acuity was >0.01 LogMAR among both the control and case groups. The contrast sensitivity was reduced at 12cpd among workers. Comparison between groups was done using independent sample t-test. The mean difference in color confusion index was 0.11 ± 0.05 (P = 0.037*). The mean difference in visual fields was -0.31 ± 0.36 dB (P = 0.933). The mean difference in urinary hippuric acid level (urinary metabolite of toluene) between the groups was 0.19 ± 0.96 g/g creatinine (P = 0.049FNx01). The mean difference in the excretion of methylhippuric acid (urinary metabolite of xylene) was 0.06 ± 0.04g/g creatinine (P = 0.154). We also found that exposure was a significant risk factor for color vision defect with an odds ratio of 4.43 (95% CI: 1.36-14.4); P = 0.013. CONCLUSION The study results showed that contrast sensitivity and color vision were affected among workers in petrochemical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Indhushree
- Elite School of Optometry, Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.,Occupational Optometry Service, Sankara Nethralaya, Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Monica
- Elite School of Optometry, Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.,Occupational Optometry Service, Sankara Nethralaya, Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Coral
- R S Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Narayanasamy Angayarkanni
- R S Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Punitham
- Sri Nathella Sampathu Chetty Clinical Laboratory, Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B M Subburathinam
- Occupational Hygienist, Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Krishnakumar
- Elite School of Optometry, Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.,Occupational Optometry Service, Sankara Nethralaya, Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P P Santanam
- Elite School of Optometry, Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.,Occupational Optometry Service, Sankara Nethralaya, Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Menon PD, Krishnakumar R, Jojo A. Radiological and Histopathological Outcome of Giant Cell Tumor of Femur with Denosumab Treatment: A Case Report. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:RD01-RD03. [PMID: 28208958 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/22172.9070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Giant Cell Tumour of Bone (GCTB) is a benign but locally aggressive osteolytic skeletal neoplasm of young adults consisting of giant cells expressing RANK (Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB) and mesenchymal spindle-like stromal cells expressing RANKL (RANK ligand). The interaction of these cells leads to bone resorption. Recently, the RANKL inhibitor, denosumab, has demonstrated activity against giant-cell tumours. The current article reports a case of a Giant cell tumour of left distal femur with pathological fracture. A 34-year-old male patient presented with history of on and off dull aching pain in the left knee for 4 months followed by a history of trivial fall. He sustained a closed injury in the left knee, following which he was unable to bear weight and developed pain and swelling in left knee. Conventional radiographs and Computerized tomography (CT) was done which showed the presence of a left distal femoral osteolytic lesion and a histological analysis of a biopsy specimen confirmed the diagnosis of GCTB. The patient was treated with neoadjuvant denosumab therapy which resulted in successful downstaging of the tumour followed by extended curettage of the lesion with high speed burr and argon laser cautery. The post-curettage microscopic examination revealed the absence of osteoclast-type giant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi Dileep Menon
- Intern, Department of Pathology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences , Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - R Krishnakumar
- Associate Professor, Department of Orthopedics, Amrita Institute of Medical sciences , Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Annie Jojo
- Professor, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences , Kochi, Kerala, India
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Krishnakumar R, Chen AF, Pantovich MG, Danial M, Parchem RJ, Labosky PA, Blelloch R. FOXD3 Regulates Pluripotent Stem Cell Potential by Simultaneously Initiating and Repressing Enhancer Activity. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 18:104-17. [PMID: 26748757 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Early development is governed by the ability of pluripotent cells to retain the full range of developmental potential and respond accurately to developmental cues. This property is achieved in large part by the temporal and contextual regulation of gene expression by enhancers. Here, we evaluated regulation of enhancer activity during differentiation of embryonic stem to epiblast cells and uncovered the forkhead transcription factor FOXD3 as a major regulator of the developmental potential of both pluripotent states. FOXD3 bound to distinct sites in the two cell types priming enhancers through a dual-functional mechanism. It recruited the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex ATPase BRG1 to promote nucleosome removal while concurrently inhibiting maximal activation of the same enhancers by recruiting histone deacetylases1/2. Thus, FOXD3 prepares cognate genes for future maximal expression by establishing and simultaneously repressing enhancer activity. Through switching of target sites, FOXD3 modulates the developmental potential of pluripotent cells as they differentiate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raga Krishnakumar
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Amy F Chen
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Marisol G Pantovich
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Muhammad Danial
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ronald J Parchem
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Patricia A Labosky
- Office of Strategic Coordination, Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, and Office of Director, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert Blelloch
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Hosten O, Krishnakumar R, Engelsen NJ, Kasevich MA. Quantum phase magnification. Science 2016; 352:1552-5. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf3397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Kuzhimattam MJ, Krishnakumar R. Naked facet sign in a case of traumatic injury to the thoracic vertebra. Spine J 2016; 16:e37-8. [PMID: 26387778 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - R Krishnakumar
- Spine Division, Department of Orthopedics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Edapally, Kochi, Kerala 682024, India
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Krishnakumar R, Silla S, Durai S, Govindarajan M, Ahamed S, Mathivanan L. Comparative evaluation of audio and audio - tactile methods to improve oral hygiene status of visually impaired school children. CHRISMED J Health Res 2016. [DOI: 10.4103/2348-3334.172403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report on unique cases of spinal compression fractures due to pregnancy-associated osteoporosis (PAO) and to suggest a satisfactory treatment modality. MATERIALS AND METHODS A single-center retrospective study. We reviewed the data of 535 patients with osteoporotic spinal compression fractures over a period of 5-year. Two patients who developed spinal compression fractures due to PAO were identified and treated. RESULTS The clinical presentation and blood investigations ruled out other causes of osteoporosis. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to confirm the diagnosis. All patients improved with medical management. CONCLUSION Vertebral fractures due to PAO should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients with back pain who are in the third trimester of pregnancy or in postpartum. Early recognition and appropriate conservative management would be necessary to prevent complications such as new vertebral fractures and chronic back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Krishnakumar
- Department of Orthopaedics, Spine Division, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Arun T Kumar
- Department of Orthopaedics, Spine Division, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Mathew John Kuzhimattam
- Department of Orthopaedics, Spine Division, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Cochin, Kerala, India
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Abstract
Objectives: To report unique cases of Ogilvie's syndrome (acute intestinal pseudo-obstruction) following posterior spinal instrumentation in thoraco lumbar trauma. Materials and Methods: A single centre retrospective study. We reviewed the surgical data of 420 patients who underwent thoracolumbar spinal surgery over a period of four years. Two patients who developed post operative Ogilvie's syndromes were identified. Results: The clinical presentation and blood investigations ruled out any infectious pathology. Computed tomography scans ruled out the mechanical obstruction. All patients improved with conservative management. Conclusion: Ogilvie's syndrome should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients with postoperative significant abdominal distension who had undergone posterior instrumentation for spinal trauma. Early recognition and appropriate conservative treatment would be necessary to prevent complications such as bowel ischemia and perforation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Krishnakumar
- Department of Orthopaedics, Spine Division, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Mathew John Kuzhimattam
- Department of Orthopaedics, Spine Division, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Orthopaedics, Spine Division, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Cochin, Kerala, India
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Abstract
A key research subject in the area of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is how to make them autonomous. Towards this goal, the most vital step is stabilizing the attitude of the vehicles. This paper presents the design of an autonomous control system for a hybrid UAV to enable it to carry out a stable hovering mission under external wind disturbances. The hovering capability of the hybrid UAV under windy conditions is analysed with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and a control law is designed to stabilize the craft in the hovering position. The proposed hovering controller is verified with simulations and experiments. Finally, the flight control system is installed in a small prototype and a full transition flight test, including vertical take-off, transition from vertical flight to cruise, cruise, transition cruise to vertical mode and hover landing, is successfully accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Krishnakumar
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Madras Institute of Technology, Anna University, Tamilnadu, India
| | - A. Mohamed Rasheed
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Madras Institute of Technology, Anna University, Tamilnadu, India
| | - K. Senthil Kumar
- Centre for Aerospace and Research, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Madras Institute of Technology, Anna University, Tamilnadu, India
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Ganesan P, Rajendranath R, Kannan K, Radhakrishnan V, Ganesan TS, Udupa K, Lakshmipathy KM, Mahajan V, Sundersingh S, Rajaraman S, Krishnakumar R, Sagar TG. Phase II study of interim PET-CT-guided response-adapted therapy in advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:1170-1174. [PMID: 25701453 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combination chemotherapy ABVD (doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarabazine) cures ∼70% of patients with advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma (aHL, stages IIB, III and IV) while more toxic escalated BEACOPP (EB, combination of bleomycin, etoposide, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine and prednisolone) increases cure rates to 85%. Patients with a positive interim positron emission tomography-computerized tomography (PET-CT) scan after two cycles (PET-2) of ABVD have very poor outcomes with continued ABVD. Intensifying therapy with EB in PET-2-positive patients ('response-adapted therapy') may improve cure rates, whereas the negative patients can continue ABVD alone. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eligible patients with newly diagnosed aHL received two cycles of ABVD and underwent PET-2 (scored with semi-quantitative 5-point visual criteria, 'Deauville score'). PET-2-negative patients continued four additional cycles of ABVD, whereas PET-2-positive patients received four cycles of EB. A phase II sample size of 50 was estimated keeping the lower and higher proportion of rejection of the event-free survival (EFS) as 70% and 85%, respectively. RESULTS Fifty patients [median age 28 (12-60) years; male : female: 39 : 11; stages: IIB-3 (6%), III-29 (58%) and IV-18 (36%); International Prognostic Score (IPS): 0-3: 34 (68%); 4-7: 16 (32%)] were enrolled; 49 underwent PET-2. Eight (16%) were PET-2-positive, whereas 41 (84%) were negative. Forty-seven were evaluable for EFS and all 50 for overall survival (OS). The 2-year EFS was 76% (95% CI: 68-83) and OS was 88% (95% CI: 82-94). PET-2 was strongly prognostic-2-year EFS, negative versus positive: 82% versus 50%; P = 0.013. CONCLUSION PET-2 response-adapted strategy could not achieve EFS of 85% in aHL. However, escalated therapy improved outcomes in PET-2-positive patients compared with historical data. TRIAL REGISTRATION CTRI/2012/06/002741 (http://www.ctri.nic.in) and NCT01304849 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - K Udupa
- Department of Medical Oncology
| | | | | | | | - S Rajaraman
- Department of Tumor Registry, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, India
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Sharma M, Abraham VJ, Bahl R, Bharani A, Borah P, Brahmadathan K, Chakraborti A, Jamwal D, Karmarkar M, Krishnakumar R, Kumar R, Mahanta J, Mathur ML, Negi P, Thakur J. PW358 Multicentric study to find burden of Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease and its prevention through secondary prophylaxis in India. Glob Heart 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2014.03.2422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Luo X, Chae M, Krishnakumar R, Danko CG, Kraus WL. Dynamic reorganization of the AC16 cardiomyocyte transcriptome in response to TNFα signaling revealed by integrated genomic analyses. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:155. [PMID: 24564208 PMCID: PMC3945043 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defining cell type-specific transcriptomes in mammals can be challenging, especially for unannotated regions of the genome. We have developed an analytical pipeline called groHMM for annotating primary transcripts using global nuclear run-on sequencing (GRO-seq) data. Herein, we use this pipeline to characterize the transcriptome of an immortalized adult human ventricular cardiomyocyte cell line (AC16) in response to signaling by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), which is controlled in part by NF-κB, a key transcriptional regulator of inflammation. A unique aspect of this work is the use of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) inhibitor α-amanitin, which we used to define a set of RNA polymerase I and III (Pol I and Pol III) transcripts. RESULTS Using groHMM, we identified ~30,000 coding and non-coding transcribed regions in AC16 cells, which includes a set of unique Pol I and Pol III primary transcripts. Many of these transcripts have not been annotated previously, including enhancer RNAs originating from NF-κB binding sites. In addition, we observed that AC16 cells rapidly and dynamically reorganize their transcriptomes in response to TNFα stimulation in an NF-κB-dependent manner, switching from a basal state to a proinflammatory state affecting a spectrum of cardiac-associated protein-coding and non-coding genes. Moreover, we observed distinct Pol II dynamics for up- and downregulated genes, with a rapid release of Pol II into productive elongation for TNFα-stimulated genes. As expected, the TNFα-induced changes in the AC16 transcriptome resulted in corresponding changes in cognate mRNA and protein levels in a similar manner, but with delayed kinetics. CONCLUSIONS Our studies illustrate how computational genomics can be used to characterize the signal-regulated transcriptome in biologically relevant cell types, providing new information about how the human genome is organized, transcribed and regulated. In addition, they show how α-amanitin can be used to reveal the Pol I and Pol III transcriptome. Furthermore, they shed new light on the regulation of the cardiomyocyte transcriptome in response to a proinflammatory signal and help to clarify the link between inflammation and cardiomyocyte function at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Luo
- Laboratory of Signaling and Gene Regulation, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Division of Basic Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Genetics and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Minho Chae
- Laboratory of Signaling and Gene Regulation, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Division of Basic Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Raga Krishnakumar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
- Graduate Field of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Current address: Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA
| | - Charles G Danko
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - W Lee Kraus
- Laboratory of Signaling and Gene Regulation, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Division of Basic Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Genetics and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
- Graduate Field of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Krishnakumar R, Thiruvenkitaprasad G, Kaliaperumal D, Sundaram N. Supracondylar skeletal traction and open interlocking nailing for neglected fracture of the shaft of femur - Retrospective study. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2013; 4:110-4. [PMID: 26403548 PMCID: PMC3880433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcot.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neglected trauma is a common problem faced by Orthopaedic surgeons practicing in developing countries. Nothing much in English literature is available regarding the practical difficulties and guidelines for treating neglected trauma of long bones. METHODS In our institution from November 2003 to October 2009 we treated 25 cases of neglected fracture of shaft of femur. Patients underwent either of three types of management protocols depending upon the preoperative manual traction radiographs. The fracture was fixed with open interlocking nail. Primary bone grafting and bone shortening procedures were not performed in any of the patient. RESULTS The fractures united in all patients at an average duration of 17 weeks. Two patients had limb length discrepancy. CONCLUSION Careful preoperative evaluation is mandatory for good results. Preoperative skeletal traction and two stage surgical procedure may be required to avoid limb length discrepancy and neurovascular complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Krishnakumar
- Associate Consultant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Trauma, Nova Specialty Surgery, Velachery, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600020, India,Corresponding author. Plot No 269, 17th East Street, Kamaraj Nagar, Thiruvanmiyur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600041, India. Tel.: +91 9551667000 (mobile); fax: +91 4422553744.
| | - G. Thiruvenkitaprasad
- Associate Consultant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Trauma, Nova Specialty Surgery, Velachery, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600020, India
| | - Dayanand Kaliaperumal
- Associate Consultant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Trauma, Nova Specialty Surgery, Velachery, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600020, India
| | - Nandkumar Sundaram
- Prof, HOD, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Trauma, Nova Specialty Surgery, Velachery, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600020, India
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Krishnakumar R, Blelloch RH. Epigenetics of cellular reprogramming. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2013; 23:548-55. [PMID: 23948105 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cells are constantly changing their state of equilibrium in response to internal and external stimuli. These changes in cell identity are driven by highly coordinated modulation of gene expression. This coordinated regulation is achieved in large part due to changes in the structure and composition of the chromatin, driven by epigenetic modulators. Recent discoveries in cellular and genomic reprogramming have highlighted the importance of chromatin modifications to reach and uphold the fidelity of target cell states. In this review, we focus on the latest work addressing the mechanisms surrounding the epigenetic regulation of various types of reprogramming, including somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), cell fusion and transcription factor-induced and microRNA-induced pluripotency. The studies covered herein showcase the interplay between these epigenetic pathways, and highlight the importance of furthering our understanding of these connections to form a clearer picture of the mechanisms underlying stable cell fate transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raga Krishnakumar
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences and Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Abstract
High blood pressure is one among the leading contributors to burden of disease globally. Approximately 54 % of stroke and 47 % of ischemic heart disease events worldwide were attributable to high blood pressure in the year 2001. There is deficiency of data on the long-term outcome of hypertension in children. In spite of this, there is sufficient evidence to suspect that the health risks of hypertension in pediatric patients are substantial. Hypertension in childhood is known to result in hypertension in young adulthood. The epidemiology of hypertension in children is well represented from various studies conducted across continents. Factors like methodological issues in measurement, socio demographic differences, adiposity levels and ethnicity appear to influence the distribution of blood pressure as well as prevalence of hypertension in children. The etio-pathogenesis of essential (primary) hypertension is multi-factorial in origin. Obesity, insulin resistance, activation of sympathetic nervous system, alterations in sodium homeostasis, renin-angiotensin system changes, changes in vascular smooth muscle structure and reactivity, high serum uric acid levels, genetic factors and fetal programming have been reported to contribute to this disorder. The causes of secondary hypertension vary with age. Renal disorders and coarctation of the aorta are the most common causes of hypertension in children up to age 6 y. In older children, renal parenchymal disease remains the most frequent cause of increased blood pressure. Other causes of hypertension in children are relatively rare and include systemic arteritis and certain tumours, endocrine dysfunction, and neurologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Raj
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Amrita Institutes of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Kochi, Kerala, India.
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Krishnakumar R, Renjitkumar J. Tophaceous gout of the spine masquerading as spondylodiscitis. Indian J Med Res 2013; 137:566-7. [PMID: 23640566 PMCID: PMC3705668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. Krishnakumar
- Division of Spine & Musculoskeletal Oncology, Department of Orthopaedics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi 682 041, India,For correspondence:
| | - J. Renjitkumar
- Division of Spine & Musculoskeletal Oncology, Department of Orthopaedics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi 682 041, India
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Krishnakumar R, Renjitkumar J. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Vertebral Osteomyelitis Following Epidural Catheterization: A Case Report and Literature Review. Global Spine J 2012; 2:231-4. [PMID: 24353973 PMCID: PMC3864462 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1329885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Indwelling epidural catheters are frequently used to manage postoperative pain. This report describes a patient who developed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) vertebral osteomyelitis of the lumbar spine following epidural catheterization. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of MRSA vertebral osteomyelitis secondary to epidural catheter use in the English orthopedic literature. The patient and his family consented to publishing the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Krishnakumar
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - J Renjitkumar
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Cochin, Kerala, India
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Abstract
Background: The process of jewellery making involves the goldsmiths working with tiny visual tasks at closer working distances, which demands high visual ability. Aim: To establish vision standards for Goldsmiths. Materials and Methods: Visual task analysis was carried out in different Goldsmith workstations. The minimal visual demands of the jobs were determined based on Grundy's nomogram. Depending on the importance of certain visual functions to perform the job, criteria for visual competency was laid down. Visual abilities of goldsmiths were evaluated in order to determine their visual capability status, based on the previously laid criteria. Job competency status of goldsmiths was determined based on the supervisors’ grading with respect to the quality and quantity of work. Visual competency and job competency of goldsmiths were then compared in order to establish vision standards. Results: Visual task analysis was carried out in 91 workstations. The median of working distance, work area, critical size of the task, and illuminance were 23 cm (IQR: 20- 29), 514.5 Sq Cm (IQR: 183-746.5), and 536.5 lux (IQR: 170-536.5), respectively. Visual abilities of 113 goldsmiths were evaluated. 44.7% of goldsmiths were found to be visually competent. Job competency status of 30 goldsmiths was obtained, in which 18 (60%) were found to be highly job competent. Based on the visual demands, vision standard for jewellery makers was developed. Conclusion: The vision standards so obtained could be used as minimum visual requirements for the entry level Goldsmiths.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Monica
- Department of Optometry, Elite School of Optometry, Unit of Medical Research Foundation, No. 8, G.S.T. Road, St. Thomas Mount, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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