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Håkenåsen IM, Øverland M, Ånestad R, Åkesson CP, Sundaram AY, Press CM, Mydland LT. Gene expression and gastrointestinal function is altered in piglet small intestine by weaning and inclusion of Cyberlindnera jadinii yeast as a protein source. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Lagos L, Bekkelund AK, Skugor A, Ånestad R, Åkesson CP, Press CM, Øverland M. Cyberlindnera jadinii Yeast as a Protein Source for Weaned Piglets-Impact on Immune Response and Gut Microbiota. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1924. [PMID: 33013844 PMCID: PMC7495143 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplying novel feed ingredients for pig production is crucial to enhance food security and decrease the environmental impact of meat production. Several studies have focused on evaluating the beneficial health effects of yeast in pigs. However, its use as a protein source has been partially addressed. Previously, we have shown that yeast at high inclusion levels maintains growth performance and digestibility, while nutrient digestibility, intestinal villi height and fecal consistency were improved. The present study combined microbiome, short-chain fatty acid, and immune parameter analysis to investigate the effect of high inclusion of yeast in diets for post-weaning piglets. Our results showed that yeast did not have a significant impact on the hematological or biochemical parameters in blood. The different immune cell subpopulations isolated from blood and distal jejunal lymph nodes (DJLN) were analyzed by flow cytometry and showed that yeast diet induced an increased number of the subtype of leukocytes CD45+/CD3-/CD8+, a special type of Natural Killer (NK) cells. Also, a very mild to moderate infiltration of neutrophilic granulocytes and lower IgA level were observed in the colon of yeast fed piglets. The microbiome profiling in different compartments of the gastrointestinal tract of piglets was performed using 16S rRNA metabarcoding. The results showed that 40% replacement of dietary protein had a statistically significant effect on the microbial communities in cecum and colon, while the microbial population in ileum and jejunum were not affected. Analysis of predicted microbial metabolic pathways analysis revealed significant upregulation of short-chain fatty acids, ether lipid metabolisms, secondary bile acids, and several other important biosynthesis pathways in cecum and colon of pigs fed yeast. In conclusion, the results showed that diet containing 40% of yeast protein positively shaped microbial community in the large intestine and increased the number of a specific subpopulation of NK cells in the DJLN. These results showed that yeast modulates the microbiome and decreases the secretion of IgA in the colon of post-weaning pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leidy Lagos
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | | | - Adrijana Skugor
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Ragnhild Ånestad
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Caroline P Åkesson
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Charles McL Press
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Margareth Øverland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
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Lagos L, Leanti La Rosa S, Ø. Arntzen M, Ånestad R, Terrapon N, Gaby JC, Westereng B. Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles Secreted In Vitro by Porcine Microbiota. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8070983. [PMID: 32630095 PMCID: PMC7409281 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8070983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The secretion of extracellular vesicles, EVs, is a common process in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for intercellular communication, survival, and pathogenesis. Previous studies have illustrated the presence of EVs in supernatants from pure cultures of bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative glycan-degrading gut commensals. However, the isolation and characterization of EVs secreted by a complex microbial community have not been clearly reported. In a recent paper, we showed that wood-derived, complex β-mannan, which shares a structural similarity with conventional dietary fibers, can be used to modulate the porcine gut microbiota composition and activity. In this paper, we investigated the production, size, composition, and proteome of EVs secreted by pig fecal microbiota after 24 h enrichment on complex β-mannan. Using transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis, we identified EVs with an average size of 165 nm. We utilized mass spectrometry-based metaproteomic profiling of EV proteins against a database of 355 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from the porcine colon and thereby identified 303 proteins. For EVs isolated from the culture grown on β-mannan, most proteins mapped to two MAGs, MAG53 and MAG272, belonging to the orders Clostridiales and Bacilli, respectively. Furthermore, the MAG with the third-most-detected protein was MAG 343, belonging to the order Enterobacteriales. The most abundant proteins detected in the β-mannan EVs proteome were involved in translation, energy production, amino acid, and carbohydrate transport, as well as metabolism. Overall, this proof-of-concept study demonstrates the successful isolation of EVs released from a complex microbial community; furthermore, the protein content of the EVs reflects the response of specific microbes to the available carbohydrate source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leidy Lagos
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Aas, Norway;
- Correspondence:
| | - Sabina Leanti La Rosa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Aas, Norway; (S.L.L.R.); (M.Ø.A.); (J.C.G.); (B.W.)
| | - Magnus Ø. Arntzen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Aas, Norway; (S.L.L.R.); (M.Ø.A.); (J.C.G.); (B.W.)
| | - Ragnhild Ånestad
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Aas, Norway;
| | - Nicolas Terrapon
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR7257 CNRS AMU, USC1408 INRAE, 13288 Marseille, France;
| | - John Christian Gaby
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Aas, Norway; (S.L.L.R.); (M.Ø.A.); (J.C.G.); (B.W.)
| | - Bjørge Westereng
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Aas, Norway; (S.L.L.R.); (M.Ø.A.); (J.C.G.); (B.W.)
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Reveco-Urzua FE, Hofossæter M, Rao Kovi M, Mydland LT, Ånestad R, Sørby R, Press CM, Lagos L, Øverland M. Candida utilis yeast as a functional protein source for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): Local intestinal tissue and plasma proteome responses. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218360. [PMID: 31887112 PMCID: PMC6936787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial ingredients such as Candida utilis yeast are known to be functional protein sources with immunomodulating effects whereas soybean meal causes soybean meal-induced enteritis in the distal intestine of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Inflammatory or immunomodulatory stimuli at the local level in the intestine may alter the plasma proteome profile of Atlantic salmon. These deviations can be helpful indicators for fish health and, therefore potential tools in the diagnosis of fish diseases. The present work aimed to identify local intestinal tissue responses and changes in plasma protein profiles of Atlantic salmon fed inactive dry Candida utilis yeast biomass, soybean meal, or combination of soybean meal based diet with various inclusion levels of Candida utilis. A fishmeal based diet was used as control diet. Inclusion of Candida utilis yeast to a fishmeal based diet did not alter the morphology, immune cell population or gene expression of the distal intestine. Lower levels of Candida utilis combined with soybean meal modulated immune cell populations in the distal intestine and reduced the severity of soybean meal-induced enteritis, while higher inclusion levels of Candida utilis were less effective. Changes in the plasma proteomic profile revealed differences between the diets but did not indicate any specific proteins that could be a marker for health or disease. The results suggest that Candida utilis does not alter intestinal morphology or induce major changes in plasma proteome, and thus could be a high-quality alternative protein source with potential functional properties in diets for Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Eduardo Reveco-Urzua
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Mette Hofossæter
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mallikarjuna Rao Kovi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Liv Torunn Mydland
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Ragnhild Ånestad
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Randi Sørby
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Charles McLean Press
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leidy Lagos
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Margareth Øverland
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
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Skugor A, Kjos NP, Sundaram AYM, Mydland LT, Ånestad R, Tauson AH, Øverland M. Effects of long-term feeding of rapeseed meal on skeletal muscle transcriptome, production efficiency and meat quality traits in Norwegian Landrace growing-finishing pigs. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220441. [PMID: 31390356 PMCID: PMC6685631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the effects of dietary inclusion of 20% rapeseed meal (RSM) as an alternative to soybean meal (SBM) in a three-month feeding experiment with growing finishing pigs. Dietary alteration affected growth performance, several carcass traits and transcriptional responses in the skeletal muscle, but did not affect measured meat quality traits. In general, pigs fed the RSM test diet exhibited reduced growth performance compared to pigs on SBM control diet. Significant transcriptional changes in the skeletal muscle of growing pigs fed RSM diet were likely the consequence of an increased amount of fiber and higher polyunsaturated fatty acids, and presence of bioactive phytochemicals, such as glucosinolates. RNAseq pipeline using Tophat2-Cuffdiff identified 57 upregulated and 63 downregulated genes in RSM compared to SBM pigs. Significantly enriched among downregulated pathways was p53-mediated signalling involved in cellular proliferation, while activation of negative growth regulators (IER5, KLF10, BTG2, KLF11, RETREG1, PRUNE2) in RSM fed pigs provided further evidence for reduced proliferation and increased cellular death, in accordance with the observed reduction in performance traits. Upregulation of well-known metabolic controllers (PDK4, UCP3, ESRRG and ESRRB), involved in energy homeostasis (glucose and lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial function), suggested less available energy and nutrients in RSM pigs. Furthermore, several genes supported more pronounced proteolysis (ABTB1, OTUD1, PADI2, SPP1) and reduced protein synthesis (THBS1, HSF4, AP1S2) in RSM muscle tissue. In parallel, higher levels of NR4A3, PDK4 and FGF21, and a drop in adropin, ELOVL6 and CIDEC/FSP27 indicated increased lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation, reflective of lower dressing percentage. Finally, pigs exposed to RSM showed greater expression level of genes responsive to oxidative stress, indicated by upregulation of GPX1, GPX2, and TXNIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrijana Skugor
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Nils Petter Kjos
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | | | - Liv Torunn Mydland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Ragnhild Ånestad
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Anne-Helene Tauson
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Margareth Øverland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
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