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Chetty R, Jackson MO, Kuchler T, Stroebel J, Hendren N, Fluegge RB, Gong S, Gonzalez F, Grondin A, Jacob M, Johnston D, Koenen M, Laguna-Muggenburg E, Mudekereza F, Rutter T, Thor N, Townsend W, Zhang R, Bailey M, Barberá P, Bhole M, Wernerfelt N. Social capital II: determinants of economic connectedness. Nature 2022; 608:122-134. [PMID: 35915343 PMCID: PMC9352593 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04997-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Low levels of social interaction across class lines have generated widespread concern1–4 and are associated with worse outcomes, such as lower rates of upward income mobility4–7. Here we analyse the determinants of cross-class interaction using data from Facebook, building on the analysis in our companion paper7. We show that about half of the social disconnection across socioeconomic lines—measured as the difference in the share of high-socioeconomic status (SES) friends between people with low and high SES—is explained by differences in exposure to people with high SES in groups such as schools and religious organizations. The other half is explained by friending bias—the tendency for people with low SES to befriend people with high SES at lower rates even conditional on exposure. Friending bias is shaped by the structure of the groups in which people interact. For example, friending bias is higher in larger and more diverse groups and lower in religious organizations than in schools and workplaces. Distinguishing exposure from friending bias is helpful for identifying interventions to increase cross-SES friendships (economic connectedness). Using fluctuations in the share of students with high SES across high school cohorts, we show that increases in high-SES exposure lead low-SES people to form more friendships with high-SES people in schools that exhibit low levels of friending bias. Thus, socioeconomic integration can increase economic connectedness in communities in which friending bias is low. By contrast, when friending bias is high, increasing cross-SES interactions among existing members may be necessary to increase economic connectedness. To support such efforts, we release privacy-protected statistics on economic connectedness, exposure and friending bias for each ZIP (postal) code, high school and college in the United States at https://www.socialcapital.org. Social disconnection across socioeconomic lines is explained by both differences in exposure to people with high socioeconomic status and friending bias—the tendency for people to befriend peers with similar socioeconomic status even conditional on exposure.
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Chetty R, Jackson MO, Kuchler T, Stroebel J, Hendren N, Fluegge RB, Gong S, Gonzalez F, Grondin A, Jacob M, Johnston D, Koenen M, Laguna-Muggenburg E, Mudekereza F, Rutter T, Thor N, Townsend W, Zhang R, Bailey M, Barberá P, Bhole M, Wernerfelt N. Social capital I: measurement and associations with economic mobility. Nature 2022; 608:108-121. [PMID: 35915342 PMCID: PMC9352590 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04996-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Social capital—the strength of an individual’s social network and community—has been identified as a potential determinant of outcomes ranging from education to health1–8. However, efforts to understand what types of social capital matter for these outcomes have been hindered by a lack of social network data. Here, in the first of a pair of papers9, we use data on 21 billion friendships from Facebook to study social capital. We measure and analyse three types of social capital by ZIP (postal) code in the United States: (1) connectedness between different types of people, such as those with low versus high socioeconomic status (SES); (2) social cohesion, such as the extent of cliques in friendship networks; and (3) civic engagement, such as rates of volunteering. These measures vary substantially across areas, but are not highly correlated with each other. We demonstrate the importance of distinguishing these forms of social capital by analysing their associations with economic mobility across areas. The share of high-SES friends among individuals with low SES—which we term economic connectedness—is among the strongest predictors of upward income mobility identified to date10,11. Other social capital measures are not strongly associated with economic mobility. If children with low-SES parents were to grow up in counties with economic connectedness comparable to that of the average child with high-SES parents, their incomes in adulthood would increase by 20% on average. Differences in economic connectedness can explain well-known relationships between upward income mobility and racial segregation, poverty rates, and inequality12–14. To support further research and policy interventions, we publicly release privacy-protected statistics on social capital by ZIP code at https://www.socialcapital.org. Analyses of data on 21 billion friendships from Facebook in the United States reveal associations between social capital and economic mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Chetty
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sara Gong
- NYU Stern School of Business, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Armelle Grondin
- Opportunity Insights, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Jacob
- Opportunity Insights, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Drew Johnston
- Opportunity Insights, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Martin Koenen
- Opportunity Insights, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Tom Rutter
- Opportunity Insights, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicolaj Thor
- Opportunity Insights, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wilbur Townsend
- Opportunity Insights, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ruby Zhang
- Opportunity Insights, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Shalaby M, Abdallah H, Chetty R, Kumar M, Shaban A. Silver nano-rods: Simple synthesis and optimization by experimental design methodology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoso.2019.100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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MacGregor TP, Carter R, Gillies RS, Findlay JM, Kartsonaki C, Castro-Giner F, Sahgal N, Wang LM, Chetty R, Maynard ND, Cazier JB, Buffa F, McHugh PJ, Tomlinson I, Middleton MR, Sharma RA. Translational study identifies XPF and MUS81 as predictive biomarkers for oxaliplatin-based peri-operative chemotherapy in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7265. [PMID: 29739952 PMCID: PMC5940885 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24232-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy is used to treat patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), but no biomarkers are currently available for patient selection. We performed a prospective, clinical trial to identify potential biomarkers associated with clinical outcomes. Tumor tissue was obtained from 38 patients with resectable EAC before and after 2 cycles of oxaliplatin-fluorouracil chemotherapy. Pre-treatment mRNA expression of 280 DNA repair (DNAR) genes was tested for association with histopathological regression at surgery, disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). High expression of 13 DNA damage repair genes was associated with DFS less than one year (P < 0.05); expression of 11 DNAR genes were associated with worse OS (P < 0.05). From clinical associations with outcomes, two genes, ERCC1 and EME1, were identified as candidate biomarkers. In cell lines in vitro, we showed the mechanism of action related to repair of oxaliplatin-induced DNA damage by depletion and knockout of protein binding partners of the candidate biomarkers, XPF and MUS81 respectively. In clinical samples from the clinical trial, pre-treatment XPF protein levels were associated with pathological response, and MUS81 protein was associated with 1-year DFS. XPF and MUS81 merit further validation in prospective clinical trials as biomarkers that may predict clinical response of EAC to oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P MacGregor
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - R Carter
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - R S Gillies
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Upper GI Surgery, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - J M Findlay
- Department of Upper GI Surgery, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C Kartsonaki
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU) at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - F Castro-Giner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - N Sahgal
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - L M Wang
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre/Department of Cellular Pathology/Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals and University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changi General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - R Chetty
- Laboratory Medicine Programme, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - N D Maynard
- Department of Upper GI Surgery, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - J B Cazier
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Computational Biology, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - F Buffa
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - P J McHugh
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - I Tomlinson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M R Middleton
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - R A Sharma
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK.
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Chetty R, Rajwani A, Powell A. Myocardial Scarring of the Ventricular Outflow Tract Causing Ventricular Tachycardia in Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy with Successful Radiofrequency Ablation. Heart Lung Circ 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2018.06.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chetty R, Grusky D, Hell M, Hendren N, Manduca R, Narang J. The fading American dream: Trends in absolute income mobility since 1940. Science 2017; 356:398-406. [PMID: 28438988 DOI: 10.1126/science.aal4617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We estimated rates of "absolute income mobility"-the fraction of children who earn more than their parents-by combining data from U.S. Census and Current Population Survey cross sections with panel data from de-identified tax records. We found that rates of absolute mobility have fallen from approximately 90% for children born in 1940 to 50% for children born in the 1980s. Increasing Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rates alone cannot restore absolute mobility to the rates experienced by children born in the 1940s. However, distributing current GDP growth more equally across income groups as in the 1940 birth cohort would reverse more than 70% of the decline in mobility. These results imply that reviving the "American dream" of high rates of absolute mobility would require economic growth that is shared more broadly across the income distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Chetty
- Department of Economics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - David Grusky
- Department of Sociology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Maximilian Hell
- Department of Sociology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Robert Manduca
- Department of Sociology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jimmy Narang
- Department of Economics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Chetty R, Cutler D, Stepner M. Effects of Local Health Interventions on Inequality in Life Expectancy: New Publicly Available Data. Am J Public Health 2016; 106:2154-2155. [PMID: 27736211 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2016.303492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raj Chetty
- Raj Chetty is with the Department of Economics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. David Cutler is with the Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Michael Stepner is with the Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
| | - David Cutler
- Raj Chetty is with the Department of Economics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. David Cutler is with the Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Michael Stepner is with the Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
| | - Michael Stepner
- Raj Chetty is with the Department of Economics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. David Cutler is with the Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Michael Stepner is with the Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Chetty
- Department of Economics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Michael Stepner
- Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
| | - David Cutler
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Chetty R, Alcock R, Spiro J. Successful Snare and Retrieval of a Free Intra-Coronary Rotawire During Complex Unprotected Left Main Coronary Artery Bifurcation Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in a High-Risk Individual. Heart Lung Circ 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.06.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chetty R, Alcock R, Spiro J. The Szabo Technique to Assist Geo-Positioning of Ostial Bifurcation Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Heart Lung Circ 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.06.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
A primary anaplastic large cell lymphoma of the breast is presented. A 19-year-old man presented with a swelling of the breast of a short duration. This was not associated with lymphadenopathy or ulceration of the skin. Biopsy of this lesion showed the presence of large, anaplastic cells with multinucleation and markedly indented, ‘embryo-like’ nuclei. The tumor cells were present within breast tissue and surrounded breast ducts. A panel of immunohistochemical markers showed these large cells to be CD30, CD3, and EMA positive. This case emphasizes the occurrence in the breast of anaplastic large cell lymphoma as a primary tumor. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of anaplastic tumors occurring in the breast, and pertinent immunohistochemistry is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Pillay
- Department of Pathology, University of Natal Medical School, Private Bag 7, Congella, 4031, Durban, South Africa
| | - R. Chetty
- Department of Pathology, University of Natal Medical School, Durban, South Africa
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE The relationship between income and life expectancy is well established but remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVES To measure the level, time trend, and geographic variability in the association between income and life expectancy and to identify factors related to small area variation. DESIGN AND SETTING Income data for the US population were obtained from 1.4 billion deidentified tax records between 1999 and 2014. Mortality data were obtained from Social Security Administration death records. These data were used to estimate race- and ethnicity-adjusted life expectancy at 40 years of age by household income percentile, sex, and geographic area, and to evaluate factors associated with differences in life expectancy. EXPOSURE Pretax household earnings as a measure of income. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Relationship between income and life expectancy; trends in life expectancy by income group; geographic variation in life expectancy levels and trends by income group; and factors associated with differences in life expectancy across areas. RESULTS The sample consisted of 1,408,287,218 person-year observations for individuals aged 40 to 76 years (mean age, 53.0 years; median household earnings among working individuals, $61,175 per year). There were 4,114,380 deaths among men (mortality rate, 596.3 per 100,000) and 2,694,808 deaths among women (mortality rate, 375.1 per 100,000). The analysis yielded 4 results. First, higher income was associated with greater longevity throughout the income distribution. The gap in life expectancy between the richest 1% and poorest 1% of individuals was 14.6 years (95% CI, 14.4 to 14.8 years) for men and 10.1 years (95% CI, 9.9 to 10.3 years) for women. Second, inequality in life expectancy increased over time. Between 2001 and 2014, life expectancy increased by 2.34 years for men and 2.91 years for women in the top 5% of the income distribution, but by only 0.32 years for men and 0.04 years for women in the bottom 5% (P < .001 for the differences for both sexes). Third, life expectancy for low-income individuals varied substantially across local areas. In the bottom income quartile, life expectancy differed by approximately 4.5 years between areas with the highest and lowest longevity. Changes in life expectancy between 2001 and 2014 ranged from gains of more than 4 years to losses of more than 2 years across areas. Fourth, geographic differences in life expectancy for individuals in the lowest income quartile were significantly correlated with health behaviors such as smoking (r = -0.69, P < .001), but were not significantly correlated with access to medical care, physical environmental factors, income inequality, or labor market conditions. Life expectancy for low-income individuals was positively correlated with the local area fraction of immigrants (r = 0.72, P < .001), fraction of college graduates (r = 0.42, P < .001), and government expenditures (r = 0.57, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In the United States between 2001 and 2014, higher income was associated with greater longevity, and differences in life expectancy across income groups increased over time. However, the association between life expectancy and income varied substantially across areas; differences in longevity across income groups decreased in some areas and increased in others. The differences in life expectancy were correlated with health behaviors and local area characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Chetty
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Economics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Michael Stepner
- Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah Abraham
- Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Shelby Lin
- McKinsey and Company, New York, New York
| | - Benjamin Scuderi
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Augustin Bergeron
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - David Cutler
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Chetty R, Hendren N, Katz LF. The Effects of Exposure to Better Neighborhoods on Children: New Evidence from the Moving to Opportunity Experiment. Am Econ Rev 2016; 106:855-902. [PMID: 29546974 DOI: 10.1257/aer.20150572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Moving to Opportunity (MTO) experiment offered randomly selected families housing vouchers to move from high-poverty housing projects to lower-poverty neighborhoods. We analyze MTO's impacts on children's long-term outcomes using tax data. We find that moving to a lower-poverty neighborhood when young (before age 13) increases college attendance and earnings and reduces single parenthood rates. Moving as an adolescent has slightly negative impacts, perhaps because of disruption effects. The decline in the gains from moving with the age when children move suggests that the duration of exposure to better environments during childhood is an important determinant of children’s long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Chetty
- Department of Economics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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Chetty R, Hendren N, Katz LF. The Effects of Exposure to Better Neighborhoods on Children: New Evidence from the Moving to Opportunity Experiment. Am Econ Rev 2016; 106:855-902. [PMID: 29546974 DOI: 10.1257/aer.106.4.855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Moving to Opportunity (MTO) experiment offered randomly selected families housing vouchers to move from high-poverty housing projects to lower-poverty neighborhoods. We analyze MTO's impacts on children's long-term outcomes using tax data. We find that moving to a lower-poverty neighborhood when young (before age 13) increases college attendance and earnings and reduces single parenthood rates. Moving as an adolescent has slightly negative impacts, perhaps because of disruption effects. The decline in the gains from moving with the age when children move suggests that the duration of exposure to better environments during childhood is an important determinant of children’s long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Chetty
- Department of Economics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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Wang LM, Guy R, Fryer E, Kartsonaki C, Gill P, Hughes C, Szuts A, Perera R, Chetty R, Mortensen N. The Ueno method for substaging pT1 colorectal adenocarcinoma by depth and width measurement: an interobserver study. Colorectal Dis 2015; 17:674-81. [PMID: 25620664 DOI: 10.1111/codi.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Early pT1 polyp colorectal cancers (CRCs) present challenges for accurate pathology substaging. Haggitt and Kikuchi stages depend on polyp morphology and are often difficult to apply due to suboptimal orientation or fragmentation, or absence of the muscularis propria in polypectomy or submucosal resection specimens. European guidelines for quality assurance suggest using Ueno's more objective approach, using depth and width measurements beyond muscularis mucosae. We have investigated interobserver variation using Ueno's approach. METHOD Ten consecutive pT1 polyp CRCs were identified and the slides assessed by six gastrointestinal pathologists for depth and width of invasion. A further 60 polyps were studied by a group of specialist and general pathologists. Agreement was assessed by analysis of variance. A polyp CRC is classified as high risk if it has a depth ≥ 2000 μm or a width ≥ 4000 μm and low risk with a depth < 2000 μm or a width < 4000 μm. Concordance for the dichotomized values was assessed using the kappa statistic. RESULTS The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for depth was 0.83 and for width 0.56 in the 10-polyp group. The ICC for the 60-polyp CRCs was 0.67 for depth and 0.37 for width. In both groups, when polyp CRCs are divided into high- and low-risk categories based on depth, there was substantial and moderate agreement (κ = 0.80 and 0.47) but only fair agreement when based on width (κ = 0.34 and 0.35). CONCLUSION Ueno's method has the advantage of being independent of polyp morphology. Our study shows better concordance for depth measurement and reproducibility in nonfragmented specimens, with poorer agreement when based on width.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Wang
- Department of Cellular Pathology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - R Guy
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - E Fryer
- Department of Cellular Pathology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - C Kartsonaki
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - P Gill
- Department of Cellular Pathology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - C Hughes
- Department of Cellular Pathology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - A Szuts
- Department of Cellular Pathology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - R Perera
- Department of Cellular Pathology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - R Chetty
- Department of Cellular Pathology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - N Mortensen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
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Chetty R, Montgomery EA, Lee CS. Gastrointestinal pathology: recent developments and concepts. J Clin Pathol 2014; 67:847. [PMID: 25473686 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Pullens B, Dekker E, Ellis AJ, Guy R, Madronal K, Chetty R, East JE. Impact of the consideration of serrated polyps to the interval of colonoscopic surveillance in the NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme. Colorectal Dis 2014; 16:O320-6. [PMID: 24592946 DOI: 10.1111/codi.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Most international post polypectomy surveillance guidelines do not recommend surveillance for serrated polyps. In the present study the additional impact of serrated polyps on surveillance intervals from international adenoma surveillance guidelines was investigated. METHOD Endoscopic and pathology records were audited of participants in the NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme (guaiac faecal occult blood test, gFOBT) in 2011. Surveillance intervals were calculated for current guidelines and also for serrated polyps based on previously described aggressive and conservative strategies. RESULTS In total, 389 patients were included of whom 141 (36.2%) were high risk (advanced adenoma: adenoma ≥ 10 mm, villous elements, high grade dysplasia, or adenoma ≥ 3 in number) needing surveillance at ≤ 3 years. Thirty-three (8.5%) had significant serrated polyps, of whom 18 (4.6% of the total) had significant serrated lesions and simultaneous advanced adenoma or ≥ 3 adenomas. Adopting an aggressive surveillance strategy, the mean overall absolute additional proportion of all such patients in the surveillance group at 3 years or less was 4.0% (3.9% - 4.1%; 4.2% women; 3.8% men). These proportions varied according to endoscopist from 2.3% to 4.7%. For more conservative strategies the increase was only 1%. CONCLUSION The impact of including serrated polyps in current guidelines would result in a small increase in surveillance intervals for FOBT based bowel cancer screening. About half of those who might need surveillance for serrated polyps would already receive surveillance for being in a high risk adenoma group.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pullens
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Govender D, Wu HT, Chetty R. Plasma-cell rich lymphangiosarcoma: an under-recognized variant and potential diagnostic pitfall. Br J Dermatol 2011; 166:1364-6. [PMID: 22188566 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vaideeswar
- Department of Pathology, Seth GS Medical College, Mumbai, India.
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Chetty R, Friedman JN, Olsen T, Pistaferri L. Adjustment Costs, Firm Responses, and Micro vs. Macro Labor Supply Elasticities: Evidence from Danish Tax Records. Q J Econ 2011; 126:749-804. [PMID: 21836746 PMCID: PMC3152831 DOI: 10.1093/qje/qjr013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We show that the effects of taxes on labor supply are shaped by interactions between adjustment costs for workers and hours constraints set by firms. We develop a model in which firms post job offers characterized by an hours requirement and workers pay search costs to find jobs. We present evidence supporting three predictions of this model by analyzing bunching at kinks using Danish tax records. First, larger kinks generate larger taxable income elasticities. Second, kinks that apply to a larger group of workers generate larger elasticities. Third, the distribution of job offers is tailored to match workers' aggregate tax preferences in equilibrium. Our results suggest that macro elasticities may be substantially larger than the estimates obtained using standard microeconometric methods.
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Cooper K, Chetty R. Snippets in surgical pathology. Clin Mol Pathol 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2010.087239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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25
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Chetty R, Friedman JN, Hilger N, Saez E, Schanzenbach DW, Yagan D. How does your kindergarten classroom affect your earnings? Evidence from Project Star. Q J Econ 2011; 126:1593-660. [PMID: 22256342 DOI: 10.1093/qje/qjr041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In Project STAR, 11,571 students in Tennessee and their teachers were randomly assigned to classrooms within their schools from kindergarten to third grade. This article evaluates the long-term impacts of STAR by linking the experimental data to administrative records. We first demonstrate that kindergarten test scores are highly correlated with outcomes such as earnings at age 27, college attendance, home ownership, and retirement savings. We then document four sets of experimental impacts. First, students in small classes are significantly more likely to attend college and exhibit improvements on other outcomes. Class size does not have a significant effect on earnings at age 27, but this effect is imprecisely estimated. Second, students who had a more experienced teacher in kindergarten have higher earnings. Third, an analysis of variance reveals significant classroom effects on earnings. Students who were randomly assigned to higher quality classrooms in grades K–3—as measured by classmates' end-of-class test scores—have higher earnings, college attendance rates, and other outcomes. Finally, the effects of class quality fade out on test scores in later grades, but gains in noncognitive measures persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Chetty
- Harvard University and National Bureau of Economic Research
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26
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Cooper K, Chetty R. Snippets in surgical pathology. J Clin Pathol 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2010.087114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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27
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Cooper K, Chetty R. Snippets in surgical pathology. Clin Mol Pathol 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2010.085001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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28
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Cooper K, Chetty R. Snippets in surgical pathology. Clin Mol Pathol 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2010.083212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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29
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Cooper K, Chetty R. Snippets in surgical pathology. Clin Mol Pathol 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2010.082107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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30
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Dalton RN, Chetty R, Stuart M, Iacona RB, Swaisland A. Effects of the Src inhibitor saracatinib (AZD0530) on renal function in healthy subjects. Anticancer Res 2010; 30:2935-2942. [PMID: 20683035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saracatinib (AZD0530), a potent Src inhibitor, is a subject of current evaluation as an anticancer therapy. Increased plasma creatinine levels have previously been observed after saracatinib administration in healthy subjects and this study was undertaken to characterize the underlying mechanism of this increase. SUBJECTS AND METHODS 56 healthy male subjects were assigned to either single- (n=28; randomised to placebo or saracatinib 500 mg) or multiple-dose oral treatment (n=28; randomised to placebo or saracatinib 125 mg for 14 days). Renal function variables assessed included inulin clearance and tubular secretion of creatinine. RESULTS Saracatinib led to a reduction in mean creatinine fractional excretion ratio, which was due to a reduction in tubular secretion of creatinine. Increased plasma creatinine was not associated with decreased glomerular filtration rate or increased creatinine production. CONCLUSION The observed increase in plasma creatinine after saracatinib administration was due to reduced tubular secretion of creatinine, but was not considered to be clinically relevant in the context of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Neil Dalton
- WellChild Laboratory, King's College London, Evelina Children's Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
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31
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Cooper K, Chetty R. Snippets in surgical pathology. Clin Mol Pathol 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2010.077727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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32
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Ozer JS, Chetty R, Kenna G, Koppiker N, Karamjeet P, Li D, Palandra J, Lanevschi A, Souberbielle BE, Ramaiah S. Recommendations to qualify biomarker candidates of drug-induced liver injury. Biomark Med 2010; 4:475-83. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm.10.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain compounds that induce liver injury clinically are not readily identified from earlier preclinical studies. Novel biomarkers are being sought to be applied across the pharmaceutical pipeline to fill this knowledge gap and to add increased specificity for detecting drug-induced liver injury in combination with aminotransferases (alanine and aspartate aminotransferase) – the current reference-standard biomarkers used in the clinic. The gaps in the qualification process for novel biomarkers of regulatory decision-making are assessed and compared with aminotransferase activities to guide the determination of safe compound margins for drug delivery to humans where monitoring for potential liver injury is a cause for concern. Histopathologic observations from preclinical studies are considered the principal reference standard to benchmark and assess subtle aminotransferase elevations. This approach correlates quite well for many developmental compounds, yet cases of discordance create dilemmas regarding which standard(s) indicates true injury. Concordance amongst a broader set of biomarker injury signals in a qualification paradigm will increase confidence, leading to accepted and integrated translational biomarker signals during safety assessment processes across the pharmaceutical industry, with academia, in government and in contractor laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raj Chetty
- AstraZeneca Research & Development, Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, CPU, Cheshire, UK
| | - Gerry Kenna
- Astrazencea Research & Development, Safety Assessment, Cheshire, UK
| | - Nandan Koppiker
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Emerging Markets Business Unit, NY, USA
| | - Pandher Karamjeet
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Drug Safety Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Dingzhou Li
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Preclinical Statistics, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Joe Palandra
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Andover, MA 01810, USA
| | - Anne Lanevschi
- Astrazencea Research & Development, Safety Assessment, Cheshire, UK
| | | | - Shashi Ramaiah
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Drug Safety Research & Development, MA, USA
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33
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Cooper K, Chetty R. Snippets in surgical pathology. Clin Mol Pathol 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2010.076448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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34
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Ozer JS, Chetty R, Kenna G, Palandra J, Zhang Y, Lanevschi A, Koppiker N, Souberbielle BE, Ramaiah SK. Enhancing the utility of alanine aminotransferase as a reference standard biomarker for drug-induced liver injury. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 56:237-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Growcott J, Brady G, Pickering K, Walker J, Lovick S, Chetty R, Kevill H, Prahladan M, Grimes E, Harrison E, Mefo T, Hodgson D. Abstract C130: Plucked human scalp hairs: Potential utility as a surrogate tissue for the assessment of therapies targeting the androgen receptor. Mol Cancer Ther 2009. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.targ-09-c130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective: Evaluate whether plucked human scalp or eyebrow hairs obtained from male elderly healthy normal volunteers (HNVs) are suitable for assessing RNA expression patterns linked to the androgen receptor.
Procedure: For each of 12 HNV subjects plucked eyebrow and scalp hairs were obtained at 2 time points. For each time point up to three individual anagen hairs were selected for RNA extraction and representative cDNA amplification. For each sample RNA quality was assessed by agarose gel electrophoresis and cDNA quality assessed by qPCR analysis of 3 reference or “housekeeping” genes. Expression levels of a panel of 20 androgen receptor regulated genes were measured by qPCR for samples passing both RNA and cDNA quality criteria.
Results : Of the 72 scalp hairs analysed 64 (89 %) passed both RNA and cDNA quality criteria with 23 out of 24 (96%) sample collection points yielding 2 or more analysable hairs. This high success translated into available data for both time points in 11 out of 12 HNVs (92 %). In contrast, for the 72 eyebrow hairs analysed only 2 (3 %) passed RNA quality criteria with none of the collection points yielded 2 or more analysable hairs. Of the 20 test genes qPCR analysis identified a short list of 7 genes with expression levels similar to “housekeeping” genes indicating that they should be reliably detected in the majority of scalp hairs. These results are in keeping with a previous HNV study of younger male and female donors and indicate that plucked scalp hairs may be of value in the early phases of clinical development of androgen receptor based therapies.
Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):C130.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ged Brady
- 2 Epistem PLC, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jill Walker
- 1 AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, United Kingdom
| | | | - Raj Chetty
- 1 AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, United Kingdom
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36
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Cooper K, Chetty R. Snippets in surgical pathology. J Clin Pathol 2009. [DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2009.072553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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37
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Cooper K, Chetty R. Snippets in surgical pathology. J Clin Pathol 2009. [DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2009.070771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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38
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Cooper K, Chetty R. Snippets in surgical pathology. Clin Mol Pathol 2009. [DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2009.068015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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39
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Cooper K, Chetty R. Snippets in surgical pathology. Clin Mol Pathol 2009. [DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2009.066563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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40
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Cooper K, Chetty R. Snippets in surgical pathology. Clin Mol Pathol 2009. [DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2009.065029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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41
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Bron M, Xia W, Chen X, Jin C, Kundu S, Nagaiah T, Chetty R, Schilling T, Li N, Schuhmann W, Muhler M. Elektrokatalyse in Brennstoffzellen und Elektrolyseuren: Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren-basierte Katalysatoren und neuartige Untersuchungsmethoden. CHEM-ING-TECH 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.200900013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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42
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Cooper K, Chetty R. Snippets in surgical pathology. Clin Mol Pathol 2009. [DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2008.063685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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43
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Chetty R, Hafezi S, Montgomery E. An incidental enterocolic lymphocytic phlebitis pattern is seen commonly in the rectal stump of patients with diversion colitis superimposed on inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Pathol 2009; 62:464-7. [DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2008.063917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Aims:Enterocolic lymphocytic phlebitis (ELP) is an uncommon cause of bowel pathology and most frequently results in ischaemia. It is characterised by an artery-sparing, venulocentric lymphoid infiltrate that causes a phlebitis and vascular compromise. Rare cases of ELP have been encountered with lymphocytic colitis in the absence of ischaemic bowel change. The present study examined the occurrence of ELP in the setting of diversion colitis and inflammatory bowel disease, as well as in random colectomy specimens.Methods:The study cohort comprised the following: 26 completion proctectomy specimens for ulcerative colitis with superimposed diversion colitis in the rectal stump; 3 colectomy specimens for Crohn disease with diversion colitis; 6 colectomy specimens for adenocarcinoma and/or diverticular disease with diversion colitis; 34 resection specimens with ulcerative colitis only; 19 with Crohn disease only; and 100 random colon resection specimens for adenocarcinoma, adenoma, diverticular disease and ischaemia.Results:ELP was present in 18 of the 26 ulcerative colitis cases with diversion colitis, 3/3 Crohn disease cases with diversion colitis, 1/6 cases of diverticular disease with diversion colitis, 6/34 cases of ulcerative colitis without diversion, 2/19 Crohn disease cases without diversion colitis, and only 1 of 100 colectomy cases without inflammatory bowel disease or diversion colitis.Conclusion:ELP occurs most frequently in cases that have been diverted for inflammatory bowel disease. Fewer cases of ELP were noted in cases of inflammatory bowel disease in the absence of diversion colitis. It is postulated that altered bowel flora and immune dysregulation may be pivotal in the causation of this association.
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Cooper K, Chetty R. Snippets in surgical pathology. J Clin Pathol 2008. [DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2008.062919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
Solid pseudopapillary tumours (SPT) of the pancreas are uncommon, but with widespread and increased imaging, several of these lesions are coming to light incidentally and are subject to needle biopsies. On limited material and especially the solid or clear cell, variants of SPT can morphologically mimic most notably pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours and even metastatic renal cell carcinoma or melanoma. In this context, immunohistochemistry is important and useful in helping to reach the correct diagnosis. Several antibodies have been used in the immunohistochemical evaluation of SPT. As with most tumours, no one marker is specific, but rather a core panel is advocated. Recently, both beta-catenin and E-cadherin have been shown to be of value in SPT. Nuclear and cytoplasmic decoration of tumour cells by beta-catenin is seen in almost 100% of cases. This protein relocalisation away from the cell membrane is underscored by mutations of the beta-catenin gene. Mutations of the CDH1 gene are very uncommon in SPT, but the immunohistochemically detected changes to the protein are consistent and present in 100% of cases. Using an E-cadherin antibody to the extracellular domain of the molecule results in complete membrane loss, while the antibody directed to the cytoplasmic fragment produces distinct nuclear staining of the tumour cells. In addition, there is concordance of staining abnormalities between the two antibodies. When combined with CD10 and progesterone receptor positivity, a diagnosis of SPT can be rendered with confidence even in small biopsy samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Serra
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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46
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Cooper K, Chetty R. Snippets in surgical pathology. Clin Mol Pathol 2008. [DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2008.061812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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47
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Valsamakis G, Jones A, Chetty R, McTernan PG, Boutsiadis A, Barnett AH, Banerjee AK, Kumar S. MRI total sagittal abdominal diameter as a predictor of metabolic syndrome compared to visceral fat at L4-L5 level. Curr Med Res Opin 2008; 24:1853-60. [PMID: 18507894 DOI: 10.1185/03007990802185757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare associations between anteroposterior (AP) diameter or sagittal abdominal diameter - a measure of total central fat, and visceral fat alone with the metabolic syndrome as defined by ATPIII criteria. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Twenty-four Caucasian male with type 2 diabetes and 24 non-diabetic Caucasian male subjects [body mass index (BMI) (+/-SD): 32.23 +/- 7.52 kg/m(2), age (+/-SD): 51.35 +/- 13.80 years] were studied by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan to measure central fat at L4-L5 level. The visceral and total central adipose tissue was calculated in cm(2) and total sagittal MRI diameter and visceral sagittal MRI diameters in cm. Components of the ATPIII definition of the metabolic syndrome and circulating adipocytokine concentrations were also measured. RESULTS MRI total sagittal abdominal diameter was positively associated with waist circumference in controls (r=0.62, p=0.007) and in diabetic subjects (r=0.81, p<0.001). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that MRI-calculated total sagittal diameter (r=0.61, p=0.002) was a more significant predictor of the adverse metabolic profile of the metabolic syndrome than MRI-assessed visceral fat. Receiver operating characteristic curves revealed that MRI-calculated total sagittal diameter most effectively identified subjects with the metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS MRI-calculated total sagittal abdominal diameter is a non-validated MRI method that predicts the adverse metabolic profile of the ATPIII definition of the metabolic syndrome. Antero-posterior fat is a dimension of central fat that seems to be more closely associated with cardiovascular risk compared to visceral fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Valsamakis
- Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Evgenideion University Hospital, Athens Medical School, Ethnikon and Kapodistriakon University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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49
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Chetty R, Serra S. Membrane loss and aberrant nuclear localization of E-cadherin are consistent features of solid pseudopapillary tumour of the pancreas. An immunohistochemical study using two antibodies recognizing different domains of the E-cadherin molecule. Histopathology 2008; 52:325-30. [PMID: 18269583 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02949.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the expression of E-cadherin in solid pseudopapillary tumours (SPT) of the pancreas using two monoclonal antibodies recognizing two different domains of the E-cadherin molecule. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty cases of SPT were collected and a tissue microarray (TMA) constructed. The TMA was stained with commercially available antibodies to E-cadherin and beta-catenin. All 20 cases displayed nuclear beta-catenin as well as aberrant E-cadherin expression. With the antibody that stains the cytoplasmic domain of E-cadherin (clone 36, BD Transduction Laboratories), all 20 cases demonstrated nuclear E-cadherin reactivity, whereas with use of the antibody that recognizes the extracellular domain (clone 36B5, Vector Laboratories), no reactivity was observed in any of the cases. CONCLUSION This study shows that aberrant beta-catenin and E-cadherin protein expression occurs in 100% of SPT, is probably linked mechanistically to beta-catenin nuclear localization, and two distinct patterns of E-cadherin immunoreactivity are seen in SPT: nuclear (with the antibody against the cytoplasmic domain), or immunonegativity (complete loss) when stained with the antibody for the E-cadherin extracellular fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chetty
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network/Toronto Medical Laboratories, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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50
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Aljerian K, Alsaad KO, Chetty R, Ghazarian D. Squamous cell carcinoma with rhabdoid phenotype and osteoclast-like giant cells in a renal-pancreas transplant recipient. J Clin Pathol 2007; 59:1309-11. [PMID: 17142573 PMCID: PMC1860547 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2005.034991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the commonest non-melanotic malignant skin tumour encountered after solid-organ transplantation. In this setting it is associated with a worse prognosis than sun-damage-induced SCC. Rhabdoid cells and osteoclastic giant cells are infrequently seen in SCC. This case highlights the unusual occurrence of rhabdoid cells and osteoclastic giant cells in a post-transplant SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Aljerian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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