1
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Uguz I, Ohayon D, Yilmaz S, Griggs S, Sheelamanthula R, Fabbri JD, McCulloch I, Inal S, Shepard KL. Complementary integration of organic electrochemical transistors for front-end amplifier circuits of flexible neural implants. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadi9710. [PMID: 38517957 PMCID: PMC10959418 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi9710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
The ability to amplify, translate, and process small ionic potential fluctuations of neural processes directly at the recording site is essential to improve the performance of neural implants. Organic front-end analog electronics are ideal for this application, allowing for minimally invasive amplifiers owing to their tissue-like mechanical properties. Here, we demonstrate fully organic complementary circuits by pairing depletion- and enhancement-mode p- and n-type organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). With precise geometry tuning and a vertical device architecture, we achieve overlapping output characteristics and integrate them into amplifiers with single neuronal dimensions (20 micrometers). Amplifiers with combined p- and n-OECTs result in voltage-to-voltage amplification with a gain of >30 decibels. We also leverage depletion and enhancement-mode p-OECTs with matching characteristics to demonstrate a differential recording capability with high common mode rejection rate (>60 decibels). Integrating OECT-based front-end amplifiers into a flexible shank form factor enables single-neuron recording in the mouse cortex with on-site filtering and amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilke Uguz
- Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Ohayon
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Institute of Functional Intelligent Materials (IFIM), National University of Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | | | - Sophie Griggs
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Rajendar Sheelamanthula
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center, KAUST, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center, KAUST, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahika Inal
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Uguz I, Ohayon D, Arslan V, Sheelamanthula R, Griggs S, Hama A, Stanton JW, McCulloch I, Inal S, Shepard KL. Flexible switch matrix addressable electrode arrays with organic electrochemical transistor and pn diode technology. Nat Commun 2024; 15:533. [PMID: 38225257 PMCID: PMC10789794 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to their effective ionic-to-electronic signal conversion and mechanical flexibility, organic neural implants hold considerable promise for biocompatible neural interfaces. Current approaches are, however, primarily limited to passive electrodes due to a lack of circuit components to realize complex active circuits at the front-end. Here, we introduce a p-n organic electrochemical diode using complementary p- and n-type conducting polymer films embedded in a 15-μm -diameter vertical stack. Leveraging the efficient motion of encapsulated cations inside this polymer stack and the opposite doping mechanisms of the constituent polymers, we demonstrate high current rectification ratios ([Formula: see text]) and fast switching speeds (230 μs). We integrate p-n organic electrochemical diodes with organic electrochemical transistors in the front-end pixel of a recording array. This configuration facilitates the access of organic electrochemical transistor output currents within a large network operating in the same electrolyte, while minimizing crosstalk from neighboring elements due to minimized reverse-biased leakage. Furthermore, we use these devices to fabricate time-division-multiplexed amplifier arrays. Lastly, we show that, when fabricated in a shank format, this technology enables the multiplexing of amplified local field potentials directly in the active recording pixel (26-μm diameter) in a minimally invasive form factor with shank cross-sectional dimensions of only 50×8 [Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilke Uguz
- Electrical Engineering Department, Columbia University, New York, 10027, NY, USA.
| | - David Ohayon
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Volkan Arslan
- Electrical Engineering Department, Columbia University, New York, 10027, NY, USA
| | | | - Sophie Griggs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Adel Hama
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - John William Stanton
- Electrical Engineering Department, Columbia University, New York, 10027, NY, USA
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, KAUST, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Sahika Inal
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kenneth L Shepard
- Electrical Engineering Department, Columbia University, New York, 10027, NY, USA
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3
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Siemons N, Pearce D, Yu H, Tuladhar SM, LeCroy GS, Sheelamanthula R, Hallani RK, Salleo A, McCulloch I, Giovannitti A, Frost JM, Nelson J. Controlling swelling in mixed transport polymers through alkyl side-chain physical cross-linking. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2306272120. [PMID: 37603750 PMCID: PMC10467570 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306272120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Semiconducting conjugated polymers bearing glycol side chains can simultaneously transport both electronic and ionic charges with high charge mobilities, making them ideal electrode materials for a range of bioelectronic devices. However, heavily glycolated conjugated polymer films have been observed to swell irreversibly when subjected to an electrochemical bias in an aqueous electrolyte. The excessive swelling can lead to the degradation of their microstructure, and subsequently reduced device performance. An effective strategy to control polymer film swelling is to copolymerize glycolated repeat units with a fraction of monomers bearing alkyl side chains, although the microscopic mechanism that constrains swelling is unknown. Here we investigate, experimentally and computationally, a series of archetypal mixed transporting copolymers with varying ratios of glycolated and alkylated repeat units. Experimentally we observe that exchanging 10% of the glycol side chains for alkyl leads to significantly reduced film swelling and an increase in electrochemical stability. Through molecular dynamics simulation of the amorphous phase of the materials, we observe the formation of polymer networks mediated by alkyl side-chain interactions. When in the presence of water, the network becomes increasingly connected, counteracting the volumetric expansion of the polymer film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Siemons
- Department of Physics, Imperial College, London, South Kensington, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Drew Pearce
- Department of Physics, Imperial College, London, South Kensington, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Hang Yu
- Department of Physics, Imperial College, London, South Kensington, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sachetan M. Tuladhar
- Department of Physics, Imperial College, London, South Kensington, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Garrett S. LeCroy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Rajendar Sheelamanthula
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Solar Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawad K. Hallani
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Solar Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Iain McCulloch
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Solar Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexander Giovannitti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg412 96, Sweden
| | - Jarvist M. Frost
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College, London, South Kensington, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Department of Physics, Imperial College, London, South Kensington, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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4
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Quill TJ, LeCroy G, Halat DM, Sheelamanthula R, Marks A, Grundy LS, McCulloch I, Reimer JA, Balsara NP, Giovannitti A, Salleo A, Takacs CJ. An ordered, self-assembled nanocomposite with efficient electronic and ionic transport. Nat Mater 2023; 22:362-368. [PMID: 36797383 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mixed conductors-materials that can efficiently conduct both ionic and electronic species-are an important class of functional solids. Here we demonstrate an organic nanocomposite that spontaneously forms when mixing an organic semiconductor with an ionic liquid and exhibits efficient room-temperature mixed conduction. We use a polymer known to form a semicrystalline microstructure to template ion intercalation into the side-chain domains of the crystallites, which leaves electronic transport pathways intact. Thus, the resulting material is ordered, exhibiting alternating layers of rigid semiconducting sheets and soft ion-conducting layers. This unique dual-network microstructure leads to a dynamic ionic/electronic nanocomposite with liquid-like ionic transport and highly mobile electronic charges. Using a combination of operando X-ray scattering and in situ spectroscopy, we confirm the ordered structure of the nanocomposite and uncover the mechanisms that give rise to efficient electron transport. These results provide fundamental insights into charge transport in organic semiconductors, as well as suggesting a pathway towards future improvements in these nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Quill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Garrett LeCroy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David M Halat
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division and Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rajendar Sheelamanthula
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lorena S Grundy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division and Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeffrey A Reimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division and Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nitash P Balsara
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division and Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Giovannitti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Christopher J Takacs
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
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5
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Siemons N, Pearce D, Cendra C, Yu H, Tuladhar SM, Hallani RK, Sheelamanthula R, LeCroy GS, Siemons L, White AJP, McCulloch I, Salleo A, Frost JM, Giovannitti A, Nelson J. Impact of Side-Chain Hydrophilicity on Packing, Swelling, and Ion Interactions in Oxy-Bithiophene Semiconductors. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2204258. [PMID: 35946142 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exchanging hydrophobic alkyl-based side chains to hydrophilic glycol-based side chains is a widely adopted method for improving mixed-transport device performance, despite the impact on solid-state packing and polymer-electrolyte interactions being poorly understood. Presented here is a molecular dynamics (MD) force field for modeling alkoxylated and glycolated polythiophenes. The force field is validated against known packing motifs for their monomer crystals. MD simulations, coupled with X-ray diffraction (XRD), show that alkoxylated polythiophenes will pack with a "tilted stack" and straight interdigitating side chains, whilst their glycolated counterpart will pack with a "deflected stack" and an s-bend side-chain configuration. MD simulations reveal water penetration pathways into the alkoxylated and glycolated crystals-through the π-stack and through the lamellar stack respectively. Finally, the two distinct ways triethylene glycol polymers can bind to cations are revealed, showing the formation of a metastable single bound state, or an energetically deep double bound state, both with a strong side-chain length dependence. The minimum energy pathways for the formation of the chelates are identified, showing the physical process through which cations can bind to one or two side chains of a glycolated polythiophene, with consequences for ion transport in bithiophene semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Siemons
- Department of Physics, Imperial College, London, Exhibition Rd, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Drew Pearce
- Department of Physics, Imperial College, London, Exhibition Rd, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Camila Cendra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hang Yu
- Department of Physics, Imperial College, London, Exhibition Rd, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sachetan M Tuladhar
- Department of Physics, Imperial College, London, Exhibition Rd, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Rawad K Hallani
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajendar Sheelamanthula
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Garrett S LeCroy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Lucas Siemons
- Structural biology of cells and viruses laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Andrew J P White
- Chemical Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jarvist M Frost
- Department of Physics, Imperial College, London, Exhibition Rd, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alexander Giovannitti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Department of Physics, Imperial College, London, Exhibition Rd, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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6
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Kosco J, Gonzalez-Carrero S, Howells CT, Zhang W, Moser M, Sheelamanthula R, Zhao L, Willner B, Hidalgo TC, Faber H, Purushothaman B, Sachs M, Cha H, Sougrat R, Anthopoulos TD, Inal S, Durrant JR, McCulloch I. Oligoethylene Glycol Side Chains Increase Charge Generation in Organic Semiconductor Nanoparticles for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2105007. [PMID: 34714562 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductor nanoparticles (NPs) composed of an electron donor/acceptor (D/A) semiconductor blend have recently emerged as an efficient class of hydrogen-evolution photocatalysts. It is demonstrated that using conjugated polymers functionalized with (oligo)ethylene glycol side chains in NP photocatalysts can greatly enhance their H2 -evolution efficiency compared to their nonglycolated analogues. The strategy is broadly applicable to a range of structurally diverse conjugated polymers. Transient spectroscopic studies show that glycolation facilitates charge generation even in the absence of a D/A heterojunction, and further suppresses both geminate and nongeminate charge recombination in D/A NPs. This results in a high yield of photogenerated charges with lifetimes long enough to efficiently drive ascorbic acid oxidation, which is correlated with greatly enhanced H2 -evolution rates in the glycolated NPs. Glycolation increases the relative permittivity of the semiconductors and facilitates water uptake. Together, these effects may increase the high-frequency relative permittivity inside the NPs sufficiently, to cause the observed suppression of exciton and charge recombination responsible for the high photocatalytic activities of the glycolated NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kosco
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Soranyel Gonzalez-Carrero
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Calvyn T Howells
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Weimin Zhang
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maximilian Moser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 4BH, UK
| | - Rajendar Sheelamanthula
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Lingyun Zhao
- KAUST Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Benjamin Willner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 4BH, UK
| | - Tania C Hidalgo
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hendrik Faber
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Balaji Purushothaman
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael Sachs
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Hyojung Cha
- Department of Hydrogen and Renewable Energy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Rachid Sougrat
- KAUST Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahika Inal
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - James R Durrant
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 4BH, UK
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7
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Krauhausen I, Koutsouras DA, Melianas A, Keene ST, Lieberth K, Ledanseur H, Sheelamanthula R, Giovannitti A, Torricelli F, Mcculloch I, Blom PWM, Salleo A, van de Burgt Y, Gkoupidenis P. Organic neuromorphic electronics for sensorimotor integration and learning in robotics. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabl5068. [PMID: 34890232 PMCID: PMC8664264 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl5068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In living organisms, sensory and motor processes are distributed, locally merged, and capable of forming dynamic sensorimotor associations. We introduce a simple and efficient organic neuromorphic circuit for local sensorimotor merging and processing on a robot that is placed in a maze. While the robot is exposed to external environmental stimuli, visuomotor associations are formed on the adaptable neuromorphic circuit. With this on-chip sensorimotor integration, the robot learns to follow a path to the exit of a maze, while being guided by visually indicated paths. The ease of processability of organic neuromorphic electronics and their unconventional form factors, in combination with education-purpose robotics, showcase a promising approach of an affordable, versatile, and readily accessible platform for exploring, designing, and evaluating behavioral intelligence through decentralized sensorimotor integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke Krauhausen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
- Microsystems, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | | | - Armantas Melianas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Exponent, 149 Commonwealth Dr, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Scott T. Keene
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Rajendar Sheelamanthula
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexander Giovannitti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Iain Mcculloch
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Corresponding author. (A.S.); (Y.v.d.B); (P.G.)
| | - Yoeri van de Burgt
- Microsystems, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Corresponding author. (A.S.); (Y.v.d.B); (P.G.)
| | - Paschalis Gkoupidenis
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
- Corresponding author. (A.S.); (Y.v.d.B); (P.G.)
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8
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Hallani RK, Paulsen BD, Petty AJ, Sheelamanthula R, Moser M, Thorley KJ, Sohn W, Rashid RB, Savva A, Moro S, Parker JP, Drury O, Alsufyani M, Neophytou M, Kosco J, Inal S, Costantini G, Rivnay J, McCulloch I. Regiochemistry-Driven Organic Electrochemical Transistor Performance Enhancement in Ethylene Glycol-Functionalized Polythiophenes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11007-11018. [PMID: 34192463 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Novel p-type semiconducting polymers that can facilitate ion penetration, and operate in accumulation mode are much desired in bioelectronics. Glycol side chains have proven to be an efficient method to increase bulk electrochemical doping and optimize aqueous swelling. One early polymer which exemplifies these design approaches was p(g2T-TT), employing a bithiophene-co-thienothiophene backbone with glycol side chains in the 3,3' positions of the bithiophene repeat unit. In this paper, the analogous regioisomeric polymer, namely pgBTTT, was synthesized by relocating the glycol side chains position on the bithiophene unit of p(g2T-TT) from the 3,3' to the 4,4' positions and compared with the original p(g2T-TT). By changing the regio-positioning of the side chains, the planarizing effects of the S-O interactions were redistributed along the backbone, and the influence on the polymer's microstructure organization was investigated using grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) measurements. The newly designed pgBTTT exhibited lower backbone disorder, closer π-stacking, and higher scattering intensity in both the in-plane and out-of-plane GIWAXS measurements. The effect of the improved planarity of pgBTTT manifested as higher hole mobility (μ) of 3.44 ± 0.13 cm2 V-1 s-1. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) was in agreement with the GIWAXS measurements and demonstrated, for the first time, that glycol side chains can also facilitate intermolecular interdigitation analogous to that of pBTTT. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation of energy (eQCM-D) measurements revealed that pgBTTT maintains a more rigid structure than p(g2T-TT) during doping, minimizing molecular packing disruption and maintaining higher hole mobility in operation mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawad K Hallani
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anthony J Petty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Rajendar Sheelamanthula
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maximilian Moser
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Karl J Thorley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Wonil Sohn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Reem B Rashid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefania Moro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Joseph P Parker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Oscar Drury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Maryam Alsufyani
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marios Neophytou
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jan Kosco
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahika Inal
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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Moser M, Hidalgo TC, Surgailis J, Gladisch J, Ghosh S, Sheelamanthula R, Thiburce Q, Giovannitti A, Salleo A, Gasparini N, Wadsworth A, Zozoulenko I, Berggren M, Stavrinidou E, Inal S, McCulloch I. Side Chain Redistribution as a Strategy to Boost Organic Electrochemical Transistor Performance and Stability. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2002748. [PMID: 32754923 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A series of glycolated polythiophenes for use in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) is designed and synthesized, differing in the distribution of their ethylene glycol chains that are tethered to the conjugated backbone. While side chain redistribution does not have a significant impact on the optoelectronic properties of the polymers, this molecular engineering strategy strongly impacts the water uptake achieved in the polymers. By careful optimization of the water uptake in the polymer films, OECTs with unprecedented steady-state performances in terms of [μC* ] and current retentions up to 98% over 700 electrochemical switching cycles are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Moser
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Tania Cecilia Hidalgo
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jokubas Surgailis
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Johannes Gladisch
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Department of Science and Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Sarbani Ghosh
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Rajendar Sheelamanthula
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Quentin Thiburce
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alexander Giovannitti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Andrew Wadsworth
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Department of Science and Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Department of Science and Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Department of Science and Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Sahika Inal
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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