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Cioboata R, Vasile CM, Bălteanu MA, Georgescu DE, Toma C, Dracea AS, Nicolosu D. Evaluating Serum Calcium and Magnesium Levels as Predictive Biomarkers for Tuberculosis and COVID-19 Severity: A Romanian Prospective Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:418. [PMID: 38203589 PMCID: PMC10778644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In Romania, the highest incidence of tuberculosis (TB) within the European Union was reported in 2020, highlighting a significant health challenge. This is compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has severely impacted healthcare services, including TB management. Both TB and COVID-19, diseases with considerable morbidity and mortality, have shown potential links to electrolyte imbalances. We conducted a prospective study at Victor Babes Hospital, Romania on 146 patients (74 with TB, 72 with COVID-19) between December 2021 and July 2023. This study assessed correlations between disease severity and serum calcium and magnesium levels, as well as pulmonary function. Adult patients with confirmed diagnoses and comprehensive medical records were included, excluding those with chronic respiratory diseases or unrelated electrolyte imbalances. Statistical analysis utilized the Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's procedure for non-normally distributed data. Low serum calcium and magnesium levels were significantly correlated with severe forms of TB and COVID-19, suggesting their potential as biomarkers of disease progression. Patients with more severe TB (i.e., multiple cavities) exhibited significantly lower serum calcium (p = 0.0049) and magnesium levels (p = 0.0004). ROC analysis revealed high AUC values for serum calcium and serum magnesium in predicting COVID-19 severity, indicating their potential as biomarkers. This study demonstrates a significant association between lower serum calcium and magnesium levels and increased TB severity. Similarly, these electrolytes show promise as predictive markers for COVID-19 severity. These findings could serve as biomarkers for predicting the severity of TB and COVID-19, offering potential utility in clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Cioboata
- Pneumology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
- Pneumology Department, Victor Babes University Hospital Craiova, 200515 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Corina Maria Vasile
- Department of Pediatric and Adult Congenital Cardiology, University Hospital of Bordeaux, F-33600 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Mara Amalia Bălteanu
- Department of Pneumology, “Marius Nasta” Institute of Pneumology, 050159 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dragos Eugen Georgescu
- “Carol Davila” Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of General Surgery, “Dr. Ion Cantacuzino” Clinical Hospital, 022904 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Claudia Toma
- Pneumology Department, University of Medicine Carol Davila, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Amelia Sanda Dracea
- Department of Biophysics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Dragos Nicolosu
- Pneumology Department, Victor Babes University Hospital Craiova, 200515 Craiova, Romania;
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Biciusca T, Stan SI, Balteanu MA, Cioboata R, Ghenea AE, Danoiu S, Bumbea AM, Biciusca V. The Role of the Fatty Liver Index (FLI) in the Management of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3316. [PMID: 37958212 PMCID: PMC10649095 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13213316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common liver disease worldwide, with a prevalence of 32%. It is much more common among men (40%) and among patients with metabolic comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes and dyslipidemia. Being an asymptomatic disease, the diagnosis is often established on the basis of imaging methods, with an important role given to abdominal ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. In order to facilitate diagnosis, experts have introduced a series of blood biomarkers. Two biomarker panels are currently validated for the diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: the fatty liver index, and the hepatic steatosis index. The fatty liver index has been in use in medical practice for over 17 years and has demonstrated its accuracy in various studies that compared it with other diagnostic methods, highlighted its role in screening patients with cardiovascular risk and validated the effects of different diets and drugs that are proposed for the treatment of the disease. In the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, the fatty liver index is an important algorithm in the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with metabolic risk. Taking into account the diversity of drugs to be approved in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, the fatty liver index will become an effective tool in monitoring the effects of these therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Biciusca
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Sorina Ionelia Stan
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Mara Amalia Balteanu
- Department of Pneumology, Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Ramona Cioboata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Alice Elena Ghenea
- Department of Bacteriology-Virology-Parasitology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Suzana Danoiu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Ana-Maria Bumbea
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Viorel Biciusca
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
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Vasile CM, Padovani P, Rujinski SD, Nicolosu D, Toma C, Turcu AA, Cioboata R. The Increase in Childhood Obesity and Its Association with Hypertension during Pandemics. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5909. [PMID: 37762850 PMCID: PMC10531996 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12185909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a major ongoing health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children's lives, including lifestyle and overall health. Enforcement of prevention measures, such as school closures and social distancing, has significantly affected children's daily routines and activities. This perspective manuscript aims to explore the rise in childhood obesity and its association with hypertension during pandemics. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to significant disruptions in children's routines, including reduced physical activity, increased sedentary behavior, and changes in dietary patterns. These factors, coupled with the psychological impact of the pandemic, have contributed to an alarming increase in childhood obesity rates. This paper has highlighted the concerning increase in childhood obesity and hypertension during pandemics. The disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, including reduced physical activity, increased sedentary behaviors, and changes in dietary patterns, have contributed to the rise in these health conditions. It is crucial to recognize the long-term consequences of childhood obesity and hypertension and the urgent need for a comprehensive approach to address them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Maria Vasile
- Department of Pediatric and Adult Congenital Cardiology, University Hospital of Bordeaux, F-33600 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Paul Padovani
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, FHU PreciCare, F-44000 Nantes, France;
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, CIC FEA 1413, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | | | - Dragos Nicolosu
- Pneumology Department, Victor Babes University Hospital Craiova, 200515 Craiova, Romania; (D.N.); (R.C.)
| | - Claudia Toma
- Pneumology Department, University of Medicine Carol Davila, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Adina Andreea Turcu
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Pharmacy and Medicine Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Ramona Cioboata
- Pneumology Department, Victor Babes University Hospital Craiova, 200515 Craiova, Romania; (D.N.); (R.C.)
- Pneumology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania
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Cioboata R, Biciusca V, Olteanu M, Vasile CM. COVID-19 and Tuberculosis: Unveiling the Dual Threat and Shared Solutions Perspective. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4784. [PMID: 37510899 PMCID: PMC10381217 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12144784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The year 2020 will likely be remembered as the year dominated by COVID-19, or coronavirus disease. The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for this pandemic, can be traced back to late 2019 in China. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the tuberculosis (TB) care system, reducing TB testing and reporting. This can be attributed to the disruption of TB services and restrictions on patient movement, consequently increasing TB-related deaths. This perspective review aims to highlight the intersection between COVID-19 and TB, highlighting their dual threat and identifying shared solutions to address these two infectious diseases effectively. There are several shared commonalities between COVID-19 and tuberculosis, particularly the transmission of their causative agents, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Both pathogens are transmitted via respiratory tract secretions. TB and COVID-19 are diseases that can be transmitted through droplets and airborne particles, and their primary target is typically the lungs. Regarding COVID-19 diagnostics, several methods are available for rapid and accurate detection. These include RT-PCR, which can provide results within two hours, and rapid antigen test kits that offer results in just a few minutes. The availability of point-of-care self-testing further enhances convenience. On the other hand, various approaches are employed for TB diagnostics to swiftly identify active TB. These include sputum microscopy, sputum for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and chest X-rays. These methods enable the rapid detection of active TB on the same day, while culture-based testing may take significantly longer, ranging from 2 to 8 weeks. The utilization of diverse diagnostic tools helps ensure the timely identification and management of COVID-19 and TB cases. The quality of life of patients affected by COVID-19 and tuberculosis (TB) can be significantly impacted due to the nature of these diseases and their associated challenges. In conclusion, it is crucial to emphasize the urgent need to address the dual threat of COVID-19 and TB. Both diseases have devastated global health, and their convergence poses an even greater challenge. Collaborative efforts, research investments, and policy reforms are essential to tackle this dual threat effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Cioboata
- Department of Pneumology, University of Pharmacy and Medicine Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
- Department of Pneumology, Victor Babes Clinical Hospital, 030303 Craiova, Romania
| | - Viorel Biciusca
- Department of Pneumology, University of Pharmacy and Medicine Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
- Department of Internal Medicine, Filantropia Hospital, 050474 Craiova, Romania
| | - Mihai Olteanu
- Department of Pneumology, University of Pharmacy and Medicine Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
- Department of Pneumology, Victor Babes Clinical Hospital, 030303 Craiova, Romania
| | - Corina Maria Vasile
- Department of Pediatric and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Bordeaux University Hospital, 33600 Pessac, France
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Stepan MD, Cioboata R, Vintilescu ŞB, Vasile CM, Osman A, Ciolofan MS, Popescu M, Petrovici IL, Zavate AC. Pediatric Functional Abdominal Pain Disorders following COVID-19. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:509. [PMID: 35455000 PMCID: PMC9027938 DOI: 10.3390/life12040509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPD) are a group of functional gastrointestinal disorders with multifactorial etiology and are subclassified using Rome IV criteria into a series of clinically distinct entities represented by irritable bowel syndrome, functional dyspepsia, abdominal migraine and functional abdominal pain that is not otherwise specified. Digestive functional disorders associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) may be mediated by the involvement of complex pathogenic mechanisms, which have been under investigation in children since the beginning of the coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19). METHODS In this retrospective, observational descriptive and analytical study, we investigated the presence of chronical functional abdominal pain in preschool children (4-6 years old) from the south-west of Romania in the pre-pandemic (18 cases) and COVID-19 pandemic period (34 cases), as well as the association with the COVID-19 positive and COVID-19 negative statuses, gender, environment origin, and viral infection-associated symptoms. Age-specific Rome IV criteria were used to diagnose functional abdominal pain. We performed an integrated statistical analysis of the results utilizing an electronic database in which we compared the data in order to assess the impact of COVID-19 on the clinical-epidemiological parameters analyzed. RESULTS In the pre-pandemic group, irritable bowel syndrome predominated (77.8%), followed by functional dyspepsia (22.2%), the other types of functional abdominal pain being absent, while for the pandemic group, irritable bowel syndrome was the most common (79.4%), followed by abdominal migraine (11.8%), abdominal dyspepsia (5.9%) and functional abdominal pain not otherwise specified (2.9%). We found a female/male ratio difference of 0.84 and an urban/rural ratio of 1.83 in favor of the pandemic group. These discrepancies were mainly caused by the differences between the COVID-19 positive and negative pandemic groups, where we observed statistical association of the positive pandemic group with IBS and urban environment, and a tendency of FAPDs diagnostic mainly with males. The predominant symptoms associated with COVID-19 positive cases were digestive (60.9%) or respiratory (39.1%). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates viral-mediated sensitivity of the gastrointestinal tract in preschool children, considering different clinical-epidemiological profiles related to the prevalence of FAPD and according to gender and environment origin, while the contribution of the pandemic context remains to be demonstrated in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mioara Desdemona Stepan
- Department of Infant Care-Pediatrics-Neonatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Ramona Cioboata
- Department of Pneumology, University of Pharmacy and Medicine Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Ştefăniţa Bianca Vintilescu
- Department of Infant Care-Pediatrics-Neonatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Corina Maria Vasile
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Andrei Osman
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Mircea Sorin Ciolofan
- Department of ENT, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Mihaela Popescu
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Ilaria Lorena Petrovici
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (I.L.P.); (A.C.Z.)
| | - Andrei Calin Zavate
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (I.L.P.); (A.C.Z.)
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Udriștoiu AL, Ghenea AE, Udriștoiu Ș, Neaga M, Zlatian OM, Vasile CM, Popescu M, Țieranu EN, Salan AI, Turcu AA, Nicolosu D, Calina D, Cioboata R. COVID-19 and Artificial Intelligence: An Approach to Forecast the Severity of Diagnosis. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1281. [PMID: 34833156 PMCID: PMC8617902 DOI: 10.3390/life11111281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The new SARS-COV-2 pandemic overwhelmed intensive care units, clinicians, and radiologists, so the development of methods to forecast the diagnosis' severity became a necessity and a helpful tool. (2) Methods: In this paper, we proposed an artificial intelligence-based multimodal approach to forecast the future diagnosis' severity of patients with laboratory-confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection. At hospital admission, we collected 46 clinical and biological variables with chest X-ray scans from 475 COVID-19 positively tested patients. An ensemble of machine learning algorithms (AI-Score) was developed to predict the future severity score as mild, moderate, and severe for COVID-19-infected patients. Additionally, a deep learning module (CXR-Score) was developed to automatically classify the chest X-ray images and integrate them into AI-Score. (3) Results: The AI-Score predicted the COVID-19 diagnosis' severity on the testing/control dataset (95 patients) with an average accuracy of 98.59%, average specificity of 98.97%, and average sensitivity of 97.93%. The CXR-Score module graded the severity of chest X-ray images with an average accuracy of 99.08% on the testing/control dataset (95 chest X-ray images). (4) Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that the deep learning methods based on the integration of clinical and biological data with chest X-ray images accurately predicted the COVID-19 severity score of positive-tested patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Loredana Udriștoiu
- Faculty of Automation, Computers and Electronics, University of Craiova, 200776 Craiova, Romania; (A.L.U.); (Ș.U.); (M.N.)
| | - Alice Elena Ghenea
- Department of Bacteriology-Virology-Parasitology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Ștefan Udriștoiu
- Faculty of Automation, Computers and Electronics, University of Craiova, 200776 Craiova, Romania; (A.L.U.); (Ș.U.); (M.N.)
| | - Manuela Neaga
- Faculty of Automation, Computers and Electronics, University of Craiova, 200776 Craiova, Romania; (A.L.U.); (Ș.U.); (M.N.)
| | - Ovidiu Mircea Zlatian
- Department of Bacteriology-Virology-Parasitology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Corina Maria Vasile
- PhD School Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Mihaela Popescu
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Eugen Nicolae Țieranu
- Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200642 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Alex-Ioan Salan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Adina Andreea Turcu
- Infectious Disease Department, Victor Babes University Hospital Craiova, 200515 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Dragos Nicolosu
- Pneumology Department, Victor Babes University Hospital Craiova, 200515 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Pharmacy and Medicine Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Ramona Cioboata
- Department of Pneumology, University of Pharmacy and Medicine Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
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7
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Ugarte-Gil C, Alisjahbana B, Ronacher K, Riza AL, Koesoemadinata RC, Malherbe ST, Cioboata R, Llontop JC, Kleynhans L, Lopez S, Santoso P, Marius C, Villaizan K, Ruslami R, Walzl G, Panduru NM, Dockrell HM, Hill PC, Mc Allister S, Pearson F, Moore DAJ, Critchley JA, van Crevel R. Diabetes Mellitus Among Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients From 4 Tuberculosis-endemic Countries: The TANDEM Study. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 70:780-788. [PMID: 30958536 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases active tuberculosis (TB) risk and worsens TB outcomes, jeopardizing TB control especially in TB-endemic countries with rising DM prevalence rates. We assessed DM status and clinical correlates in TB patients across settings in Indonesia, Peru, Romania, and South Africa. METHODS Age-adjusted DM prevalence was estimated using laboratory glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) or fasting plasma glucose in TB patients. Detailed and standardized sociodemographic, anthropometric, and clinical measurements were made. Characteristics of TB patients with or without DM were compared using multilevel mixed-effect regression models with robust standard errors. RESULTS Of 2185 TB patients (median age 36.6 years, 61.2% male, 3.8% human immunodeficiency virus-infected), 12.5% (267/2128) had DM, one third of whom were newly diagnosed. Age-standardized DM prevalence ranged from 10.9% (South Africa) to 19.7% (Indonesia). Median HbA1c in TB-DM patients ranged from 7.4% (Romania) to 11.3% (Indonesia). Compared to those without DM, TB-DM patients were older and had a higher body mass index (BMI) (P value < .05). Compared to those with newly diagnosed DM, TB patients with diagnosed DM had higher BMI and HbA1c, less severe TB, and more frequent comorbidities, DM complications, and hypertension (P value < .05). CONCLUSIONS We show that DM prevalence and clinical characteristics of TB-DM vary across settings. Diabetes is primarily known but untreated, hyperglycemia is often severe, and many patients with TB-DM have significant cardiovascular disease risk and severe TB. This underlines the need to improve strategies for better clinical management of combined TB and DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Ugarte-Gil
- School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú.,Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,TB Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Bachti Alisjahbana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia.,Infectious Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Katharina Ronacher
- South African Department of Science & Technology and the National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town.,Translational Research Institute, Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Anca Lelia Riza
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center of Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Human Genomics Laboratory, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.,Regional Centre for Human Genetics-Dolj, Emergency Clinical County Hospital, Craiova, Romania
| | - Raspati C Koesoemadinata
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Stephanus T Malherbe
- South African Department of Science & Technology and the National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town
| | - Ramona Cioboata
- Hospital for Infectious Diseases and Pneumology "Victor Babeș," Craiova, Romania
| | | | - Leanie Kleynhans
- South African Department of Science & Technology and the National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town
| | - Sonia Lopez
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Prayudi Santoso
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia.,Infectious Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Ciontea Marius
- Pneumology Hospital Tudor Vladimirescu, Dobrita, jud. Gorj, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Katerine Villaizan
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Rovina Ruslami
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- South African Department of Science & Technology and the National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town
| | - Nicolae Mircea Panduru
- 2nd Clinical Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Hazel M Dockrell
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Philip C Hill
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago Medical School, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Susan Mc Allister
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago Medical School, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Fiona Pearson
- Population Health Research Institute, St Georges, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - David A J Moore
- TB Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.,Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Julia A Critchley
- Population Health Research Institute, St Georges, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Reinout van Crevel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center of Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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