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Kumar R, Bhatnagar V, Jain A, Singh M, Kareem ZH, Sugumar R. CNN-Based Cross-Modal Residual Network for Image Synthesis. Biomed Res Int 2022; 2022:6399730. [PMID: 35993059 PMCID: PMC9385350 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6399730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study attempts to address the issue that present cross-modal image synthesis algorithms do not capture the spatial and structural information of human tissues effectively. As a consequence, the resulting photos include flaws including fuzzy edges and a poor signal-to-noise ratio. The authors offer a cross-sectional technique that combines residual modules with generative adversarial networks. The approach incorporates an enhanced residual initial module and attention mechanism into the generator network, reducing the number of parameters and improving the generator's feature learning capabilities. To boost discriminant performance, the discriminator employs a multiscale discriminator. A multilevel structural similarity loss is included in the loss function to improve picture contrast preservation. On the ADNI data set, the algorithm is compared to the mainstream algorithms. The experimental findings reveal that the synthetic PET image's MAE index has dropped while the SSIM and PSNR indexes have improved. The experimental findings suggest that the proposed model may maintain picture structural information while improving image quality in both visual and objective measures. The residue initial module and attention mechanism are employed to increase the generator's capacity for learning, while the multiscale discriminator is utilized to improve the model's discriminative performance. The enhanced method in this study can maintain the structure and contrast information of the picture, according to comparative experimental findings using the ADNI dataset. The produced picture is hence more aesthetically similar to the genuine print.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Kumar
- Department of MCA, Dewan Institute of Management Studies Meerut UP, India
| | - Vaibhav Bhatnagar
- Department of Computer Applications, Manipal University Jaipur, India
| | - Amit Jain
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | | | - Z. H. Kareem
- Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq
| | - R. Sugumar
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, India
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Chopra P, Junath N, Singh SK, Khan S, Sugumar R, Bhowmick M. Cyclic GAN Model to Classify Breast Cancer Data for Pathological Healthcare Task. Biomed Res Int 2022; 2022:6336700. [PMID: 35909482 PMCID: PMC9334078 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6336700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An algorithm framework based on CycleGAN and an upgraded dual-path network (DPN) is suggested to address the difficulties of uneven staining in pathological pictures and difficulty of discriminating benign from malignant cells. CycleGAN is used for color normalization in pathological pictures to tackle the problem of uneven staining. However, the resultant detection model is ineffective. By overlapping the images, the DPN uses the addition of small convolution, deconvolution, and attention mechanisms to enhance the model's ability to classify the texture features of pathological images on the BreaKHis dataset. The parameters that are taken into consideration for measuring the accuracy of the proposed model are false-positive rate, false-negative rate, recall, precision, and F1 score. Several experiments are carried out over the selected parameters, such as making comparisons between benign and malignant classification accuracy under different normalization methods, comparison of accuracy of image level and patient level using different CNN models, correlating the correctness of DPN68-A network with different deep learning models and other classification algorithms at all magnifications. The results thus obtained have proved that the proposed model DPN68-A network can effectively classify the benign and malignant breast cancer pathological images at various magnifications. The proposed model also is able to better assist the pathologists in diagnosing the patients by synthesizing the images of different magnifications in the clinical stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Chopra
- School of Computer Applications, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - N. Junath
- University of Technology and Applied Science Ibri, Oman
| | - Sitesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Wollega University, Nekemte, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Shakir Khan
- College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - R. Sugumar
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 601205, India
| | - Mithun Bhowmick
- Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
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Sugumar R, Kumar AP, Maheshkumar K, Padmavathi R, Ramachandran P, Ravichandran L, Anandan S, Vijayaraghavan P. Development and validation of a structured feedback questionnaire from postgraduates on various elements of postgraduate medical curriculum. Med J Armed Forces India 2021; 77:S57-S64. [PMID: 33612933 PMCID: PMC7873746 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2021.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical Council of India, introduced the Post Graduate (PG) curriculum as 'Competency Based Medical Education' (CBME). Feedback from the end users is a vital step in curriculum evaluation. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to develop and validate a Structured Feedback Questionnaire (SFQ) for postgraduates, encompassing all the components of the PG-CBME curriculum. METHODS SFQ was developed with 23 Likert based questions and four open ended questions. Content validation was done by Lawshe method. After getting institutional ethics clearance and informed consent, SFQ was administered to 121 final year PGs (response rate 100%). We performed Principal component analysis (PCA), Structural equation modeling (SEM), Chi squared test (χ2/df); goodness-of-fit index (GFI); adjusted GFI; comparative fit index (CFI) and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA). Cronbach's alpha was done for estimating the internal consistency. RESULTS The validation resulted in a three-factor model comprising of "curriculum" (42.1%), "assessment" (28%), and "support" (18.5%). Chi squared test (χ2/df ratio) < 2, CFI (0.78), GFI (0.72) and RMSEA (0.09) indicated superior goodness of fit for the three-factor model for the sample data. All the extracted factors had good internal consistency of ≥0.9. CONCLUSION We believe that this 23 item SFQ is a valid and reliable tool which can be utilized for curriculum evaluation and thereby formulating recommendations to modify the existing curriculum wherever required, facilitating enriched program outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Sugumar
- Assistant Professor (Pharmacology), Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, SRIHER (DU), Chennai, India
| | - Archana Prabu Kumar
- Assistant Professor, Medical Education Unit, College of Medicine & Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - K. Maheshkumar
- Assistant Medical Officer (Physiology & Biochemistry), Government Yoga & Naturopathy Medical College & Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - R. Padmavathi
- Associate Dean (PG Studies-Basic Sciences) & Professor (Physiology), Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, SRIHER (DU), Chennai, India
| | - P. Ramachandran
- Associate Dean (PG Studies-Clinical) & Professor (Paediatrics), Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, SRIHER (DU), Chennai, India
| | - Latha Ravichandran
- Associate Dean (Education) & Professor (Paediatrics), Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, SRIHER (DU), Chennai, India
| | - S. Anandan
- Dean-Medical College, Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, SRIHER (DU), Chennai, India
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Sugumar R, Kannan S, Asirvatham AR, Mahadevan S. Absence of Iodine/Iodide in Cough/Expectorant Medications: A True Disclaimer or not? Indian J Nucl Med 2018; 33:84-85. [PMID: 29430128 PMCID: PMC5798112 DOI: 10.4103/ijnm.ijnm_105_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Sugumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subramanian Kannan
- Department of Endocrinology, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre, Narayana Health, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Shriraam Mahadevan
- Department of Endocrinology, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Shriraam Mahadevan, Department of Endocrinology, A1, Private Clinic, Sri Ramachandra Medical Centre, Porur, Chennai - 600 116, Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail:
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Susila AV, Sugumar R, Chandana CS, Subbarao CV. Combined effects of photodynamic therapy and irrigants in disinfection of root canals. J Biophotonics 2016; 9:603-609. [PMID: 26235897 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the combined effects of photodynamic therapy and irrigants in eradicating common endodontic pathogens are evaluated. Roots of 80 extracted single rooted teeth are divided into 2 groups (1) mechanical flushing; (2) antibacterial irrigation. After cleaning and shaping, they are inoculated with either (A) Streptococcus mutans or (B) Enterococcus faecalis and incubated. They are again subdivided and either only irrigated or irrigated and lased. Dentin shavings are taken from root canal walls and cultured. Statistical analysis using One-Way ANOVA and Post-hoc tests are done. The combination eradicated both bacteria. Antibacterial irrigants controlled S. mutans better than PDT (p = 0.041). The combination of PDT and antibacterial irrigation proposed in this study can be used in all primary cases for thorough and reliable disinfection of root canals but may be highly effective in resistant cases like endodontic failures, as E. faecalis is prevalent in such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand V Susila
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, 600077, India.
- Madha Dental College, Kundrathur, Chennai, 600069, India.
| | - R Sugumar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, 600077, India
| | - C S Chandana
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, 600077, India
| | - C V Subbarao
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, 600077, India
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Sugumar R, Adithavarman AP, Dakshinamoorthi A, David DC, Ragunath PK. Virtual Screening of Phytochemicals to Novel Target (HAT) Rtt109 in Pneumocystis Jirovecii using Bioinformatics Tools. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:FC05-8. [PMID: 27134887 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/16029.7374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pneumocystis jirovecii is a fungus that causes Pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV and other immunosuppressed patients. Treatment of Pneumocystis pneumonia with the currently available antifungals is challenging and associated with considerable adverse effects. There is a need to develop drugs against novel targets with minimal human toxicities. Histone Acetyl Transferase (HAT) Rtt109 is a potential therapeutic target in Pneumocystis jirovecii species. HAT is linked to transcription and is required to acetylate conserved lysine residues on histone proteins by transferring an acetyl group from acetyl CoA to form e-N-acetyl lysine. Therefore, inhibitors of HAT can be useful therapeutic options in Pneumocystis pneumonia. AIM To screen phytochemicals against (HAT) Rtt109 using bioinformatics tool. MATERIALS AND METHODS The tertiary structure of Pneumocystis jirovecii (HAT) Rtt109 was modeled by Homology Modeling. The ideal template for modeling was obtained by performing Psi BLAST of the protein sequence. Rtt109-AcCoA/Vps75 protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (PDB structure 3Q35) was chosen as the template. The target protein was modeled using Swiss Modeler and validated using Ramachandran plot and Errat 2. Comprehensive text mining was performed to identify phytochemical compounds with antipneumonia and fungicidal properties and these compounds were filtered based on Lipinski's Rule of 5. The chosen compounds were subjected to virtual screening against the target protein (HAT) Rtt109 using Molegro Virtual Docker 4.5. Osiris Property Explorer and Open Tox Server were used to predict ADME-T properties of the chosen phytochemicals. RESULTS Tertiary structure model of HAT Rtt 109 had a ProSA score of -6.57 and Errat 2 score of 87.34. Structure validation analysis by Ramachandran plot for the model revealed 97% of amino acids were in the favoured region. Of all the phytochemicals subjected to virtual screening against the target protein (HAT) Rtt109, baicalin exhibited highest binding affinity towards the target protein as indicated by the Molegro score of 130.68 and formed 16 H-bonds. The ADME-T property prediction revealed that baicalin was non-mutagenic, non-tumorigenic and had a drug likeness score of 0.87. CONCLUSION Baicalin has good binding with Rtt 109 in Pneumocystis jirovecii and can be considered as a novel and valuable treatment option for Pneumocystis pneumonia patients after subjecting it to invivo and invitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Sugumar
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Sri Ramachandra University , Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Anusha Dakshinamoorthi
- Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Sri Ramachandra University , Tamil Nadu, India
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Sugumar R, Krishnaiah V, Channaveera GS, Mruthyunjaya S. Comparison of the pattern, efficacy, and tolerability of self-medicated drugs in primary dysmenorrhea: a questionnaire based survey. Indian J Pharmacol 2014; 45:180-3. [PMID: 23716896 PMCID: PMC3660932 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.108312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To compare the pattern, efficacy, and tolerability of self-medicated drugs and to assess the adequacy of their dose in primary dysmenorrhea (PD). Materials and Methods: A survey using a self-developed, validated, objective, and structured questionnaire as a tool was conducted among subjects with PD. Statistical analysis was carried out using Chi-square test and ANOVA with post-hoc Tuckey's test. Results: Out of 641 respondents, 42% were self-medicated. The pattern of drugs used was: Dicyclomine, an unknown drug, mefenamic acid, mefenamic acid + dicyclomine, and metamizole by 35%, 29%, 26%, 9%, and 1% of respondents, respectively. Mefenamic acid + dicyclomine, the combination was the most efficacious in comparison to other drugs in moderate to severe dysmenorrhea. There was better tolerability with mefenamic acid + dicyclomine group compared to other drugs. Sub-therapeutic doses were used by 86% of self-medicating respondents. Conclusions: The prevailing self-medication practices were inappropriate in a substantial proportion of women with inadequate knowledge regarding appropriate drug choice, therapeutic doses, and their associated side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Sugumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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