Association of the interleukine-6 polymorphism with catheter-induced coronary artery spasm in Egyptians

BACKGROUND

The role of coronary artery spasm (CAS) was extended beyond variant angina to ischemic heart disease in general, including effort angina, unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction (MI) and sudden death. It is difficult and cumbersome to examine CAS during coronary angiography. Risk factors for CAS include smoking and genetic polymorphisms.

AIM

We aimed to investigate the association of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) polymorphism with catheter-induced CAS in Egyptian patients who undergo coronary angiography.

METHODS

This is a case-control study. Two hundred patients with chronic coronary artery disease who underwent elective coronary angiography were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups: the non-CAS group (100 patients) and the CAS group (100 patients). The subjects were genotyped to the -572 C>G (rs 1800796) polymorphism of the IL-6 gene by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism.

RESULTS

We found that patients with CAS have more risk factors for atherosclerosis compared to those without CAS. Smoking, the IL-6 GG genotype, and the G allele were independent risk factors for CAS.

CONCLUSION

We concluded that the GG genotype and G allele of the IL-6 gene are associated with CAS. Smoking, the GG genotype, and the G allele of the IL-6 gene are independent predictors of catheter-induced CAS.

Association of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Genes Polymorphism With In-Sent Restenosis of Bare Metal Stents vs Drug-Eluting Stents in Egyptians

Despite its unequivocal superiority compared with balloon angioplasty, coronary stenting did not abolish restenosis. We aimed to evaluate the associations between a common single nucleotide polymorphism occurring in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genes and the risk of in-stent restenosis (ISR) of bare metal stents vs drug-eluting stents (BMS vs DES) implanted in Egyptian patients. Two hundred patients who had coronary stenting were divided into group I (n = 98) who received a BMS and group II (n = 102) who received a DES. eNOS and ACE genes polymorphism were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We found that the GA and AA genotypes of the eNOS gene were associated with the ISR with both BMS and DES. However, the ACE gene was not associated with ISR. We concluded that eNOS gene polymorphism is associated with ISR. Hypertension, stent length, and AA genotype of the eNOS gene were found to be independent predictors of the occurrence of ISR after both BMS and DES use.

Association of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (Glu298Asp) gene polymorphism with radial artery spasm during cardiac catheterization in Egyptians

BACKGROUND

Nitric oxide (NO) exerts diverse effects on the cardiovascular system. Impairment of NO production plays a key role in cerebral and coronary artery spasm. We aimed to explore the predicting factors of radial artery spasm (RAS) and the association of eNOS gene polymorphism (Glu298Asp) with RAS during cardiac catheterization.

METHODS AND RESULTS

200 patients underwent elective coronary angiography through a trans-radial approach. The subjects were genotyped to the Glu298Asp polymorphism (rs1799983) on the eNOS gene by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Our results showed that the subjects with the TT genotype and T allele were significantly more likely to develop radial artery spasms (OR = 12.5, 4.6, P < 0.001 respectively). TT genotype of eNOS Glu298Asp polymorphism, number of punctures, size of the radial sheath, radial tortuosity, and right radial access are independent predictors of radial spasm.

CONCLUSION

The eNOS (Glu298Asp) gene polymorphism is associated with RAS during cardiac catheterization in Egyptians. TT genotype of eNOS Glu298Asp polymorphism, number of punctures, size of the radial sheath, right radial access, and tortuosity are independent predictors of RAS during cardiac catheterization.

Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism on patients with in-stent restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention

Purpose: To evaluate the association between common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene and the risk of in-stent restenosis (ISR) and/or the response to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor ACEI in individuals with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) after stent implantation. Methods: The total population of this study consisted of 200 Egyptian individuals divided into 2 groups - in-stent restenosis (ISR) and non ISR group). Genomic DNA was withdrawn from EDTA whole blood applying a spin column approach and ACE gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Carriers of allele D of ACE gene were significantly more liable to ISR occurrence. However, carriers of allele I were significantly more liable to ISR occurrence after administration of ACEI. There is a negative interaction between DD genotype of ACE gene and ACEI administration on ISR after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, there is a positive interaction between II and ID genotype of ACE gene and ACEI administration on ISR after PCI with bare metal stents (BMS). Conclusion: It is beneficial to implement ACEI in therapeutic regimen in individuals with ID or II genotypes of ACE gene, especially with BMS implementation.

miR-146a and miR-196a-2 genes polymorphisms and its circulating levels in lung cancer patients

Recently, MicroRNAs polymorphisms and their serum expression have been linked to increase risk of various cancers. The aim of this study was to elucidate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms of miR-146a and miR-196a-2 and their serum expression and lung cancer risk. One hundred and twenty lung cancer patients and 120 health controls were included in this study. Genotyping and expression for miR-146a and miR-196a-2 were performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism and quantitative real-time PCR. Individuals carrying miR-146a CG and CC genotypes had significantly increased risk for lung cancer than those carrying miR-146a GG genotype. MiR-146a expression significantly decreased in miR-146a CG and CC genotypes carriers as compared with GG genotype carriers. MiR-196a-2 CT and TT genotypes were significantly associated with increased lung cancer while the highest expression of MiR-196a-2 was detected in miR-196a-2 CC genotype carriers. Serum miR-146a was significantly decreased in lung cancer patients while serum miR-196a-2 expression was significantly increased in lung cancer patients. In conclusion, miR-146a and miR-196a-2 genes polymorphisms and their circulating levels were associated with lung cancer risk in Egyptians and may be helpful in early detection of lung cancer.

Genetic and epigenetic modifications of adiponectin gene: Potential association with breast cancer risk

BACKGROUND

Adipokines produced by adipose tissue are directly linked to obesity and may contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer. We hypothesized that genetic and epigenetic modifications in the adiponectin (ADIPOQ) gene and their impact on serum ADIPOQ levels may participate in increasing breast cancer (BC) risk. The present study aimed to investigate ADIPOQ +45 T/G gene polymorphism, methylation status at CpG sites -74 nucleotides (nt) and -283 nt of the ADIPOQ gene, and ADIPOQ serum levels in BC obese women.

METHODS

Serum ADIPOQ was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. ADIPOQ +45 T/G gene polymorphism and ADIPOQ promoter methylation status were determined using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a methylation-specific PCR, respectively, in 120 obese women with BC and 120 age-matched controls.

RESULTS

ADIPOQ +45 GG genotype carriers had a significant increased risk of developing BC (odds ratio = 6.2, 95% confidence interval = 1.3-29.6, p = 0.02). ADIPOQ gene methylation at site -74 nt resulted in a 1.7-fold increased BC risk. Methylation at site -283 nt resulted in a 1.9-fold increased BC risk. Moreover serum levels of ADIPOQ were significantly decreased in BC patients and down-regulated in the presence of methylation in both examined sites. By contrast, no association between ADIPOQ gene polymorphism and serum ADIPOQ level was detected. Using both methylated sites in one panel detected cancer breast with 76.67% sensitivity and 62.18% accuracy.

CONCLUSIONS

ADIPOQ +45 T/G polymorphism and ADIPOQ promoter methylation were found to be associated with BC risk in obese Egyptian women.

Histological and immunohistochemical investigations of ovarian interstitial glands during non-breeding season in camels (Camelus dromedarius)

The aim of this was to investigate the histology and immunohistochemistry of interstitial glands during non-breeding season in camel ovaries. A total of 21 mature, non-pregnant and apparently healthy camels aged between 8 and 12 years were slaughtered. The ovaries were removed within 15 min, cleaned from adipose tissue, weighted and examined grossly. The histological preparation was made, and then, the blocks were cut at 3-5 microns thickness and stained by H&E for histological examinations. Moreover, some sections were stained with Sudan Black for lipid detection. Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded ovarian tissues was performed to detect the localization of S-100, vimentin, progesterone receptors (PR) and oestrogen receptors (ER). Immunoreactive signals were detected using UltraVision Detection System. The results revealed that the interstitial glands were located in the cortical region and they were arranged in various arrangements either single, in couple or in groups rich in lipid droplet. All interstitial gland arrangements were enclosed by connective tissue capsules containing fibroblasts and collagenous fibres separated them from the surrounding ovarian structures. Both interstitial glands and their surrounding CT were penetrated by several blood vessels. There was a strong immunoreactive signal for S-100 in the nuclei of interstitial cells, and no signals were detected either in cells of the interstitial glands or their connective tissue with PR. We could conclude that the interstitial gland is distinct in ovary of camel and further studies are needed to elucidate its rule in steroid synthesis.

Trace elements and oxidative stress in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND

The early imbalances of trace elements in type 1 diabetes (T1D) may cause disturbance of glucose metabolism and more oxidative stress that may enhance the development of insulin resistance and diabetic complications. We aim to evaluate the serum level of selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), and copper (Cu), the degree of oxidative stress and evaluate their relations to glycemic control in children with T1D.

METHODS

A case-control study which included 100 diabetic children and 40 healthy children age, sex, and ethnicity-matched as a control group. The diabetic children were divided into poor and good controlled patients according to glycosylated hemoglobin (A1c %). Studied children underwent history taking, clinical examination and laboratory measurement of serum Se, Zn, Mg, and Cu levels, erythrocyte reduced glutathione (GSH) and peroxidase enzyme activity (GPx).

RESULTS

Serum Se, Zn, Mg, Cu, erythrocyte GSH, and GPx were significantly lower in the diabetic group in comparison to the control group (P<0.05) and their levels were lower in poorly controlled patients compared to good controlled patients (P<0.05). The serum Se, Zn, Mg, erythrocyte GSH, and GPx showed a negative correlation with A1c %. The serum Se showed a positive correlation with erythrocyte GSH and GPx ([r=0.56, P<0.001], [r=0.78, P<0.001], respectively).

CONCLUSION

Children with T1D, especially poorly controlled cases, had low serum Se, Zn, Mg, Cu, GSH, and GPx. Low serum Se in diabetic children may affect the erythrocyte GSH-GPx system.

Vitamin K2 alleviates type 2 diabetes in rats by induction of osteocalcin gene expression

OBJECTIVES

The biological mechanisms behind the association between vitamin K (Vit K) and glucose metabolism are uncertain. We aimed to analyze the expression of insulin 1 (Ins 1), insulin 2 (Ins 2) and cyclin D2, the expression of adiponectin and UCP-1 . In addition, we aimed to estimate the doses of Vit K2 able to affect various aspects of glucose and energy metabolism in type 2 diabetes.

METHODS

Thirty adult male rats were allocated equally into five groups: control group, diabetes mellitus group, and groups 3, 4, and 5, which received Vit K₂ at three daily dose levels (10, 15, and 30 mg/kg, respectively) for 8 wk. At the end of the study, blood samples were collected to quantify total osteocalcin, fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin, and relevant variables. The expression of OC, Ins 1, Ins 2, cyclin D2, adiponectin, UCP-1 genes was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

After administration of Vit K₂, a dose-dependent decrease in fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1c and homeostatic model assessment method insulin resistance, and a dose-dependent increase in fasting insulin and homeostatic model assessment method β cell function levels, when compared with diabetes mellitus rats, were detected. There was significant upregulation of OC, Ins 1, Ins 2, or cyclin D2 gene expression in the three treated groups in a dose-dependent manner when compared with the diabetic rats. However, expression of adiponectin and UCP-1 were significantly increased at the highest dose (30 mg/kg daily) only.

CONCLUSIONS

Vit K₂ administration could improve glycemic status in type 2 diabetic rats by induction of OC gene expression. Osteocalcin could increase β-cell proliferation, energy expenditure, and adiponectin expression. Different concentrations of Vit K₂ were required to affect glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity.

Cyclooxygenase 2 (rs2745557) Polymorphism and the Susceptibility to Benign Prostate Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer in Egyptians

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase, has been reported to be correlated with tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis. We aimed to evaluate the association between COX-2 (rs2745557) polymorphism and prostate cancer (PCa), benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) risk. We also assessed the influence of other risk factors such as obesity, smoking, diabetes in modulating the risk of PCa in Egyptian men. COX-2 (rs2745557) was genotyped in 112 PC patients, 111 BPH and 120 subjects as a control group. COX-2 and PSA levels were measured by ELISA. We found that GG genotype was associated with a 17-fold increased risk for PCa and 20-fold increased the risk for BPH more than AA genotype. Also, G allele carriers of COX-2 were associated with metastatic cancer (OR = 1.3, P < 0.05) and disease aggressiveness (OR = 3.5, P < 0.001). The coexistence of obesity, smoking, or diabetes with GG genotype may lead to increasing the risk of developing BPH (OR = 3.3, 4, and 2.7, respectively) and of developing PCa (OR = 2.9, 4.9, and 3.2, respectively). Our results showed evidence suggesting the involvement of the COX-2 (rs2745557) polymorphism and its protein in PCa or BPH initiation and progression. Also, the coexistence of COX-2 (rs2745557) and obesity, smoking, or diabetes may lead to the development of PCa or BPH.

Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 Gene Polymorphism and Its Level Predict Morbidity After Acute Myocardial Infarction

OBJECTIVES

Matrix metalloproteinase is responsible for ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction (MI). The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3) polymorphism and its level predict morbidity after acute MI (AMI).

METHODS

We studied 112 patients with AMI and 140 controls. All patients were followed for AMI complications during their hospitalization and 6 months after. Serum MMP-3 was measured. MMP-3-1612 5A/6A polymorphism was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

We observed that the serum MMP-3 levels were significantly increased in patients with AMI with morbidity compared with patients without complications. Also, MMP-3 levels in patients with AMI carrying 5A/5A were elevated compared with those carrying 6A/6A. The frequencies of 5A/5A genotypes were significantly increased in patients with AMI compared with controls, and patients with AMI carrying 5A/5A had a fivefold increased risk of developing morbidity. The impairment of left ventricular function (ΔFS [fractional shortening] and ΔEF [ejection fraction]) was observed more in the 5A/5A genotype compared with the 6A/6A genotype. A significant inverse correlation between predischarge MMP-3 levels and FS and EF was found at 6 months follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS

MMP-3 polymorphism has a significant association with the risk of developing morbidity after AMI. Higher predischarge MMP-3 levels are associated with left ventricular dysfunction after AMI.

Circulating microRNAs - a new horizon in molecular diagnosis of breast cancer

Background

The potential use of microRNAs (miRNAs) as ideal tumor markers has been the focus of recent research.

Objective

Our hypothesis was that circulating miRNAs are differentially expressed in pretherapeutic sera of breast cancer patients compared to controls.

Materials and Methods

Using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis, levels of 5 candidate miRNAs (miR10b, miR34a, miR155, miR195 and miR16) were quantified in sera of breast cancer patients and control individuals.

Results

Levels of preoperative sera showed significant upregulation of 3.36 fold rise in miR10b (p<0.001), a 2.07 fold rise in miR155 (p =0.005) and remarkable over expression of 11.9 fold rise in miR195 (p<0.001) of cases than controls. There was significant down regulation of miR34a (0.032, p<0.001). The comparison with the clinicopathological data of the breast cancer patients revealed significant high serum level of miR155 (p =0.004) and miR195 (p =0.002) in patients with lymph node metastasis and higher levels of miR10b (p =0.001) and miR155 (p <0.001) with distant metastasis (M1) than without metastasis (M0), in addition to significant decrease in miR34a (p <0.001) level in M1 than M0 cases.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that systemic circulating miRNAs have potential use as novel biomarkers for breast cancer.

Association of 5-HT2A receptor gene polymorphisms with gastrointestinal disorders in Egyptian children with autistic disorder

Gastrointestinal disturbances (GID) are frequently reported in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Recently, mounting evidence suggests that there may be a genetic link for autism with gastrointestinal disturbances. We aimed to investigate whether there were any association between the -1438A/G, 102T/C and His452Tyr polymorphisms of the serotonin 2A receptor gene (5-HT2A) in Egyptian children with ASD and GID. Eighty children with autistic disorder and 100 healthy control children were examined. -1438A/G, 102T/C and His452Tyr polymorphisms of 5-HT2A were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Significant increase of the G allele and the GG genotype of the -1438A/G polymorphism was observed in children with autism than control, but there were no significant differences in the frequencies either of the 102T/C genotype or His452Tyr genotype between the two groups. There was a significant increase of homozygote A allele of the -1438A/G and CC genotype of the 102T/C polymorphism in ASD children with GID. This study supports the possible involvement of the 5-HT2A receptor in the development of ASD and associated GID.

Association of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms with classical risk factors in development of premature coronary artery disease

Genetic polymorphism of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) affects the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and associated with premature coronary artery disease (PCAD). We aimed to explore the association between Glu298Asp polymorphism of the eNOS gene and premature CAD in Egyptians, and the possible interaction between this polymorphism and other risk factors. The study population consisted of 116 patients with PCAD, and 119 controls. Glu298Asp polymorphism (rs1799983) of the eNOS gene was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We found that the TT genotype of the eNOS gene increased the risk of PCAD by 2.6. Hypertension, diabetes, smoking, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDLc, HDLc and TT genotype of the eNOS gene were independent risk factors for the development of PCAD. We conclude that, the TT genotype of Glu298Asp polymorphism of eNOS gene is an independent risk factor of PCAD in Egyptians. The association of smoking, obesity, dyslipidemia and/or metabolic syndrome with the TT genotype increased the risk of the development of PCAD.

Synergism of CYP2R1 and CYP27B1 polymorphisms and susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in Egyptian children

CYP2R1 (25α-hydroxylase) catalyzes vitamin D(3) to 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3), while the CYP27B1 (1α-hydroxylase) catalyzes the 25(OH)D(3) to 1, 25(OH)(2)D(3). 1, 25(OH)(2)D(3) prevents the development of autoimmune diabetes. We aimed to investigate CYP2R1 and CYP27B1 genes polymorphisms and susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in children. One hundred and twenty type 1 diabetic patients and One hundred and twenty controls were genotyped for CYP2R1 (rs10741657) and CYP27B1 (rs10877012) polymorphism. GG genotype of CYP2R1 increased risk to develop type 1 diabetes, and CC genotype of CYP27B1 increased risk to develop type 1 diabetes. Our finding suggested that GG genotype of CYP2R1 polymorphism and/or CC genotype of CYP27B1 polymorphism increased the risk of developing of type 1 diabetes in Egyptian children. In addition there was a synergism between GG genotype of CYP2R1 and CC genotype of CYP27B1 regarding the risk of development of type 1 diabetes.

Leptin, leptin gene and leptin receptor gene polymorphism in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

Heart failure with a normal ejection fraction (HFNEF) is common in obesity and coronary artery disease (CAD). Both ischemia and reperfusion induce leptin (LEP) and leptin receptor (LEPR) gene expression. We aimed to investigate the possible associations of serum leptin, leptin gene and leptin receptor gene polymorphism with HFNEF in patients with CAD. 100 Egyptian CAD patients with HFNEF and 100 healthy subjects (the control group) were genotyped for LEP and LEPR polymorphism. Leptin levels were measured. Serum leptin levels were significantly increased in patients compared to the control group. There was a significant increase in the leptin gene (AA genotype) and the leptin receptor gene (RR genotype) in HFNEF patients compared to the control group. Leptin levels, leptin gene (AA genotype) and LEPR (RR genotype) were more associated with NYHA III than with NYHA I and II. We thus concluded that HFNEF is associated with increased serum leptin levels, and the LEP AA genotype or LEPR RR genotype carries at least a threefold increased risk of developing HFNEF.

Association between genes encoding components of the IL-10/IL-0 receptor pathway and asthma in children

BACKGROUND

Asthma is a chronic inflammation of the airways associated with recurrent symptoms that range from mild to debilitating. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a cytokine that displays pleiotropic effects in asthma and allergy.

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether polymorphisms of IL-10/IL-10R pathway contribute to asthma susceptibility in Egyptian children.

METHODS

The IL-10 (-1082G/A), IL-10R1 (G330R), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) rs2293452 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) were genotyped in 110 atopic children with asthma, 110 non-atopic children with asthma, and 110 healthy children. Serum IL-10 and immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS

A significant association was observed between the IL-10 polymorphism and asthma in both atopic (P = .03) and non-atopic asthma groups (P = .04). The genotype frequencies of IL-10R1 polymorphisms did not differ between all groups. We identified a significant association between STAT3 polymorphism and asthma susceptibility in atopic asthma (P < .001), whereas no such association was observed in the non-atopic asthma group (P = .9). No evidence of gene interactions was found.

CONCLUSION

Polymorphisms of IL-10 and STAT3 may be useful as a new DNA-based diagnostic biomarker for identifying high-risk children susceptible to asthma.

Interleukin-13 receptor A1 gene polymorphism and IL-13 serum level in atopic and non-atopic Egyptian children

OBJECTIVES

To assess serum interleukin (IL) 13 levels in atopic diseases and to determine the role of IL-13R A(1) gene polymorphism (+1398 A/G) in pathogenesis of these diseases.

METHODS

Serum total immunoglobulin (Ig) E and IL-13 levels were measured by ELISA and the IL-13R A(1) gene (+1398 A/G) was screened by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in 240 asthmatic children (120 atopic and 120 nonatopic) and 120 allergic rhinitis patients compared with 120 age-matched controls.

RESULTS

No significant association was observed between genotype frequencies of the IL-13R A(1) +1398 A/G polymorphism in patients groups compared to in controls. There was a significant increase in serum levels of total IgE & IL-13 towards heterozygous AG and homozygous GG than homozygous AA in atopic asthma, non-atopic asthma and allergic rhinitis groups (P < 0.001 for each). A highly significant increase of serum IL-13 in atopic asthma as compared with controls (P < 0.001) and with nonatopic asthmatics (P < 0.001) was shown.

CONCLUSION

The IL-13R A(1) +1398 A/G polymorphism does not contribute to asthma or allergic rhinitis susceptibility, yet serum IL-13 can be used as a marker in atopic diseases and to differentiate between atopic and non-atopic asthma.

Polymer complexes. LIII. Supramolecular coordination modes and structural of novel sulphadrug complexes

Novel polymer complexes of copper(II), palladium(II), platinum(II) and cadmium(II) containing homopolymer [4-acrylamido benzene sulphonyl guanidine; (HL)] and various anions (SO₄²⁻, CH₃COO⁻, NO₃⁻, Br⁻ or Cl⁻) have been designed and carried out. Their structures were investigated by elemental analyses, spectral (IR, UV-vis, ¹H NMR and ESR) and magnetic moments. The modes of interactions between the ligand and the metals were discussed, where oxygen (of O=S=O group) and nitrogen atom [of imino nitrogen (NH/N) of the guanidine group] are involved in chelation. The homopolymer shows two types of coordination behaviour. In mononuclear polymer complexes 4 and 6-10, it acts as a neutral bidentate ligand chelated through the NH and O atoms, whereas in the polymer complexes 1-3, 5 and 11, monobasic bidentate ligand is coordinated through the -N and -O atoms. The poly-chelates are of 1:1/1:2 (metal-homopolymer) stoichiometry and exhibit four coordination. On the basis of electronic spectral data and magnetic susceptibility measurement square planar geometry has been proposed. The ESR spectral data provided information about their structure on the basis Hamiltonian parameters and degree of covalency. From the electron paramagnetic resonance and spectral data, the orbital reduction factors were calculated.