Association of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Genes Polymorphism With In-Sent Restenosis of Bare Metal Stents vs Drug-Eluting Stents in Egyptians

Despite its unequivocal superiority compared with balloon angioplasty, coronary stenting did not abolish restenosis. We aimed to evaluate the associations between a common single nucleotide polymorphism occurring in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genes and the risk of in-stent restenosis (ISR) of bare metal stents vs drug-eluting stents (BMS vs DES) implanted in Egyptian patients. Two hundred patients who had coronary stenting were divided into group I (n = 98) who received a BMS and group II (n = 102) who received a DES. eNOS and ACE genes polymorphism were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We found that the GA and AA genotypes of the eNOS gene were associated with the ISR with both BMS and DES. However, the ACE gene was not associated with ISR. We concluded that eNOS gene polymorphism is associated with ISR. Hypertension, stent length, and AA genotype of the eNOS gene were found to be independent predictors of the occurrence of ISR after both BMS and DES use.

Association between the ACE-I/D polymorphism and nicotine dependence amongst patients with lung cancer

The biologically active peptide angiotensin II is cleaved from angiotensinogen by the renin and the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), an enzymatic cascade known as the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). RAS may be important in the etiology of nicotine dependence by influencing dopaminergic signaling. In the present study, the association between an insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of ACE and nicotine dependence amongst patients with lung cancer was assessed. To date, several studies have shown the relevance of this polymorphic variant in both nicotine dependence and lung cancer. However, the present study is the first to address the potential role of the ACE-I/D polymorphism in nicotine dependence among patients with lung cancer. Genotyping was performed in 305 patients with lung cancer (males/females, 214/91). Significantly more male smokers had the ACE-I allele compared with male non-smokers (44.9 vs. 20.0%; P<0.05). The risk of smoking was ~5-fold higher for males with the ACE-I allele (ACE-II homozygous and ACE-ID heterozygous) vs. ACE-DD homozygous (odds ratio, 5.47; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-21.9; P=0.016). The pack-year smoking history in a subgroup of females with squamous cell carcinoma carrying the ACE-I allele was significantly lower compared with ACE-DD (37.1±14.1 vs. 57.0±29.1; F=4.5; P=0.046). The ACE-I/D polymorphism accounted for 17.6% of the smoking severity in this patient group (β, -0.42; multiple R² change, 0.176; P=0.046). These results suggest that the ACE-I/D polymorphism contributes to the risk of nicotine dependence and smoking severity in lung cancer patients in a sex-specific manner.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene D-allele and the severity of coronary artery disease

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the first cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. An important goal is to diagnose patients in early stages, in order to reduce acute cardiovascular events. The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is an important element for the cardiovascular system, through its actions on hydro-salin balance and vascular tone. ACE polymorphism consists of insertions (I)/deletions (D) and there are 3 genotypes: II, ID, DD. It is speculated that the DD genotype may be a genetic basis for severe CAD, while the II genotype may have a protective effect on the coronary arteries. The present study included 154 patients with acute coronary syndroms admitted to the Institute for Cardiovascular Disease 'George I.M. Georgescu', Iasi. The patients underwent coronary angiography in order to assess the severity of the lesions and the ACE genotypes were determined for each patient. The genotypes were correlated with the severity of the vessel-disease and the exposure to classic risk factors. It was concluded that the D-allele is associated with a greater risk for acute coronary events and severe coronary stenosis, especially when risk genotype and risk phenotype interact.

[Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and environment interaction on essential hypertension in the Han nationality]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme( ACE) gene I/D and A2350 G polymorphisms with environmental factors interaction on essential hypertension in the Han nationality.

METHODS

A population-based case-control study was conducted, and 1010 patients with hypertension and 1030 normal controls were recruited from Lanxi Country rural, Heilongjiang Province. ACE gene two polymorphism sites were detected by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism( PCR-RFLP). Using multivariate Logistic regression to analysis the interaction between gene polymorphisms and environmental factors.

RESULTS

The distributions of ACE two polymorphism sites genotypes in control group were in accordance with the HardyWeinberg equilibrium( HWE). Multivariate Logistic analysis showed that age, gender, family history of hypertension, BMI, TG and high-density lipoprotein enter the model and were the risk factors for essential hypertension( P < 0. 05), especially, family history of hypertension( χ~2= 53. 488, OR = 2. 140, 95% CI 1. 746-2. 625). The interaction analysis between two sites genotype and environmental factors, noted that there were statistically significant combination effect between genotypes of the two sites and the factors of age, gender, BMI, TG and high-density lipoprotein. There was multiplication interaction only between I/D and age( P = 0. 0356, OR = 1. 021, 95% CI 1. 001-1. 021).

CONCLUSION

There are combination effect between ACE gene I/D and A2350 G polymorphisms with multiple environmental factors, which are likely to increase the risk of suffering from essential hypertension.