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Ralbovsky NM, Soukup RJ, Lomont JP, Lauro ML, Gulasarian A, Saha-Shah A, Winters MA, Richardson DD, Wang SC, Mangion I, Smith JP. In situ real time monitoring of emulsification and homogenization processes for vaccine adjuvants. Analyst 2021; 147:378-386. [PMID: 34908043 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01797g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants are commonly employed to enhance the efficacy of a vaccine and thereby increase the resulting immune response in a patient. The activity and effectiveness of emulsion-based adjuvants has been heavily studied throughout pharmaceuticals; however, there exists a lack in research which monitors the formation of a stable emulsion in real time. Process analytical technology (PAT) provides a solution to meet this need. PAT involves the collection of in situ data, thereby providing real time information about the monitored process as well as increasing understanding of that process. Here, three separate PAT tools - optical particle imaging, in situ particle analysis, and Raman spectroscopy - were used to monitor two key steps involved in the formation of a stable emulsion product, emulsification and homogenization, as well as perform a stability assessment. The obtained results provided new insights-particle size decreases during emulsification and homogenization, and molecular changes do not occur during either the emulsification or homogenization steps. Further, the stability assessment indicated that the coarse emulsion product obtained from the emulsification step is stable over the course of 24 hours when mixed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an analytical methodology for in situ, real time analysis of emulsification and homogenization processes for vaccine adjuvants. Using our proposed analytical methodology, an improved understanding of emulsion-based vaccine adjuvants can now be achieved, ultimately impacting the ability to develop and deliver successful pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Ralbovsky
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Randal J Soukup
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Justin P Lomont
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Mackenzie L Lauro
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Amanda Gulasarian
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Anumita Saha-Shah
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Michael A Winters
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Douglas D Richardson
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Sheng-Ching Wang
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Ian Mangion
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Joseph P Smith
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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Xu B, Ju Y, Soukup RJ, Ramsey DM, Fishel R, Wysocki VH, Wozniak DJ. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa AmrZ C-terminal domain mediates tetramerization and is required for its activator and repressor functions. Environ Microbiol Rep 2016; 8:85-90. [PMID: 26549743 PMCID: PMC4769699 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important bacterial opportunistic pathogen, presenting a significant threat towards individuals with underlying diseases such as cystic fibrosis. The transcription factor AmrZ regulates expression of multiple P. aeruginosa virulence factors. AmrZ belongs to the ribbon-helix-helix protein superfamily, in which many members function as dimers, yet others form higher order oligomers. In this study, four independent approaches were undertaken and demonstrated that the primary AmrZ form in solution is tetrameric. Deletion of the AmrZ C-terminal domain leads to loss of tetramerization and reduced DNA binding to both activated and repressed target promoters. Additionally, the C-terminal domain is essential for efficient AmrZ-mediated activation and repression of its targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binjie Xu
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
- Department of Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Yue Ju
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Randal J. Soukup
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Deborah M. Ramsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Richard Fishel
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Vicki H. Wysocki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Daniel J. Wozniak
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
- Department of Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
- All correspondence should be addressed to Daniel J. Wozniak, . Address: BRT 704, 460 W. 12 Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210. Phone: 614-247-7629; Fax: 614-2929-616
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Honda M, Okuno Y, Hengel SR, Martín-López JV, Cook CP, Amunugama R, Soukup RJ, Subramanyam S, Fishel R, Spies M. Mismatch repair protein hMSH2-hMSH6 recognizes mismatches and forms sliding clamps within a D-loop recombination intermediate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E316-25. [PMID: 24395779 PMCID: PMC3903253 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1312988111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High fidelity homologous DNA recombination depends on mismatch repair (MMR), which antagonizes recombination between divergent sequences by rejecting heteroduplex DNA containing excessive nucleotide mismatches. The hMSH2-hMSH6 heterodimer is the first responder in postreplicative MMR and also plays a prominent role in heteroduplex rejection. Whether a similar molecular mechanism underlies its function in these two processes remains enigmatic. We have determined that hMSH2-hMSH6 efficiently recognizes mismatches within a D-loop recombination initiation intermediate. Mismatch recognition by hMSH2-hMSH6 is not abrogated by human replication protein A (HsRPA) bound to the displaced single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or by HsRAD51. In addition, ATP-bound hMSH2-hMSH6 sliding clamps that are essential for downstream MMR processes are formed and constrained within the heteroduplex region of the D-loop. Moreover, the hMSH2-hMSH6 sliding clamps are stabilized on the D-loop by HsRPA bound to the displaced ssDNA. Our findings reveal similarities and differences in hMSH2-hMSH6 mismatch recognition and sliding-clamp formation between a D-loop recombination intermediate and linear duplex DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Honda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Yusuke Okuno
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Sarah R. Hengel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Juana V. Martín-López
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Christopher P. Cook
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Ravindra Amunugama
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Randal J. Soukup
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Shyamal Subramanyam
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Richard Fishel
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
- Human Genetics Institute, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210; and
- Physics Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Maria Spies
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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