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Ali RS, Akif OZ, Jassim SA, Farhan AK, El-Kenawy ESM, Ibrahim A, Ghoneim ME, Abdelhamid AA. Enhancement of the CAST Block Algorithm Based on Novel S-Box for Image Encryption. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:8527. [PMID: 36366230 PMCID: PMC9658660 DOI: 10.3390/s22218527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM due to the rapid growth of data communication and multimedia system applications, security becomes a critical issue in the communication and storage of images. This study aims to improve encryption and decryption for various types of images by decreasing time consumption and strengthening security. METHODOLOGY An algorithm is proposed for encrypting images based on the Carlisle Adams and Stafford Tavares CAST block cipher algorithm with 3D and 2D logistic maps. A chaotic function that increases the randomness in the encrypted data and images, thereby breaking the relation sequence through the encryption procedure, is introduced. The time is decreased by using three secure and private S-Boxes rather than using six S-Boxes, as in the traditional method. Moreover, the CAST encryption algorithm was modified to be used on the private keys and substitution stage (S-Boxes), with the keys and S-Boxes of the encryption algorithm being generated according to the 2D and 3D chaotic map functions. The proposed system passed all evaluation criteria, including (MSE, PSNR, EQ, MD, SC, NC, AD, SNR, SIM, MAE, Time, CC, Entropy, and histograms). RESULTS Moreover, the results also illustrate that the created S-Boxes passed all evaluation criteria; compared with the results of the traditional method that was used in creating S-Box, the proposed method achieved better results than other methods used in the other works. The proposed solution improves the entropy which is between (7.991-7.999), reduces the processing time which is between (0.5-11 s/Images), and improves NCPR, which is between (0.991-1). CONCLUSIONS The proposed solution focuses on reducing the total processing time for encryption and decryption and improving transmission security. Finally, this solution provides a fast security system for surgical telepresence with secure real-time communication. The complexity of this work needs to know the S-Box creation method used, the chaotic method, the values of the chaotic parameters, and which of these methods was used in the encryption process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha S. Ali
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Al Iraqia University, Baghdad 10071, Iraq
| | - Omar Z. Akif
- Department of Computer Science, College of Education for Pure Science (Ibn al-Haitham), University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10066, Iraq
| | - Sameeh A. Jassim
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad 10066, Iraq
| | - Alaa Kadhim Farhan
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad 10066, Iraq
| | - El-Sayed M. El-Kenawy
- Department of Communications and Electronics, Delta Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology, Mansoura 35111, Egypt
| | - Abdelhameed Ibrahim
- Computer Engineering and Control Systems Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E. Ghoneim
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence, Damietta University, Damietta 34517, Egypt
| | - Abdelaziz A. Abdelhamid
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer and Information Sciences, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
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Uzair M, Kaleem I, Arshad M, Ali RS, Zafar A, Iqbal M, Bashir S. Will weather stem the spread of the COVID-19 in Pakistan? Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2022; 26:305-311. [PMID: 35049013 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202201_27782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic of COVID-19 started spreading more exponentially across Pakistan since the end of February 2020. Numerous models and factors have been used to estimate predictions of the prevalence and severity of COVID-19 infections around the globe. While many factors play a role in the spread of COVID-19, climate and weather conditions are considered key elements in the transmission of COVID-19. Many researchers believe that recent increases in COVID-19 cases correlate strongly with local temperatures and factors (such as humidity, weather conditions, etc.) related to it. In this manuscript we test the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 spread is temperature-dependent by using the available data derived from Pakistan. The present review focuses on the relationship between temperature and COVID-19, examining the virus's viability and infectivity under various conditions. Our findings indicate that the trough and crest of the COVID-19 wave observed in 2020 are likely to repeat in the summer and winter of 2021, respectively. In Pakistan, temperatures, and humidity significantly affect the COVID-19 transmission and incidence. Like other types of beta-coronaviruses (ß-CoVs), the spread of COVID-19 may depend upon a great deal on temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Uzair
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Shrestha K, Alsadoon OH, Alsadoon A, Rashid TA, Ali RS, Prasad P, Jerew OD. A novel solution of an elastic net regularisation for dementia knowledge discovery using deep learning. J EXP THEOR ARTIF IN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/0952813x.2021.1970237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kshitiz Shrestha
- School of Computing and Mathematics, Charles Sturt University (Csu), Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | | | - Abeer Alsadoon
- School of Computing and Mathematics, Charles Sturt University (Csu), Wagga Wagga, Australia
- School of Computer Data and Mathematical Sciences, University of Western Sydney (Uws), Australia
- Kent Institute Australia, Information Technology Department, Sydney, Australia
- Asia Pacific International College (APIC), Information Technology Department, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tarik A. Rashid
- Computer Science and Engineering, University of Kurdistan Hewler, Erbil, KRG, IRAQ
| | - Rasha S. Ali
- Department of Computer Techniques Engineering, Al Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - P.W.C. Prasad
- School of Computer Data and Mathematical Sciences, University of Western Sydney (Uws), Australia
- Kent Institute Australia, Information Technology Department, Sydney, Australia
| | - Oday D. Jerew
- Asia Pacific International College (APIC), Information Technology Department, Sydney, Australia
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Thapa A, Alsadoon A, Prasad PWC, Bajaj S, Alsadoon OH, Rashid TA, Ali RS, Jerew OD. Deep learning for breast cancer classification: Enhanced tangent function. Comput Intell 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/coin.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashu Thapa
- School of Computing and Mathematics Charles Sturt University (CSU) Wagga Wagga Australia
| | - Abeer Alsadoon
- School of Computing and Mathematics Charles Sturt University (CSU) Wagga Wagga Australia
- School of Computer Data and Mathematical Sciences University of Western Sydney (UWS) Sydney Australia
- Kent Institute Australia Sydney Australia
- Asia Pacific International College (APIC) Sydney Australia
| | - P. W. C. Prasad
- School of Computing and Mathematics Charles Sturt University (CSU) Wagga Wagga Australia
| | - Simi Bajaj
- School of Computer Data and Mathematical Sciences University of Western Sydney (UWS) Sydney Australia
| | | | - Tarik A. Rashid
- Computer Science and Engineering University of Kurdistan Hewler Erbil KRG IRAQ
| | - Rasha S. Ali
- Department of Computer Techniques Engineering AL Nisour University College Baghdad Iraq
| | - Oday D. Jerew
- Asia Pacific International College (APIC) Sydney Australia
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Singh P, Alsadoon A, Prasad P, Venkata HS, Ali RS, Haddad S, Alrubaie A. A novel augmented reality to visualize the hidden organs and internal structure in surgeries. Int J Med Robot 2020; 16:e2055. [DOI: 10.1002/rcs.2055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Singh
- School of Computing and MathematicsCharles Sturt University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Abeer Alsadoon
- School of Computing and MathematicsCharles Sturt University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - P.W.C. Prasad
- School of Computing and MathematicsCharles Sturt University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | | | - Rasha S. Ali
- Department of Computer Techniques EngineeringAL Nisour University College Baghdad Iraq
| | - Sami Haddad
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial ServicesGreater Western Sydney Area Health Services New South Wales Australia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial ServicesCentral Coast Area Health Gosford New South Wales Australia
| | - Ahmad Alrubaie
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
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Bayrak M, Alsadoon A, Prasad P, Venkata HS, Ali RS, Haddad S. A novel rotation invariant and Manhattan metric–based pose refinement: Augmented reality–based oral and maxillofacial surgery. Int J Med Robot 2020; 16:e2077. [DOI: 10.1002/rcs.2077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mucahit Bayrak
- School of Computing and MathematicsCharles Sturt University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Abeer Alsadoon
- School of Computing and MathematicsCharles Sturt University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - P.W.C. Prasad
- School of Computing and MathematicsCharles Sturt University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | | | - Rasha S. Ali
- Department of Computer Techniques EngineeringAL Nisour University College Baghdad Iraq
| | - Sami Haddad
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial ServicesGreater Western Sydney Area Health Services Mount Druitt New South Wales Australia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial ServicesCentral Coast Area Health Gosford New South Wales Australia
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Lingden P, Alsadoon A, Prasad P, Alsadoon OH, Ali RS, Nguyen VTQ. A novel modified undersampling (MUS) technique for software defect prediction. Comput Intell 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/coin.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Lingden
- School of Computing and MathematicsCharles Sturt University Sydney Australia
| | - Abeer Alsadoon
- School of Computing and MathematicsCharles Sturt University Sydney Australia
| | - P.W.C. Prasad
- School of Computing and MathematicsCharles Sturt University Sydney Australia
| | | | - Rasha S. Ali
- Department of Computer Techniques EngineeringAL Nisour University College Baghdad Iraq
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Bajaj-Elliott M, Fedeli P, Smith GV, Domizio P, Maher L, Ali RS, Quinn AG, Farthing MJG. Modulation of host antimicrobial peptide (beta-defensins 1 and 2) expression during gastritis. Gut 2002; 51:356-61. [PMID: 12171956 PMCID: PMC1773366 DOI: 10.1136/gut.51.3.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND beta-Defensins are a newly identified family of antimicrobial peptides that are expressed by epithelia on mucosal surfaces where their production is augmented by infection or inflammation. Helicobacter pylori colonises the gastric epithelium causing persistent gastric inflammation leading to antral and corpus gastritis, and peptic ulcer disease. AIMS To evaluate the role of beta-defensins in the innate immune response of the gastric epithelium to infection and inflammation, we have assessed mRNA expression and regulation of human beta-defensins 1 and 2 (hBD1, hBD2) by H pylori and proinflammatory stimuli. We have also compared gene and peptide expression of these bactericidal agents in H pylori induced gastritis with that in normal gastric mucosa. METHODS Modulation of expression of hBD1 and hBD2 by various stimuli was studied in three (AGS, MKN7, MKN45) gastric epithelial cell lines by quantitative competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Defensin mRNA expression was measured by semiquantitative RT-PCR in gastritis tissue and compared with controls. Peptide localisation was assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Cytotoxic H pylori and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) markedly upregulated expression of hBD2 in a dose and time dependent manner in both AGS and MKN7 cell lines. A modest increase in hBD1 expression was also noted during infection. Interestingly, induction of hBD1 gene expression by IL-1 beta was only observed in MKN7 cells. The magnitude of this response was delayed and reduced compared with hBD2 expression. In gastric biopsies, hBD2 was undetectable in normal gastric antrum but a marked increase was observed in H pylori positive gastritis compared with control tissue (p<0.001). Constitutive expression of hBD1 was observed in normal gastric mucosa and there was a significant increase in gastritis (p<0.05). Immunohistochemistry revealed a parallel increase in hBD1 and hBD2 peptide expression in gastritis tissue with positive staining confined to the surface epithelium of the gastric glands. CONCLUSIONS Modulation of beta-defensin expression by pathogenic and/or inflammatory stimuli and their cellular localisation places these antimicrobial peptides in the front line of innate host defence in the human stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bajaj-Elliott
- Department of Adult and Paediatric Gastroenterology, St Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Turner St, London, UK.
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Ali RS, Garrido A, Ramakrishnan V. Stacked free hemi-DIEP flaps: a method of autologous breast reconstruction in a patient with midline abdominal scarring. Br J Plast Surg 2002; 55:351-3. [PMID: 12160543 DOI: 10.1054/bjps.2002.3834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We present a case of breast reconstruction using bilateral DIEP flaps in a woman with a large contralateral breast and a midline abdominal scar. The operative technique and the postoperative monitoring of the buried flap are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Ali
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, UK
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Chronnell CM, Ghali LR, Ali RS, Quinn AG, Holland DB, Bull JJ, Cunliffe WJ, McKay IA, Philpott MP, Müller-Röver S. Human beta defensin-1 and -2 expression in human pilosebaceous units: upregulation in acne vulgaris lesions. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 117:1120-5. [PMID: 11710922 DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A rich residential microflora is harboured by the distal outer root sheath of the hair follicle and the hair canal - normally without causing skin diseases. Although the basic mechanisms involved in the development of inflammation during acne vulgaris remain unclear, microbial agents might play an important role in this process. In this study we have analyzed by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry the expression patterns of two antimicrobial peptides, human beta defensin-1 and human beta defensin-2, in healthy human hair follicles as well as in perilesional and intralesional skin of acne vulgaris lesions such as comedones, papules, and pustules. Strong defensin-1 and defensin-2 immunoreactivity was found in all suprabasal layers of the epidermis, the distal outer root sheath of the hair follicle, and the pilosebaceous duct. Marked defensin-1 and defensin-2 immunoreactivity was also found in the sebaceous gland and in the basal layer of the central outer root sheath including the bulge region. The majority of acne biopsies displayed a marked upregulation of defensin-2 immunoreactivity in the lesional and perilesional epithelium - in particular in pustules - and a less marked upregulation of defensin-1 immunoreactivity. The upregulation of beta-defensin expression in acne vulgaris lesions compared to controls suggests that beta-defensins may be involved in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Chronnell
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, St. Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary and Westfield College, London, UK
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Ali RS, Falconer A, Ikram M, Bissett CE, Cerio R, Quinn AG. Expression of the peptide antibiotics human beta defensin-1 and human beta defensin-2 in normal human skin. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 117:106-11. [PMID: 11442756 DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Normal human skin is remarkably resistant to infection from the large numbers of microorganisms that routinely colonize its surface. In addition to the role of skin as a mechanical barrier, it has long been recognized that skin and other epithelia can produce a range of anti-microbial chemicals that play an important part in eliminating potential cutaneous pathogens. Anti-microbial peptides are an important evolutionarily conserved innate host defense mechanism in many organisms. Human beta defensin-1 and -2 are cysteine-rich, cationic, low molecular weight anti-microbial peptides that have recently been shown to be expressed in epithelial tissues. In this study, we describe the characterization of human beta defensin-1 and -2 mRNA and peptide expression in normal human skin. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction we demonstrate that human beta defensin-1 is consistently expressed in skin samples from various body sites. Human beta defensin-2 demonstrates expression that is more variable and is more readily detectable in facial skin and foreskin compared with skin from abdomen and breast. In situ hybridization localizes the human beta defensin-1 and -2 transcripts to keratinocytes within interfollicular skin. Using specific antibodies, we have shown that human beta defensin-1 and -2 peptides are localized to the Malpighian layer of the epidermis and/or stratum corneum and that there are interindividual and site-specific differences in intensity of immunostaining and the pattern of peptide localization. The localization of human beta defensins to the outer layer of the skin is consistent with the hypothesis that human beta defensins play an essential part in cutaneous innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Ali
- Center for Cutaneous Research, St Bartholomew's and The Royal London Hospital, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Whitechapel, London, UK
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