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Alkhamiss AS, Ahmed AA, Rasheed Z, Alghsham R, Shariq A, Alsaeed T, Althwab SA, Alsagaby S, Aljohani ASM, Alhumaydhi FA, Alduraibi SK, Alduraibi AK, Alhomaidan HT, Allemailem KS, Alharbi RA, Alamro SA, Alqusayer AM, Alharbi SA, Alharby TA, Almujaydil MS, Mousa AM, Alghaniam SA, Alghunaim AA, Alghamdi R, Fernández N, Al Abdulmonem W. Mucormycosis co-infection in COVID-19 patients: An update. Open Life Sci 2022; 17:917-937. [PMID: 36045713 PMCID: PMC9372758 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis (MCM) is a rare fungal disorder that has recently been increased in parallel with novel COVID-19 infection. MCM with COVID-19 is extremely lethal, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. The collection of available scientific information helps in the management of this co-infection, but still, the main question on COVID-19, whether it is occasional, participatory, concurrent, or coincidental needs to be addressed. Several case reports of these co-infections have been explained as causal associations, but the direct contribution in immunocompromised individuals remains to be explored completely. This review aims to provide an update that serves as a guide for the diagnosis and treatment of MCM patients' co-infection with COVID-19. The initial report has suggested that COVID-19 patients might be susceptible to developing invasive fungal infections by different species, including MCM as a co-infection. In spite of this, co-infection has been explored only in severe cases with common triangles: diabetes, diabetes ketoacidosis, and corticosteroids. Pathogenic mechanisms in the aggressiveness of MCM infection involves the reduction of phagocytic activity, attainable quantities of ferritin attributed with transferrin in diabetic ketoacidosis, and fungal heme oxygenase, which enhances iron absorption for its metabolism. Therefore, severe COVID-19 cases are associated with increased risk factors of invasive fungal co-infections. In addition, COVID-19 infection leads to reduction in cluster of differentiation, especially CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts, which may be highly implicated in fungal co-infections. Thus, the progress in MCM management is dependent on a different strategy, including reduction or stopping of implicit predisposing factors, early intake of active antifungal drugs at appropriate doses, and complete elimination via surgical debridement of infected tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah S Alkhamiss
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Ahmed
- Research Center, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zafar Rasheed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruqaih Alghsham
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Shariq
- Departments of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamir Alsaeed
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami A Althwab
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suliman Alsagaby
- Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S M Aljohani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sharifa K Alduraibi
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa K Alduraibi
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Homaidan T Alhomaidan
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled S Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raya A Alharbi
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar A Alamro
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arwa M Alqusayer
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahim A Alharbi
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thekra A Alharby
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona S Almujaydil
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman M Mousa
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Sultan A Alghaniam
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Qassim Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Rana Alghamdi
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Arts College, Rabigh Campus, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Waleed Al Abdulmonem
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
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Akhter N, Ahmad S, Alzahrani FA, Dar SA, Wahid M, Haque S, Bhatia K, Sr Almalki S, Alharbi RA, Sindi AAA. Impact of COVID-19 on the cerebrovascular system and the prevention of RBC lysis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020; 24:10267-10278. [PMID: 33090438 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202010_23251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) uses Angiotensin- converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors to infect host cells which may lead to coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Given the presence of ACE2 receptors in the brain and the critical role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in brain functions, special attention to brain microcirculation and neuronal inflammation is warranted during COVID-19 treatment. Neurological complications reported among COVID-19 patients range from mild dizziness, headache, hypogeusia, hyposmia to severe like encephalopathy, stroke, Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS), CNS demyelination, infarcts, microhemorrhages and nerve root enhancement. The pathophysiology of these complications is likely via direct viral infection of the CNS and PNS tissue or through indirect effects including post- viral autoimmune response, neurological consequences of sepsis, hyperpyrexia, hypoxia and hypercoagulability among critically ill COVID-19 patients. Further, decreased deformability of red blood cells (RBC) may be contributing to inflammatory conditions and hypoxia in COVID-19 patients. Haptoglobin, hemopexin, heme oxygenase-1 and acetaminophen may be used to maintain the integrity of the RBC membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Akhter
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia. ;
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Azazy AA, Alhawery AJ, Abdul-Ghani R, Alharbi RA, Almalki SSR. Evaluation of rapid PfHRP-2/pLDH-based tests in diagnosing microscopy-confirmed falciparum malaria in Hodeidah governorate, Yemen. Acta Trop 2018; 178:252-257. [PMID: 29217380 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Along with the determination of malaria infection rate among suspected patients attending hospitals in Hodeidah governorate, the present study evaluated the accuracy of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein-2 (PfHRP-2)/parasite-specific lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH)-based rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for the diagnosis of microscopy-confirmed falciparum malaria. An overall malaria infection rate of 19.3% (57/295) among suspected patients attending hospitals was microscopically confirmed. The sensitivity of thin blood films for the detection of malaria parasites was 79.0% compared to thick films and was greatly affected by the parasite density, being 65.0% or less at parasite densities of ≤1000 parasites/μl of blood. Compared to light microscopy, the present study revealed sensitivity levels of 100.0% (95% CI: 92.0-100.0) vs. 94.7% (95% CI: 84.2-98.6), specificity levels of 97.3% (95% CI: 89.8-99.5) vs. 100.0% (95% CI: 93.9-100.0), positive predictive values of 89.9% (95% CI: 88.3-99.0) vs. 100.0 (95% CI: 91.6-100.0) and negative predictive values of 100.0% (95% CI: 93.9-100.0) vs. 98.7% (95% CI: 89.3-98.7) for the PfHRP-2 and pLDH components of SD BIOLINE® RDT, respectively, for falciparum malaria diagnosis. Therefore, the overall accuracy levels of the PfHRP-2 and pLDH components of the investigated RDT for the diagnosis of microscopy-confirmed falciparum malaria are 98.5% (95% CI: 94.6-99.6) and 97.7% (95% CI: 93.5-99.2), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Azazy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, KSA, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Jamaly Alhawery
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hodeidah University, Hodeidah, Yemen
| | - Rashad Abdul-Ghani
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen; Tropical Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Yemen.
| | - R A Alharbi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, KSA, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaia S R Almalki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, KSA, Saudi Arabia
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