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Abstract
This exploratory study examined the effects of hope and coping with race-related stress on life satisfaction in Black college students. Findings indicated that students with high hope had greater coping efficacy and used more problem-focused coping than students with low hope. Neither coping nor hope had a direct effect on life satisfaction. However, six of the nine Coping × Hope interactions were significant. Contrary to expectations, the pattern of interactions suggested that for students with high hope, life satisfaction was associated with less frequent use of active coping strategies, and for students with low hope, life satisfaction was associated with greater use of active coping strategies. We suggest future directions for research on the role of hope and coping in Black individuals dealing with race-related stress.
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Conrad SM, Swenson RR, Hancock E, Brown LK. Sex differences and HIV risk behaviors: the interaction between the experience of multiple types of abuse and self-restraint on HIV risk behaviors. J Child Sex Abus 2014; 23:558-576. [PMID: 24818645 PMCID: PMC4116559 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2014.919371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents with abuse histories have been shown to be at increased risk to acquire human immunodeficiency virus and sexually transmitted infections. In addition, teens with lower levels of self-restraint or higher levels of distress, such as those with psychiatric concerns, have also demonstrated increased sexual risk behaviors. This study explored sex differences in sexual risk behaviors among a sample of adolescents in a therapeutic/alternative high school setting. Moderated regression analysis showed that a lower level of self-restraint was associated with sexual risk behaviors in boys but not in girls. Rather, the interaction of self-restraint and multiple types of abuse was associated with greater sex risk within girls in this sample. Results suggest that girls and boys with abuse histories and low levels of self-restraint may have different intervention needs related to sexual risk behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selby M Conrad
- a Bradley Hasbro Children's Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital , The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
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Whiteley LB, Brown LK, Swenson RR, Valois RF, Vanable PA, Carey MP, DiClemente R, Salazar LF, Romer D. African American adolescents meeting sex partners online: closing the digital research divide in STI/HIV prevention. J Prim Prev 2012; 33:13-8. [PMID: 22293979 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-012-0262-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Minority adolescents are affected disproportionately by HIV and STIs, and the Internet is a popular venue to meet sex partners. Little is known about the risks of this behavior for minority adolescents. The majority of studies that have examined sexual risk behavior online or STI/HIV prevention programs online have been among adult MSM. In this study, data from 1,045 African American youth found that 6% met sex partners online and in chat rooms. Odds ratios, adjusting for gender, found this behavior was associated with alcohol (AOR = 2.33, 95% CI [1.1, 4.7]) and drug use (AOR = 3.45, 95% CI [1.9, 6.1]), unprotected vaginal (AOR = 4.71, 95% CI [1.9, 8.4]) and anal sex (AOR = 4.77, 95% CI [1.3,17.1]) in the last 90 days, more lifetime vaginal (AOR = 3.65, 95% CI [2.0, 6.8]) and anal sex (AOR = 2.74, 95% CI [1.5, 4.8]), greater sexual sensation seeking (AOR = 2.92, 95% CI [1.5, 5.7]) and greater depression (AOR = 2.06, 95% CI [1.2, 3.6]. A final multiple logistic regression analyses found that male gender (AOR = 3.13, 95% CI [1.7, 5.8]), drug use at last sex (AOR = 2.41, 95% CI [1.3, 4.5]), lifetime history of vaginal (AOR = 2.90, 95% CI [1.5, 5.5]) and anal sex (AOR = 2.09, 95% CI [1.2, 3.6]), and cocaine use (AOR = 8.53, 95% CI [2.7, 27.3]) were independently associated with having sex with a partner met online. Meeting sex partners online is associated with a variety of risks among African American youth; however, the Internet may be an opportunity for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Whiteley
- Bradley/Hasbro Children’s Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Coro West Building, One Hoppin Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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Barker DH, Swenson RR, Brown LK, Stanton BF, Vanable PA, Carey MP, Valois RF, Diclemente RJ, Salazar LF, Romer D. Blocking the benefit of group-based HIV-prevention efforts during adolescence: the problem of HIV-related stigma. AIDS Behav 2012; 16:571-7. [PMID: 22170381 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-011-0101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
HIV-related stigma has been shown to impede HIV-antibody testing and safer sexual practices in adults. Less is known about its effects on prevention programs among at-risk youth. This study examined the longitudinal relationships between HIV-stigma and HIV-knowledge following completion of a validated group-based intervention. Data were provided by 1,654 African-American adolescents who participated in a large multi-city prevention trial (Project iMPACCS). Participants were randomly assigned to an empirically-validated skill-based intervention or a general health promotion control group. Both stigma and knowledge were assessed at baseline and post-intervention. Results suggested that adolescents participating in the intervention showed improvements in knowledge and decreases in stigma when compared to controls. Improvements in stigma appeared to be partly driven by improvements in knowledge. Higher baseline stigma was shown to reduce gains in knowledge in both the treatment and control groups. Results suggest that HIV-stigma can interfere with how youth identify with and internalize messages from group-based prevention trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Barker
- Bradley/Hasbro Children's Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Coro West Building, Suite 204, One Hoppin Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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Esposito-Smythers C, Wolff J, Lemmon KM, Bodzy M, Swenson RR, Spirito A. Military youth and the deployment cycle: emotional health consequences and recommendations for intervention. J Fam Psychol 2011; 25:497-507. [PMID: 21707172 PMCID: PMC3156864 DOI: 10.1037/a0024534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The United States military force includes over 2.2 million volunteer service members. Three out of five service members who are deployed or are preparing for deployment have spouses and/or children. Stressors associated with the deployment cycle can lead to depression, anxiety, and behavior problems in children, as well as psychological distress in the military spouse. Further, the emotional and behavioral health of family members can affect the psychological functioning of the military service member during the deployment and reintegration periods. Despite widespread acknowledgment of the need for emotional and behavioral health services for youth from military families, many professionals in a position to serve them struggle with how to best respond and select appropriate interventions. The purpose of this paper is to provide an empirically based and theoretically informed review to guide service provision and the development of evidence based treatments for military youth in particular. This review includes an overview of stressors associated with the deployment cycle, emotional and behavioral health consequences of deployment on youth and their caretaking parent, and existing preventative and treatment services for youth from military families. It concludes with treatment recommendations for older children and adolescents experiencing emotional and behavioral health symptoms associated with the deployment cycle.
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Swenson RR, Hadley WS, Houck CD, Dance SK, Brown LK. Who accepts a rapid HIV antibody test? The role of race/ethnicity and HIV risk behavior among community adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2011; 48:527-9. [PMID: 21501815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines recommend routine human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening in health care settings for all individuals aged 13-64 years; however, overall testing rates among adolescents still continue to remain low. This study examined factors related to the acceptance of HIV testing among an at-risk sample of ethnically/racially diverse community adolescents. METHODS Adolescents aged 15-21 (N = 81) years were recruited from community-based youth organizations to complete HIV risk assessment surveys. After the completion of the survey, participants were offered a free OraQuick rapid HIV antibody test. RESULTS More than half (53.1%) of the participants accepted the test, with the black population being more likely to accept testing as compared to Latinos (75% vs. 39%). After controlling for race/ethnicity, significant predictors of test acceptance included history of sexual intercourse (OR = 5.43), having only one sexual partner in the past 3 months (OR = 4.88), not always using a condom with a serious partner (OR = 3.94), and not using a condom during last sexual encounter (OR = 4.75). CONCLUSION Given that many adolescents are willing to know their HIV status, policies that support free or low-cost routine testing may lead to higher rates of case identification among youth. However, approaches must be developed to increase test acceptance among Latino adolescents and teenagers with multiple sexual partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Swenson
- Bradley/Hasbro Children's Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, One Hoppin Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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Whiteley LB, Brown LK, Swenson RR, Romer D, DiClemente RJP, Salazar LE, Vanable PA, Carey MP, Valois RF. African American adolescents and new media: associations with HIV/STI risk behavior and psychosocial variables. Ethn Dis 2011; 21:216-222. [PMID: 21749027 PMCID: PMC3484683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cell phones and online media are used frequently but we know little about their use among African American adolescents. This study examines the frequency of such use and its relationship to psychosocial variables and STI/HIV risk behavior. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS 1,518 African American, aged 13-18 years, from 2 Northeast US cities (Providence, RI; Syracuse, NY) and 2 Southeast US cities (Columbia, SC; Macon, GA), were assessed from 2008-2009. DESIGN Participants were assessed on frequency of cell phone and Internet use, psychological constructs (ie, depression, life satisfaction, impulsivity) and HIV/STI risk behaviors (ie, history of intercourse, sexual sensation seeking attitudes, peer sexual risks norms) with reliable scales and measures using an audio computer-assisted self-interview. RESULTS Over 90% of African American adolescents used cell phones every day or most days and 60% used social networking sites every day or most days (96% used Myspace). Greater frequency of cell phone use was associated with sexual sensation seeking (P = .000), riskier peer sexual norms (P = .000), and impulsivity (P = .016). Greater frequency of Internet use was associated with a history of oral/vaginal/anal sex (OR = 1.03, CI = 1.0-1.05) and sexual sensation seeking (P = .000). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that riskier youth are online and using cell phones frequently. The Internet and cell phones may be useful platforms for targeted health promotion and prevention efforts with AA adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Whiteley
- Bradley/Hasbro Children's Research Center, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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Swenson RR, Rizzo CJ, Brown LK, Vanable PA, Carey MP, Valois RF, DiClemente RJ, Romer D. HIV knowledge and its contribution to sexual health behaviors of low-income African American adolescents. J Natl Med Assoc 2010; 102:1173-82. [PMID: 21287898 PMCID: PMC3095017 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-9684(15)30772-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although many factors contribute to racial disparities in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS among young African Americans, knowledge is a particularly modifiable factor. However, little information has been published about the current HIV knowledge of African American teens or to what extent knowledge independently contributes to their sexual behavior and health. This study aimed to describe the level of knowledge among this at-risk population and determine whether knowledge contributes to variance in sexual behavior and health beyond that of sociodemographic and psychological factors. METHODS African American adolescents (n = 1658) were recruited in 2 northeastern and 2 southeastern US cities (74% eligible for free or reduced-price school lunch). Analyses utilized data gathered from adolescents using an audio computer-assisted self-interview program. RESULTS On average, participants answered only 50% of HIV knowledge items correctly and were least accurate concerning effective condom use and HIV testing. Controlling tor associated sociodemographic and psychological factors, greater knowledge was associated with sexual experience and, among experienced adolescents, with sexually transmitted infection/HIV testing and--unexpectedly--less condom use. CONCLUSIONS HIV knowledge, which is modifiable, is limited among at-risk African American adolescents and is an important contributor to sexual behavior and health. Findings indicate a need for more comprehensive HIV/AIDS education, particularly with regard to condom use and the benefits of routine sexually transmitted infection/HIV testing. Although knowledge might not be sufficiently protective in and of itself, having accurate information about HIV may benefit sexual health by impacting health-promoting attitudes necessary for successful engagement in health care-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R. Swenson
- Bradley/Hasbro Children’s Research Center of Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, One Hoppin Street, Coro West Building, Suite 204, Providence, Rhode Island, USA, Phone: 401.444.8539 / Fax: 401.444.4645,
| | - Christie J. Rizzo
- Bradley/Hasbro Children’s Research Center of Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, One Hoppin Street, Coro West Building, Suite 204, Providence, Rhode Island, USA, Phone: 401.444.8539 / Fax: 401.444.4645,
| | - Larry K. Brown
- Bradley/Hasbro Children’s Research Center of Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, One Hoppin Street, Coro West Building, Suite 204, Providence, Rhode Island, USA, Phone: 401.444.8539 / Fax: 401.444.4645,
| | - Peter A. Vanable
- Department of Psychology and Center for Health and Behavior, Syracuse University, 430 Huntington Hall, Syracuse, New York, USA,
| | - Michael P. Carey
- Department of Psychology and Center for Health and Behavior, Syracuse University, 430 Huntington Hall, Syracuse, New York, USA,
| | - Robert F. Valois
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 800 Sumter Street, Room 216, Columbia, South Carolina, USA,
| | - Ralph J. DiClemente
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, NE, Suite 554, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,
| | - Daniel Romer
- Annenberg Public Policy Center, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 550, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,
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Prelow HM, Weaver SR, Swenson RR. Competence, Self-esteem, and Coping Efficacy as Mediators of Ecological Risk and Depressive Symptoms in Urban African American and European American Youth. J Youth Adolesc 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-006-9068-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Swenson RR, Prelow HM. Ethnic identity, self-esteem, and perceived efficacy as mediators of the relation of supportive parenting to psychosocial outcomes among urban adolescents. J Adolesc 2005; 28:465-77. [PMID: 16022882 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the direct and indirect relationships among supportive parenting, ethnic identity, self-esteem, perceived efficacy, and psychological adjustment in an urban sample of 133 African American (M age=16.37) and 110 European American (M age=16.43) adolescents. Although the mediational model was partially supported for both African American and European American youth, the data better fit the model for the African American group. Specifically, perceived efficacy fully mediated the relation between ethnic identity and depressive symptoms, and partially mediated the relation between self-esteem and depressive symptoms for African American youth. For European Americans, self-esteem fully mediated the relation between supportive parenting and perceived efficacy. This study illustrates the importance of examining developmental models separately for adolescents from different ethnic/racial backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Swenson
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
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Beckwith BE, Petros TV, Bergloff PJ, Swenson RR, Paulson R. Failure of posttrial administration of vasopressin analogue (DDAVP) to influence memory in healthy, young, male volunteers. Peptides 1995; 16:1327-8. [PMID: 8745039 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(95)02029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The effects of intranasal treatment with DDAVP on healthy, male volunteers was assessed. Subjects were asked to learn prose passages and then were given either 60 micrograms of DDAVP or saline in a double-blind procedure. Subjects were then asked to recall the passages after a 24-h delay. Treatment had no effect on recall of passages. This suggests that treatment with vasopressin affects acquisition rather than consolidation of newly learned information.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Beckwith
- Memory Disorders Clinic, Lee Memorial Hospital, Fort Myers, FL 33907, USA
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McBride RB, Beckwith BE, Swenson RR, Sawyer TK, Hadley ME, Matsunaga TO, Hruby VJ. The actions of melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) on passive avoidance in rats: a preliminary study. Peptides 1994; 15:757-9. [PMID: 7937355 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(94)90105-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a hepadecapeptide hormone that is synthesized in the CNS and is responsible for melanosome aggregation in the teleost fish. Recent evidence suggests that this peptide hormone has a unique distribution in the mammalian brain, which leads to the speculation that it may serve as a neuromodulator. The present study was undertaken to explore the comparative effects of MCH to those of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH) (a neuropeptide that is known to influence learning) on the rate of extinction of a passive avoidance response in rats. Both MCH and MSH were administered SC at 10 micrograms per animal. Treatment with MCH appeared to hasten, whereas treatment with MSH appeared to delay, extinction of the passive avoidance response.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B McBride
- Psychology Department, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks 58202
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Abstract
Rats whose mothers had been treated with 1 microgram of arginine vasopressin (AVP) or oxytocin (OXT), 15 mg of caffeine, or saline on days 13-19 of gestation were given training on a passive avoidance response as adults. Female rats whose mothers had been exposed to either AVP or caffeine demonstrated enhanced retention of the response. No effects were found for male rats or for exposure to oxytocin. These results suggest that prenatal exposure to AVP or caffeine produced sexually dimorphic effects on learning and that the effects are specific to the structure of AVP.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Swenson
- Psychology Department, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks 58202
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