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Qadhi AH, Almuqati AH, Alamro NS, Azhri AS, Azzeh FS, Azhar WF, Alyamani RA, Almohmadi NH, Alkholy SO, Alhassani WE, Abusudah WF, Babateen AM, Tashkandi B, Alharbi NA, Al-Slaihat AH, Ghafouri KJ. The effect of bariatric surgery on dietary Behaviour, dietary recommendation Adherence, and micronutrient deficiencies one year after surgery. Prev Med Rep 2023; 35:102343. [PMID: 37554351 PMCID: PMC10404799 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bariatric surgery (BS) is associated with vitamin and mineral deficiencies, which might be augmented by low adherence to dietary guidelines and inappropriate dietary behaviours. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of BS on eating behaviour, prevalence of nutrient deficiency, level of commitment to diet, and lifestyle recommendations one-year post-BS. A cross-sectional study was conducted among adult patients who underwent BS in 2019 and had follow-up for a year. Age, gender, and clinical data were collected from the hospital system and other information was obtained from questionnaires during phone interviews. A total of 160 patients participated in the study. At 12 months, a significant increase from the baseline values in plasma levels of vitamin B12, folate, vitamin D, iron, corrected calcium, albumin, CRP, and MCV, as well as a significant decrease in BMI was observed. Adherence to dietary and lifestyle recommendations was moderate to high. Emotional, and restrained eating behaviours were moderate with 64.4%, and 77.5%, respectively. External eating was low at 58.1%. The study concluded that pre-and post-bariatric surgery nutrients should be closely monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa H. Qadhi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma H. Almuqati
- Clinical Nutrition Administration, King Abdullah Medical City Hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nuha S. Alamro
- Clinical Nutrition Administration, King Abdullah Medical City Hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afnan S. Azhri
- Clinical Nutrition Administration, King Abdullah Medical City Hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Firas S. Azzeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wedad F. Azhar
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reema A. Alyamani
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najlaa H. Almohmadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah O. Alkholy
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa E. Alhassani
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafaa F. Abusudah
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abrar M. Babateen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bayan Tashkandi
- Food and Nutrition Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf A. Alharbi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abed H. Al-Slaihat
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Khloud J. Ghafouri
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Azhar W, Aljabiri S, Bushnaq T, Azzeh FS, Alyamani RA, Alkholy SO, Alhassani WE, Abusudah WF, Qadhi A, Bukhari HM, Bakr EH, Ghafouri K. Knowledge, attitudes, and factors associated with vegetarianism in the Saudi Population. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:688. [PMID: 37046300 PMCID: PMC10100114 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15636-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, there has been great interest in the dietary practices of vegetarians in addition to an increasing awareness of the potential benefits of vegetarian diets. However, there are insufficient data on the spread of vegetarianism in Arab countries. The aim of this study was to investigate knowledge and attitudes about vegetarianism and associated factors in the Saudi population and to understand the reasons for its growing prevalence. METHOD This is a cross-sectional study began in May 2020 and ended in September 2020. Researchers distributed the questionnaire electronically through social media. Data were collected electronically and exported to Excel by the researchers .The electronic questionnaire comprised three sections: sociodemographic questions, reasons for following a vegetarian diet, and beliefs and knowledge about vegetarianism. RESULTS There were 3,035 responses, of which 80.2% of respondents were female and 19.8% were male. Participant were aged 18-65. Vegetarians represented 37.5% (15.7% semivegetarians, 8.1% pescovegetarians, 64.3% lacto-ovo-vegetarians, and 11.3% vegans), and the rest were nonvegetarians. The majority of the vegetarian participants (92.9%) had a low vegetarianism knowledge level. Health issues, followed by ethical and environmental concerns, were the most common motivators for adopting a vegetarian diet; these reasons were cited by 72.5%, 59.3%, and 47.9% of participants, respectively. Factors associated with increased vegetarianism were engaging in exercise for half an hour to two hours, while factors associated with decreased vegetarianism were male, aged 51-64 years, being married, having a higher education, working in the health sector, being a housewife, and having an income between 5,000 and 10,000 SR/month. CONCLUSION Vegetarianism appears to be a growing phenomenon among the Saudi population. Increased awareness of health issues and the desire to live a healthy lifestyle might be the strongest motives. This study offers an opportunity to better understand vegetarianism in Saudi Arabia along with the possibility of expanding vegetarian food choices for the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wedad Azhar
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sanaa Aljabiri
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taqwa Bushnaq
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Firas S Azzeh
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reema A Alyamani
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah O Alkholy
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa E Alhassani
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafaa F Abusudah
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Qadhi
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan M Bukhari
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elsayed H Bakr
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khloud Ghafouri
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
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Qasem A, Assaggaf H, Mrabti HN, Minshawi F, Rajab BS, Attar AA, Alyamani RA, Hamed M, Mrabti NN, Baaboua AE, Omari NE, Alshahrani MM, Awadh AAA, Sheikh RA, Ming LC, Goh KW, Bouyahya A. Determination of Chemical Composition and Investigation of Biological Activities of Ocimum basilicum L. Molecules 2023; 28:614. [PMID: 36677672 PMCID: PMC9866482 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the chemical composition of the essential oils (EOs) of Ocimum basilicum L., as well as to evaluate the antibacterial, antidiabetic, dermatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties, and the EOs and aqueous extracts of O. basilicum. The antibacterial activity was evaluated against bacterial strains, Gram-positive and Gram-negative, using the well diffusion and microdilution methods, whereas the antidiabetic activity was assessed in vitro using two enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion, α-amylase and α-glucosidase. On the other hand, the dermatoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities were studied by testing tyrosinase and lipoxygenase inhibition activity, respectively. The results showed that the chemical composition of O. basilicum EO (OBEO) is dominated by methyl chavicol (86%) and trans-anethol (8%). OBEO exhibited significant antibacterial effects against Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains, demonstrated by considerable diameters of the inhibition zones and lower MIC and MBC values. In addition, OBEO exhibited significant inhibition of α-amylase (IC50 = 50.51 ± 0.32 μg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 39.84 ± 1.2 μg/mL). Concerning the anti-inflammatory activity, OBEO significantly inhibited lipoxygenase activity (IC50 = 18.28 ± 0.03 μg/mL) compared to the aqueous extract (IC50 = 24.8 ± 0.01 μg/mL). Moreover, tyrosinase was considerably inhibited by OBEO (IC50 = 68.58 ± 0.03 μg/mL) compared to the aqueous extract (IC50 = 118.37 ± 0.05 μg/mL). The toxicological investigations revealed the safety of O. basilicum in acute and chronic toxicity. The finding of in silico analysis showed that methyl chavicol and trans-anethole (main compounds of OBEO) validate the pharmacokinetics of these compounds and decipher some antibacterial targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Qasem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamza Assaggaf
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanae Naceiri Mrabti
- Laboratoires TBC, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, B.P. 8359006 Lille, France
| | - Faisal Minshawi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bodour S. Rajab
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ammar A. Attar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reema A. Alyamani
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Clinical Nutrition Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Munerah Hamed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nidal Naceiri Mrabti
- Engineering Materials, Modeling and Environmental Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mehraz, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Aicha El Baaboua
- Biology and Health Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Abdelmalek-Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco
| | - Nasreddine El Omari
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology and Cytogenetic, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10100, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Merae Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Abdullah Al Awadh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ryan Adnan Sheikh
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
| | - Khang Wen Goh
- Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10100, Morocco
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Assaggaf HM, Naceiri Mrabti H, Rajab BS, Attar AA, Alyamani RA, Hamed M, El Omari N, El Menyiy N, Hazzoumi Z, Benali T, Al-Mijalli SH, Zengin G, AlDhaheri Y, Eid AH, Bouyahya A. Chemical Analysis and Investigation of Biological Effects of Salvia officinalis Essential Oils at Three Phenological Stages. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165157. [PMID: 36014393 PMCID: PMC9415112 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Salvia officinalis is a medicinal plant used to treat some diseases, including microbial infections and diabetes. Different studies showed the biological and pharmacological properties of this species. The aim of this study was the determination of the chemical compounds of S. officinalis essential oils and the investigation of their antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties. The chemical compounds of S. officinalis were determined by GC-MS analysis. The antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH, ABTS, H2O2, and FRAP assays. The in vitro antidiabetic effect was evaluated by the inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase activities, and the anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated using the 5-lipoxygenase assay. Moreover, antibacterial activity was assessed against six bacterial strains using agar well diffusion assay and microdilution method. The main compounds in essential oils of S. officinalis at three phenological stages were naphthalenone, camphor, 1.8-cineole, and α-thujone. The full flowering stage essential oil showed the best antioxidant activity with different IC50 values according to the used tests. This oil also exhibited important inhibitory effects at the full flowering stage against α-amylase (IC50 = 69.23 ± 0.1 μg/mL), α-glucosidase (IC50 = 22.24 ± 0.07 μg/mL), and lipase (IC50 = 37.3 ± 0.03 μg/mL). The 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory effect was the best at the full flowering stage (IC50 = 9.24 ± 0.03 μg/mL). The results of the antibacterial evaluation revealed that, at three seasonal periods, S. officinalis essential oil demonstrated strong antibacterial activity. Although the full flowering stage had the best antibacterial activity, there were no significant differences between the three stages. Additionally, the essential oils showed bactericidal effects on Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium, respectively. The findings of this work showed remarkably that S. officinalis synthesizes essential oils according to different developmental stages. Moreover, it has exhibited interesting biological and pharmacological properties justifying its medicinal effects and suggesting it as a very important source of natural drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza M. Assaggaf
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanae Naceiri Mrabti
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Bio Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Analysis Research Team, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10100, Morocco
| | - Bodour S. Rajab
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ammar A. Attar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reema A. Alyamani
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Munerah Hamed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasreddine El Omari
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology, and Cytogenetic, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10100, Morocco
| | - Naoual El Menyiy
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Agency of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Taouanate 34025, Morocco
| | - Zakaria Hazzoumi
- Plant and Microbial Biotechnology Center-Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research, Rabat 10100, Morocco
| | - Taoufiq Benali
- Environment and Health Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Safi, Cadi Ayyad University, Safi 46000, Morocco
| | - Samiah Hamad Al-Mijalli
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya 42130, Turkey
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (A.H.E.)
| | - Yusra AlDhaheri
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ali H. Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (A.H.E.)
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10106, Morocco
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Aldairi AF, Alyamani RA, Al-Hazmi A, Halawani IF, Alsubaihi AA, Idris S, Fallatah NA, Gassas A, Almalki AA, Qasem A, Ghaith MM, Almasmoum H, Alghamdi AA, Allahyani M, Almaimani RA, Banni H, Alkhanabashi M. Antioxidant and antithrombotic effects of green mussels (Perna canaliculus) in rats. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13865. [PMID: 34263474 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, the use of marine mussels as seafood is being more popular. They considered being a rich source of various nutritional bioactive compounds that aroused the scientific community's interest. This study investigated the antioxidant and the antithrombotic consequences on Sprague-Dawley male rats after adding dried New Zealand mussel Perna canaliculus in their diet. The biochemical, hematological and histopathological changes were also observed. Forty rats were divided into four groups according to the amount of dried mussels in their diet, in addition to a control group that consumed a basal diet only. Group 1 consumed 25% dried mussels in its basal diet; Group 2 consumed 35% dried mussels in its basal diet, and Group 3 was consumed 45% dried mussels in its basal diet. The biochemical parameters showed improvements in liver function. Interestingly, the lipid profile decreased, especially the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels which were reduced significantly in Group 3 (p < .01). These observations were accompanied by a decrease in iron levels significantly as the amount of dried mussels increased (p < .01). Furthermore, the noticed changes in the hematological profile prove that there is an increase in antithrombotic activity. Dried mussels had potent antioxidant effects in the liver as shown by increased lipid peroxide (p < .05), reduced glutathione (p < .05), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px; p < .05). Additionally, antioxidant activity in the kidney was shown to increase through GSH-Px activity (p < .01). In conclusion, these results indicate that consuming dried mussels resulted in improved biochemical and antioxidants activities and could be used as an antithrombotic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah F Aldairi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reema A Alyamani
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman Al-Hazmi
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim F Halawani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma A Alsubaihi
- Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaker Idris
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada A Fallatah
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Gassas
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulraheem A Almalki
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Qasem
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazen M Ghaith
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain Almasmoum
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad A Alghamdi
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mamdouh Allahyani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riyad A Almaimani
- Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain Banni
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael Alkhanabashi
- Serafi Chair of Coronary Heart Disease, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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