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Meira DD, de Almeida VH, Mororó JS, Nóbrega I, Bardella L, Silva RLA, Albano RM, Ferreira CG. Combination of cetuximab with chemoradiation, trastuzumab or MAPK inhibitors: mechanisms of sensitisation of cervical cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2009; 101:782-91. [PMID: 19654571 PMCID: PMC2736849 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer (CC) annually kills 288,000 women worldwide. Unfortunately, responses to chemoradiation are partial and are of short duration. As anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies sensitise tumours, we investigated cetuximab's toxicity plus chemoradiation on CC cells, which express different EGFR levels. METHODS EGFR, HER2, AKT and MAPK expression and phosphorylation status were determined by western blotting. Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT or clonogenic assays (CA) in cell lines treated with cetuximab alone or in combinations. RESULTS Cetuximab with cisplatin and radiation achieved maximum cytotoxic effects for A431, Caski and C33A cells (high, intermediate and low EGFR expression, respectively) in CA. Cetuximab efficiently decreased MAPK and AKT phosphorylation in A431 cells but slightly less in Caski and C33A cells. To check whether further EGFR, HER2 or MAPK inhibition would improve cetuximab's cytotoxicity, we combined it with an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), trastuzumab or a MEK1/2 inhibitor (PD98059). In Caski, but not in C33A cells, cetuximab cooperated with the TKI, reducing cell survival and AKT and MAPK phosphorylation. However, cetuximab with trastuzumab or PD98059 reduced survival and MAPK phosphorylation of both cell lines. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that cetuximab combined with chemoradiation, trastuzumab or MAPK inhibitors has useful applications for CC treatment, independently of EGFR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Meira
- Division of Clinical Research, Research Coordination, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Cep: 20231-050, RJ, Brazil
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Meira DD, Nóbrega I, de Almeida VH, Mororó JS, Cardoso AM, Silva RLA, Albano RM, Ferreira CG. Different antiproliferative effects of matuzumab and cetuximab in A431 cells are associated with persistent activity of the MAPK pathway. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45:1265-1273. [PMID: 19167213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies have shown the potential antitumour efficacy of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). In this report, we investigated the cytotoxic effects of the MAb matuzumab (EMD 72000) towards A431 cells and compared it to cetuximab. While cetuximab induced cell cycle arrest and inhibited A431 cell proliferation, matuzumab did not. Both MAbs inhibited growth factor induced EGFR, HER2 and AKT phosphorylation; however, only cetuximab inhibited ERK 1/2 phosphorylation. Taken together, the data indicate that each antibody may elicit different responses on EGFR downstream signalling pathways with a distinct impact on A431 cell line survival. When combined, MAbs synergistically inhibited cell proliferation and induced EGFR down-regulation with a strong inhibition of ERK1/2 and AKT phosphorylation. In addition, both MAbs efficiently inhibited VEGF expression and induced ADCC, highlighting their therapeutic potential in vivo when used either as a single agent or in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Dummer Meira
- Division of Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rua André Cavalcanti, No. 37, 2° andar, Centro, Rio de Janeiro, Cep: 20231-050, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, IBRAG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabel Nóbrega
- Division of Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rua André Cavalcanti, No. 37, 2° andar, Centro, Rio de Janeiro, Cep: 20231-050, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vitor Hugo de Almeida
- Division of Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rua André Cavalcanti, No. 37, 2° andar, Centro, Rio de Janeiro, Cep: 20231-050, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jânio S Mororó
- Division of Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rua André Cavalcanti, No. 37, 2° andar, Centro, Rio de Janeiro, Cep: 20231-050, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alexander M Cardoso
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo L A Silva
- Division of Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rua André Cavalcanti, No. 37, 2° andar, Centro, Rio de Janeiro, Cep: 20231-050, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodolpho M Albano
- Departamento de Bioquímica, IBRAG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Gil Ferreira
- Division of Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rua André Cavalcanti, No. 37, 2° andar, Centro, Rio de Janeiro, Cep: 20231-050, RJ, Brazil.
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Mavrakis KJ, Zhu H, Silva RLA, Mills JR, Teruya-Feldstein J, Lowe SW, Tam W, Pelletier J, Wendel HG. Tumorigenic activity and therapeutic inhibition of Rheb GTPase. Genes Dev 2008; 22:2178-88. [PMID: 18708578 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1690808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The AKT-mTOR pathway harbors several known and putative oncogenes and tumor suppressors. In a phenotypic screen for lymphomagenesis, we tested candidate genes acting upstream of and downstream from mTOR in vivo. We find that Rheb, a proximal activator of mTORC1, can produce rapid development of aggressive and drug-resistant lymphomas. Rheb causes mTORC1-dependent effects on apoptosis, senescence, and treatment responses that resemble those of Akt. Moreover, Rheb activity toward mTORC1 requires farnesylation and is readily blocked by a pharmacological inhibitor of farnesyltransferase (FTI). In Pten-deficient tumor cells, inhibition of Rheb by FTI is responsible for the drug's anti-tumor effects, such that a farnesylation-independent mutant of Rheb renders these tumors resistant to FTI therapy. Notably, RHEB is highly expressed in some human lymphomas, resulting in mTORC1 activation and increased sensitivity to rapamycin and FTI. Downstream from mTOR, we examined translation initiation factors that have been implicated in transformation in vitro. Of these, only eIF4E was able to enhance lymphomagenesis in vivo. In summary, the Rheb GTPase is an oncogenic activity upstream of mTORC1 and eIF4E and a direct therapeutic target of farnesyltransferase inhibitors in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos J Mavrakis
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Abstract
Deregulation of protein translation is a common event in cancer and occurs frequently as a result of mutational activation of the AKT signaling pathway. We had previously reported the in vivo oncogenic activity of the translation initiation factor eIF4E, which acts downstream AKT and mTOR. We now identified an absolute requirement for Ser209 phosphorylation by the MNK1/2 kinases for eIF4E's oncogenic action. MNK1/2 kinases are dispensable for normal development in mammals. This potential difference between normal and cancer cells may provide a therapeutic avenue for targeting translational requirements in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo L A Silva
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Wendel HG, Silva RLA, Malina A, Mills JR, Zhu H, Ueda T, Watanabe-Fukunaga R, Fukunaga R, Teruya-Feldstein J, Pelletier J, Lowe SW. Dissecting eIF4E action in tumorigenesis. Genes Dev 2007; 21:3232-7. [PMID: 18055695 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1604407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models are powerful tools for studying cancer genes and validating targets for cancer therapy. We previously used a mouse lymphoma model to demonstrate that the translation initiation factor eIF4E is a potent oncogene in vivo. Using the same model, we now show that the oncogenic activity of eIF4E correlates with its ability to activate translation and become phosphorylated on Ser 209. Furthermore, constitutively activated MNK1, an eIF4E Ser 209 kinase, promotes tumorigenesis in a manner similar to eIF4E, and a dominant-negative MNK mutant inhibits the in vivo proliferation of tumor cells driven by mutations that deregulate translation. Phosphorylated eIF4E promotes tumorigenesis primarily by suppressing apoptosis and, accordingly, the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1 is one target of both phospho-eIF4E and MNK1 that contributes to tumor formation. Our results provide insight into how eIF4E contributes to tumorigenesis and pinpoint a level of translational control that may be suitable for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Guido Wendel
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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Thornton JD, Silva RLA, Martin AC, Skapek SX. The Arf tumor suppressor regulates platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta signaling: a new view through the eyes of Arf(-/-) mice. Cell Cycle 2005; 4:1316-9. [PMID: 16205116 DOI: 10.4161/cc.4.10.2109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arf is a key mammalian tumor suppressor gene known to be activated in response to aberrant mitogenic signals leading to both p53-dependent and -independent effects. We recently uncovered a new and somewhat unexpected function for mouse Arf as a regulator of mural cell accumulation within an ocular vascular bed destined to regress in the postnatal period. We found that the Arf gene product, p19(Arf), blocks mural cell proliferation driven by Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (Pdgfrbeta) in the developing vitreous. In vivo studies and analyses of cultured cells indicate that p19(Arf) dampens the expression of Pdgfrbeta. In cultured mouse embryo fibroblasts, p19(Arf) accomplishes this independently of two established effectors - Mdm2 and p53. Our findings indicating that p19(Arf) responds to specific developmental cues to disrupt Pdgfrbeta signaling in the developing eye extend existing paradigms for Arf tumor suppressor gene biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Derek Thornton
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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Silva RLA, Thornton JD, Martin AC, Rehg JE, Bertwistle D, Zindy F, Skapek SX. Arf-dependent regulation of Pdgf signaling in perivascular cells in the developing mouse eye. EMBO J 2005; 24:2803-14. [PMID: 16037818 PMCID: PMC1182246 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We have established that the Arf tumor suppressor gene regulates mural cell biology in the hyaloid vascular system (HVS) of the developing eye. In the absence of Arf, perivascular cells accumulate within the HVS and prevent its involution. We now demonstrate that mural cell accumulation evident at embryonic day (E) 13.5 in Arf(-/-) mice was driven by excess proliferation at E12.5, when Arf expression was detectable in vitreous pericyte-like cells. Their expression of Arf overlapped with Pdgf receptor beta (Pdgfrbeta), which is essential for pericyte accumulation in the mouse. In cultured cells, p19Arf decreased Pdgfrbeta and blocked Pdgf-B-driven proliferation independently of Mdm2 and p53. The presence of a normal Arf allele correlated with decreased Pdgfrbeta in the embryonic vitreous. Pdgfrbeta was required for vitreous cell accumulation in the absence of Arf. Our findings demonstrate a novel, p53- and Mdm2-independent function for p19Arf. Instead of solely sensing excessive mitogenic stimuli, developmental cues induce Arf to block Pdgfrbeta-dependent signals and prevent the accumulation of perivascular cells selectively in a vascular bed destined to regress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo L A Silva
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - J Derek Thornton
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Amy C Martin
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jerold E Rehg
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David Bertwistle
- Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Frederique Zindy
- Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stephen X Skapek
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 North Lauderdale Street, Memphis, TN 38105, USA. Tel.: +1 901 495 4019; Fax: +1 901 495 3966; E-mail:
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Gomes LI, Silva RLA, Stolf BS, Cristo EB, Hirata R, Soares FA, Reis LFL, Neves EJ, Carvalho AF. Comparative analysis of amplified and nonamplified RNA for hybridization in cDNA microarray. Anal Biochem 2004; 321:244-51. [PMID: 14511690 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(03)00466-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Limiting amounts of RNA is a major issue in cDNA microarray, especially when one is dealing with fresh tissue samples. Here we describe a protocol based on template switch and T7 amplification that led to efficient and linear amplification of 1300x. Using a glass-array containing 368 genes printed in three or six replicas covering a wide range of expression levels and ratios, we determined quality and reproducibility of the data obtained from one nonamplified and two independently amplified RNAs (aRNA) derived from normal and tumor samples using replicas with dye exchange (dye-swap measurements). Overall, signal-to-noise ratio improved when we used aRNA (1.45-fold for channel 1 and 2.02-fold for channel 2), increasing by 6% the number of spots with meaningful data. Measurements arising from independent aRNA samples showed strong correlation among themselves (r(2)=0.962) and with those from the nonamplified sample (r(2)=0.975), indicating the reproducibility and fidelity of the amplification procedure. Measurement differences, i.e, spots with poor correlation between amplified and nonamplified measurements, did not show association with gene sequence, expression intensity, or expression ratio and can, therefore, be compensated with replication. In conclusion, aRNA can be used routinely in cDNA microarray analysis, leading to improved quality of data with high fidelity and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana I Gomes
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Rua Professor Antonio Prudente 109, 01509-010 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Mackay A, Jones C, Dexter T, Silva RLA, Bulmer K, Jones A, Simpson P, Harris RA, Jat PS, Neville AM, Reis LFL, Lakhani SR, O'Hare MJ. cDNA microarray analysis of genes associated with ERBB2 (HER2/neu) overexpression in human mammary luminal epithelial cells. Oncogene 2003; 22:2680-8. [PMID: 12730682 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To investigate changes in gene expression associated with ERBB2, expression profiling of immortalized human mammary luminal epithelial cells and variants expressing a moderate and high level of ERBB2 has been carried out using cDNA microarrays corresponding to approximately 6000 unique genes/ESTs. A total of 61 significantly up- or downregulated (2.0-fold) genes were identified and further validated by RT-PCR analysis as well as microarray comparisons with a spontaneously ERBB2- overexpressing breast cancer cell line and ERBB2-positive primary breast tumors. The expression and clinical relevance of proteins predicted to be associated with ERBB2 overexpression in breast cancers were analysed together with their clinical relevance by antibody screening using a tissue array. Differentially regulated genes include those involved in cell-matrix interactions including proline 4-hydroxylase (P4HA2), galectin 1 (LGALS1) and galectin 3 (LGALS3), fibronectin 1 (FN1) and p-cadherin (CDH3), and cell proliferation (CRIP1, IGFBP3) and transformation (S100P, S100A4). A number of genes associated with MYC signalling were also differentially expressed, including NDRG1, USF2 and the epithelial membrane proteins 1 and 3 (EMP1, EMP3). These data represent profiles of the transcriptional changes associated with ERBB2-related pathways in the breast, and identify novel and potentially useful targets for prognosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Mackay
- LICR/UCL Breast Cancer Laboratory, University College London, London, UK.
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Rocha JCC, Silva RLA, Mendonça BB, Marui S, Simpson AJG, Camargo AA. High frequency of novel germline mutations in the VHL gene in the heterogeneous population of Brazil. J Med Genet 2003; 40:e31. [PMID: 12624160 PMCID: PMC1735383 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.40.3.e31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J C C Rocha
- Department of Oncogenetics, Hospital do Câncer A C Camargo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Meireles SI, Carvalho AF, Hirata R, Montagnini AL, Martins WK, Runza FB, Stolf BS, Termini L, Neto CEM, Silva RLA, Soares FA, Neves EJ, Reis LFL. Differentially expressed genes in gastric tumors identified by cDNA array. Cancer Lett 2003; 190:199-211. [PMID: 12565175 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00587-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Using cDNA fragments from the FAPESP/lICR Cancer Genome Project, we constructed a cDNA array having 4512 elements and determined gene expression in six normal and six tumor gastric tissues. Using t-statistics, we identified 80 cDNAs whose expression in normal and tumor samples differed more than 3.5 sample standard deviations. Using Self-Organizing Map, the expression profile of these cDNAs allowed perfect separation of malignant and non-malignant samples. Using the supervised learning procedure Support Vector Machine, we identified trios of cDNAs that could be used to classify samples as normal or tumor, based on single-array analysis. Finally, we identified genes with altered linear correlation when their expression in normal and tumor samples were compared. Further investigation concerning the function of these genes could contribute to the understanding of gastric carcinogenesis and may prove useful in molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibele I Meireles
- Hospital do Câncer A.C. Camargo, Rua Professor Antonio Prudente 109, 01509-010, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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da Fonseca FG, Trindade GS, Silva RLA, Bonjardim CA, Ferreira PCP, Kroon EG. Characterization of a vaccinia-like virus isolated in a Brazilian forest. J Gen Virol 2002; 83:223-228. [PMID: 11752719 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-1-223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The SPAn232 virus (SPAnv) was isolated from sentinel mice in the forest of Cotia, São Paulo, Brazil. It was grouped originally as a Cotia virus (CV) sample due to serological cross-reaction with the latter. However, SPAnv presented genetic characteristics that differed from CV and indicated that SPAnv is a member of the vaccinia virus (VV) subgroup. SPAnv showed a HindIII-digested DNA pattern similar to those of the WR and Lister strains of VV. Also, SPAnv presented genes homologous to the vaccinia growth factor, thymidine kinase and A-type inclusion (ATI) genes from VV. RFLP analysis of the SPAnv ATI homologous gene indicated that the virus belongs to the VV group. Nucleotide sequences from SPAnv genes showed up to 99% similarity with the same genes from VV. Such a relationship was confirmed visually through the drawing of phylogenetic trees. The results point out the occurrence of a VV strain that is possibly in active circulation in the forests of Southeast Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio G da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, caixa postal 2496, cep: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil1
| | - Giliane S Trindade
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, caixa postal 2496, cep: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil1
| | - Ricardo L A Silva
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, caixa postal 2496, cep: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil1
| | - Cláudio A Bonjardim
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, caixa postal 2496, cep: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil1
| | - Paulo C P Ferreira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, caixa postal 2496, cep: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil1
| | - Erna G Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, caixa postal 2496, cep: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil1
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