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Sharpless KE, Lindstrom RM, Nelson BC, Phinney KW, Rimmer CA, Sander LC, Schantz MM, Spatz RO, Thomas JB, Turk GC, Wise SA, Wood LJ, Yen JH. Preparation and Characterization of Standard Reference Material 1849 Infant/Adult Nutritional Formula. J AOAC Int 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/93.4.1262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1849 Infant/Adult Nutritional Formula has been issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as a replacement for SRM 1846 Infant Formula, issued in 1996. Extraction characteristics of SRM 1846 have changed over time, as have NIST's analytical capabilities. While certified mass fraction values were provided for five constituents in SRM 1846 (four vitamins plus iodine), certified mass fraction values for 43 constituents are provided in SRM 1849 (fatty acids, elements, and vitamins) and reference mass fraction values are provided for an additional 43 constituents including amino acids and nucleotides, making it the most extensively characterized food-matrix SRM available from NIST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Sharpless
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Analytical Chemistry Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8390
| | - Richard M Lindstrom
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Analytical Chemistry Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8390
| | - Bryant C Nelson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Analytical Chemistry Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8390
| | - Karen W Phinney
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Analytical Chemistry Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8390
| | - Catherine A Rimmer
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Analytical Chemistry Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8390
| | - Lane C Sander
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Analytical Chemistry Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8390
| | - Michele M Schantz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Analytical Chemistry Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8390
| | - Rabia O Spatz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Analytical Chemistry Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8390
| | - Jeanice Brown Thomas
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Analytical Chemistry Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8390
| | - Gregory C Turk
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Analytical Chemistry Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8390
| | - Stephen A Wise
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Analytical Chemistry Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8390
| | - Laura J Wood
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Analytical Chemistry Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8390
| | - James H Yen
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Statistical Engineering Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8980
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Abstract
For the ultimate sensitivity in trace radiochemical analysis, the radiation detector must have high efficiency and low background. A low-background gamma-ray spectrometer in regular use at NIST for over twenty years is being supplemented by a new system, improved in several ways. The new detector is much larger, a shield of iron reduces cosmic neutron background compared with lead, large plastic scintillators reduce the muon continuum background, and a digital data acquisition system gives new opportunities for optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Lindstrom
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8395, United States.
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Lindstrom RM. Rebuttal to “Atomic and isotopic changes induced by ultrasounds in iron” [J Radioanal Nucl Chem (2015) 304: 955–963 doi:10.1007/s10967-014-3341-5]. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
An accurate and precise measurement of selenium in Standard Reference Material (SRM) 3149, a primary calibration standard for the quantitative determination of selenium, has been accomplished by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) in order to resolve a question arising during the certification process of the standard. Each limiting factor of the uncertainty in the activation analysis, including the sample preparation, irradiation, and γ-ray spectrometry steps, has been carefully monitored to minimize the uncertainty in the determined mass fraction. Neutron and γ-ray self-shielding within the elemental selenium INAA standards contributed most significantly to the uncertainty of the measurement. An empirical model compensating for neutron self-shielding and reducing the self-shielding uncertainty was successfully applied to these selenium standards. The mass fraction of selenium in the new lot of SRM 3149 was determined with a relative standard uncertainty of 0.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Jung Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Sharpless KE, Lindstrom RM, Nelson BC, Phinney KW, Rimmer CA, Sander LC, Schantz MM, Spatz RO, Thomas JB, Turk GC, Wise SA, Wood LJ, Yen JH. Preparation and characterization of standard reference material 1849 infant/adult nutritional formula. J AOAC Int 2010; 93:1262-1274. [PMID: 20922961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1849 Infant/Adult Nutritional Formula has been issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as a replacement for SRM 1846 Infant Formula, issued in 1996. Extraction characteristics of SRM 1846 have changed over time, as have NIST's analytical capabilities. While certified mass fraction values were provided for five constituents in SRM 1846 (four vitamins plus iodine), certified mass fraction values for 43 constituents are provided in SRM 1849 (fatty acids, elements, and vitamins) and reference mass fraction values are provided for an additional 43 constituents including amino acids and nucleotides, making it the most extensively characterized food-matrix SRM available from NIST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Sharpless
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Analytical Chemistry Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8390, USA.
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Clarke WB, Guscott R, Downing RG, Lindstrom RM. Endogenous lithium and boron red cell-plasma ratios: normal subjects versus bipolar patients not on lithium therapy. Biol Trace Elem Res 2004; 97:105-16. [PMID: 14985621 DOI: 10.1385/bter:97:2:105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2002] [Accepted: 10/31/2002] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to compare endogenous lithium concentrations in human blood and its components from normal donors versus bipolar patients. The patients were not on lithium therapy at the time that the blood samples were donated and had not received any lithium therapy for at least 2 yr. Blood components were separated by centrifugation. The analytical method for lithium as developed in this laboratory consists of thermal-neutron activation of freeze-dried samples. 3H is produced via the reaction 6Li + n = 3H + 4He, and high-sensitivity rare gas mass spectrometry is used to measure 3He formed from beta-decay of 3H. Boron measurements are made concurrently using 4He from the reaction 10B + n = 4He + 7Li. Seven normal donors and seven patients with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder participated in this study. Measurements of lithium and boron were made in whole blood, plasma, and red cells. Red cell-plasma ratios R(Li) and R(B) were calculated after corrections were made for trapped plasma in the red cells. The results show that bipolar patients may have higher concentrations of lithium in blood, plasma, and red cells (p = 0.08, 0.02, and 0.02, respectively) and may have higher R(Li) values than normal donors (p = 0.01). No evidence was found for bipolar-normal differences in these four parameters for boron. Although our sample size is admittedly very small, the results clearly show that the endogenous red cell ratio R(Li) and plasma or red cell lithium concentrations may become useful diagnostic indicators for bipolar illness if the analytical methods are further developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Brian Clarke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
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Abstract
Samples of 24Na, 42K, 76As and 198Au were produced by irradiation in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) reactor, and examined for impurities before and after measurement. Half-life measurements were carried out in the NIST 4pigamma pressurized ionization chamber. The results are compared to presently accepted values and previous NIST measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Unterweger
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Radioactivity Group, C114 Radiation Physics Building, 100 Bureau Drive Stop 8462, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8462, USA.
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Clarke WB, Guscott R, Lindstrom RM. Binding of lithium and boron to human plasma proteins II: results for a bipolar patient not on lithium therapy. Biol Trace Elem Res 2004; 97:117-24. [PMID: 14985622 DOI: 10.1385/bter:97:2:117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2002] [Accepted: 08/20/2002] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report further measurements of lithium and boron bound to human plasma proteins using the techniques of gel chromatography, thermal-neutron activation, and high-sensitivity helium isotope mass spectrometry. The plasma sample was donated by a bipolar patient who had never been on lithium therapy. The plasma lithium-binding pattern for the bipolar patient is distinctly different from that previously observed in this laboratory for plasma donated by a normal individual. In the bipolar case, virtually all of the lithium is bound to low-molecular-weight proteins (approx 1000 amu), whereas in the normal case, most of the lithium eluted from the gel column was bound to five high-molecular-weight proteins (approx 50,000 amu to approx 1,000,000 amu). The gel elution profiles for boron were roughly similar for the normal and bipolar cases. The lithium results are in agreement with our previous speculation that lithium-binding plasma proteins are missing or exist in very low concentrations in some individuals suffering from affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Brian Clarke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
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McKinley JP, Zeissler CJ, Zachara JM, Serne RJ, Lindstrom RM, Schaef HT, Orr RD. Distribution and retention of 137Cs in sediments at the Hanford Site, Washington. Environ Sci Technol 2001; 35:3433-3441. [PMID: 11563643 DOI: 10.1021/es0018116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
137Cesium and other contaminants have leaked from single-shell storage tanks (SSTs) into coarse-textured, relatively unweathered unconsolidated sediments. Contaminated sediments were retrieved from beneath a leaky SST to investigate the distribution of adsorbed 137Cs+ across different sediment size fractions. All fractions contained mica (biotite, muscovite, vermiculatized biotite), quartz, and plagioclase along with smectite and kaolinite in the clay-size fraction. A phosphor-plate autoradiograph method was used to identify particular sediment particles responsible for retaining 137Cs+. The Cs-bearing particles were found to be individual mica flakes or agglomerated smectite, mica, quartz, and plagioclase. Of these, only the micaceous component was capable of sorbing Cs+ strongly. Sorbed 137Cs+ could not be significantly removed from sediments by leaching with dithionite citrate buffer or KOH, but a fraction of the sorbed 137Cs+ (5-22%) was desorbable with solutions containing an excess of Rb+. The small amount of 137Cs+ that might be mobilized by migrating fluids in the future would likely sorb to nearby micaceous clasts in downgradient sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P McKinley
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.
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Zhang H, Gallagher PD, Satija SK, Lindstrom RM, Paul RL, Russell TP, Lambooy P, Kramer EJ. Grazing incidence prompt gamma emissions and resonance-enhanced neutron standing waves in a thin film. Phys Rev Lett 1994; 72:3044-3047. [PMID: 10056053 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.72.3044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Lindstrom RM. Sum and mean. Standard programs for activation analysis. Biol Trace Elem Res 1994; 43-45:597-603. [PMID: 7710877 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-6025-5_69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Two computer programs in use for over a decade in the Nuclear Methods Group at NIST illustrate the utility of standard software: programs widely available and widely used, in which (ideally) well-tested public algorithms produce results that are well understood, and thereby capable of comparison, within the community of users. Sum interactively computes the position, net area, and uncertainty of the area of spectral peaks, and can give better results than automatic peak search programs when peaks are very small, very large, or unusually shaped. Mean combines unequal measurements of a single quantity, tests for consistency, and obtains the weighted mean and six measures of its uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Lindstrom
- Inorganic Analytical Research Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD
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Lindstrom RM, Mackey EA, Paul RL. Analytical applications of guided neutron beams. Biol Trace Elem Res 1994; 43-45:47-53. [PMID: 7710862 DOI: 10.1007/bf02917298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Guided beams of thermal and cold neutrons have become available to analysts at several reactors during the past decade. The very pure beams from these guides have led to lower backgrounds and higher sensitivities for prompt-gamma activation analysis (PGAA), and thus to new applications for this technique. For analytical accuracy, the details of neutron scattering within the sample need to be taken into account; this consideration is especially important for most materials of biological origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Lindstrom
- Inorganic Analytical Research Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
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Abstract
A permanent, full-time instrument for prompt-gamma activation analysis is nearing completion as part of the Cold Neutron Research Facility (CNRF). The design of the analytical system has been optimized for high gamma detection efficiency and low background, particularly for hydrogen. Because of the purity of the neutron beam, shielding requirements are modest and the scatter-capture background is low. As a result of a compact sample-detector geometry, the sensitivity (counting rate per gram of analyte) is a factor of four better than the existing Maryland-NIST thermal-neutron instrument at this reactor. Hydrogen backgrounds of a few micrograms have already been achieved, which promises to be of value in numerous applications where quantitative nondestructive analysis of small quantities of hydrogen in materials is necessary.
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Mackey EA, Gordon GE, Lindstrom RM, Anderson DL. Use of spherical targets to minimize effects of neutron scattering by hydrogen in neutron capture prompt gamma-ray activation analysis. Anal Chem 1992; 64:2366-71. [PMID: 1466451 DOI: 10.1021/ac00044a012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
For hydrogenous targets that are thinner than they are wide, element sensitivities (counts.s-1.mg-1) for determining concentrations of elements by neutron capture prompt gamma-ray activation analysis (PGAA) are enhanced relative to sensitivities obtained from measurements on nonhydrogenous materials. These enhancements are caused mainly by elastic neutron scattering by H, which changes the average neutron fluence rate within the matrix. The magnitude of the effect depends on the macroscopic scattering and absorption cross sections and on the size, shape, and orientation of the target with respect to the neutron beam. Sensitivities increase linearly with H density for thin targets of constant size and shape and also vary with target shape. Theoretical work was shown that element sensitivities for hydrogenous targets in the form of spheres are least affected by neutron scattering. Methods were devised for creating solid spheres and for containing liquids in spherical shapes. Element sensitivities were determined for spheres and disks of several hydrogenous materials. For H, B, Cl, K, Br, and Cd, sensitivities for spheres were found to be less affected by neutron scattering. Exceptions were Sm and Gd sensitivities measured in liquids contained in quartz globes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Mackey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park 20742
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Neumann DA, Copley JR, Cappelletti RL, Kamitakahara WA, Lindstrom RM, Creegan KM, Cox DM, Romanow WJ, Coustel N, McCauley JP, Maliszewskyj NC, Fischer JE, Smith AB. Coherent quasielastic neutron scattering study of the rotational dynamics of C60 in the orientationally disordered phase. Phys Rev Lett 1991; 67:3808-3811. [PMID: 10044831 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.67.3808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Mackey EA, Gordon GE, Lindstrom RM, Anderson DL. Effects of target shape and neutron scattering on element sensitivities for neutron-capture prompt gamma-ray activation analysis. Anal Chem 1991; 63:288-92. [PMID: 1824014 DOI: 10.1021/ac00003a019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Results are presented for a study of the effects of neutron scattering by hydrogen on element sensitivities for in-beam neutron capture prompt gamma-ray activation analysis. In a scattering matrix, sensitivities vary as a function of both the scattering density, i.e., the number of scatters per unit volume and the magnitude of scattering cross sections, and the target geometry, i.e., the target shape and orientation with respect to the neutron beam. Element sensitivities (counts.s-1.mg-1) increased linearly with H density (g.mL-1) for H, B, Na, Cl, K, Mn, Br, Ag, Cd, I, Sm, and Gd, measured for liquids packaged in Teflon bags. Nine of the 12 elements studied had 1.69 +/- 0.18% sensitivity enhancement per percent increase in H density. Samarium sensitivity was enhanced by only 0.54 +/- 0.07%/% H, which may indicate that neutron scattering by H causes a shift in the energy distribution of the neutrons. Manganese sensitivity was enhanced by 2.44 +/- 0.26%/% H. The enhancement of the sensitivity for H itself varied with matrix composition. For several series of disk-shaped, solid, hydrogenous targets, element sensitivities increased with decreasing target thickness until, at some limiting thickness, this trend was reversed. Consistent with theory, sensitivities measured for spherical hydrogenous targets showed no enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Mackey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park 20742
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Shedlovsky JP, Honda M, Reedy RC, Evans JC, Lal D, Lindstrom RM, Delany AC, Arnold JR, Loosli HH, Fruchter JS, Finkel RC. Pattern of Bombardment-Produced Radionuclides in Rock 10017 and in Lunar Soil. Science 1970; 167:574-6. [PMID: 17781502 DOI: 10.1126/science.167.3918.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A large number of radionuclides have been measured as a function of depth in lunar rock 10017 and in bulk fines. Data are reported on (10)Be, (22)Na, (26)Al, (36)Cl, (49)V, (53)mn, (54)Mn (55)Fe, (56)Co, (57)Co, and (59)Ni and on upper limits for (46)Sc, (48)V, (51)Cr, and (60)Co. The results for several nuclides show striking evidence of excess surface production attributable to solar flare particles. Data for short-lived species, (56)Co, (57)CO, (54)Mn, (55)Fe, and (22)Na, appear consistent with fluxes from known recent events. Long-lived species demonstrate the existence of solar flare protons and alphas at least for the last 10(5) to 10(6) years, at fluxes comparable to those now observerved.
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