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Myllyaho T, Siira V, Wahlberg KE, Hakko H, Taka-Eilola T, Läksy K, Tikkanen V, Roisko R, Niemelä M, Räsänen S. Associations of Duration of Preadoption Out-of-home Care, Genetic Risk for Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders and Adoptive Family Functioning with Later Psychiatric Disorders of Adoptees. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2024; 55:350-360. [PMID: 35962879 PMCID: PMC10891258 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-022-01411-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to examine the impacts of duration of preadoption out-of-home care and adoptive family functioning on later psychiatric morbidity of adoptees with high (HR) and low (LR) genetic risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The study uses nationwide data from the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia. The study population in this substudy consisted of 43 h adoptees and 128 LR adoptees. Of these adoptees, 90 had spent 0-6 months and 81 over 6 months in preadoption out-of-home care. The family functioning of adoptive families was assessed based on Global Family Ratings and psychiatric disorders on DSM-III-R criteria. The results showed that among the adoptees with over 6 months in preadoption out-of-home care, the likelihood for psychiatric disorders was significantly increased in HR adoptees compared to LR adoptees. In adoptees with 6 months or less in preadoption out-of-home care, an increased likelihood for psychiatric disorders was found among those living in adoptive families with dysfunctional processes. These findings indicate that especially for HR children, a well-functioning early caregiving environment is crucial in terms of subsequent mental wellbeing. The results emphasize that when adoption is necessary, early placement and well-functioning adoptive family environment are beneficial to children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Myllyaho
- Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Virva Siira
- Faculty of Education, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 2000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Erik Wahlberg
- Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Helinä Hakko
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 26, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tiina Taka-Eilola
- Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Basic Health Care District of Kallio, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kristian Läksy
- Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ville Tikkanen
- Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Riikka Roisko
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 26, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mika Niemelä
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 26, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sami Räsänen
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 26, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
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Tikkanen V, Siira V, Wahlberg KE, Hakko H, Myllyaho T, Läksy K, Roisko R, Niemelä M, Räsänen S. Deficits in adolescent social functioning, dysfunctional family processes and genetic risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders as risk factors for later psychiatric morbidity of adoptees. Psychiatry Res 2022; 316:114793. [PMID: 35987066 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Social functioning deficits during adolescence are associated with later psychiatric morbidity, particularly in offspring at high genetic risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders. However, a shortcoming of earlier study findings is the lack of control of the impact of the family rearing environment. The study was aimed to examine the association of adoptees' social functioning during adolescence, adoptive family functioning, and adoptees' high (HR) or low (LR) genetic risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders with adoptees' later psychiatric morbidity. The present subsample from the nationwide Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia included 57 HR and 60 LR adoptees. Adolescent social functioning was assessed using UCLA Social Attainment Survey (UCLA SAS). Adoptive family functioning was based on Global Family Ratings (GFRs) and psychiatric disorders on DSM-III-R criteria. The results indicated that, after controlling for adoptive family functioning and genetic risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, deficits in peer relationships during adolescence were associated with an increased likelihood of psychiatric morbidity of adoptees. Our findings highlight social functioning deficits during adolescence, specifically in peer relationships, as plausible independent risk factors for later psychiatric disorders. These results can be utilized in identifying possible at-risk groups and targets for prevention and in developing preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Tikkanen
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Psychiatry, P.O. Box 5000, Oulu 90014, Finland; Faculty of Education, Research Unit Values, Ideologies and Social Contexts of Education, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Virva Siira
- Faculty of Education, Research Unit Values, Ideologies and Social Contexts of Education, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Erik Wahlberg
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Psychiatry, P.O. Box 5000, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Helinä Hakko
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Toni Myllyaho
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Psychiatry, P.O. Box 5000, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Kristian Läksy
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Psychiatry, P.O. Box 5000, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Riikka Roisko
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mika Niemelä
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Faculty of Medicine, Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sami Räsänen
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Psychiatry, P.O. Box 5000, Oulu 90014, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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Myllyaho T, Siira V, Wahlberg KE, Hakko H, Tikkanen V, Läksy K, Roisko R, Niemelä M, Räsänen S. Dysfunctional family functioning in high socioeconomic status families as a risk factor for the development of psychiatric disorders in adoptees: the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2022; 57:1367-1377. [PMID: 33398497 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-020-02016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Earlier findings indicate that socioeconomic status (SES) of family associates with family functioning. This study examined the impacts of family functioning and genetic risk for schizophrenia on psychiatric morbidity of adoptees in families of high SES (HSES) and low SES (LSES). METHODS The study population is a subgroup of the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia. Of the adoptees, 152 had high genetic risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders (HR) and 151 adoptees had low risk (LR). Of the adoptees, 185 (HR = 94, LR = 91) were raised in high-SES (HSES) families and 118 (HR = 58, LR = 60) in low-SES (LSES) families. The family SES was determined by the occupational status of the main provider of the family. The functioning of adoptive families was assessed based on Global Family Ratings (GFRs) and psychiatric disorders on DSM-III-R criteria. RESULTS In the HSES families, the psychiatric morbidity of the adoptees was emphasized by HR (OR = 4.28, CI 2.14-8.56) and dysfunctional family processes (OR = 6.44, CI 2.75-15.04). In the LSES families, the adoptees´ psychiatric morbidity was almost significantly increased by HR (OR = 2.10, CI 0.99-4.45), but not by dysfunctional family processes (OR = 1.33, CI 0.53-3.34). CONCLUSIONS This study showed that in HSES families, dysfunctional family processes and HR for schizophrenia increased the likelihoods for the development of psychiatric disorders in adoptees. The results can be utilized in identifying risk factors in the development of psychiatric disorders and focusing preventative strategies on risk groups with acknowledging the importance of family functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Myllyaho
- University of Oulu, Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Virva Siira
- Faculty of Education, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 2000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Erik Wahlberg
- University of Oulu, Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Helinä Hakko
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 26, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ville Tikkanen
- University of Oulu, Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kristian Läksy
- Social Security Institute of Finland (SSI), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Roisko
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 26, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mika Niemelä
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 26, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine, Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sami Räsänen
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 26, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
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Tikkanen V, Siira V, Wahlberg KE, Hakko H, Myllyaho T, Läksy K, Roisko R, Niemelä M, Räsänen S. Adolescent Social Functioning Deficits in Association With Adoptive Family Functioning and Genetic Risk for Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: The Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis 2022; 210:418-425. [PMID: 35044360 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Social functioning deficits (SFDs) during adolescence represent potential vulnerability indicators to schizophrenia spectrum disorders, but little is known about how both family environmental and genetic factors contribute to SFDs. The aim of this study was to examine the association of adoptees' adolescent social functioning with adoptive family functioning and adoptees' high (HR) or low (LR) genetic risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The present subsample from the nationwide Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia included 88 HR and 83 LR adoptees. Adolescent social functioning was assessed using UCLA Social Attainment Survey. Assessment of adoptive family functioning was based on Global Family Ratings. Results indicated that dysfunctional family processes and high genetic risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders contributed approximately equally to adoptees' adolescent social functioning. Our findings underscore the importance of functional family processes in adolescent social functioning, particularly in individuals at high genetic risk for severe psychiatric disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Tikkanen
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry
| | | | | | - Helinä Hakko
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu
| | - Toni Myllyaho
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry
| | | | - Riikka Roisko
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu
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Tikkanen V, Siira V, Wahlberg KE, Hakko H, Läksy K, Roisko R, Niemelä M, Räsänen S. Adolescent social functioning in offspring at high risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders in the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2020; 215:293-299. [PMID: 31699628 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children and adolescents with a genetic risk for schizophrenia are often found to have poorer social functioning compared to their controls. However, less is known about high-risk offspring who have not been reared by a biological parent with schizophrenia. The purpose of this study was to examine deficits in social functioning in adolescence as a possible factor related to genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and also to examine possible gender differences in these associations. METHOD The present sample consisted of 88 genetic high-risk (HR) adoptees whose biological mothers were diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and 83 genetic low-risk (LR) adoptees with biological mothers with non-schizophrenia spectrum disorders or no psychiatric disorders. Adoptees' social functioning at ages 16-20 was assessed using the UCLA Social Attainment Survey. RESULTS Compared to LR adoptees, HR adoptees displayed statistically significant deficits in their peer relationships, involvement in activities and overall social functioning during adolescence. HR males were distinguished from LR males by their significantly poorer overall social functioning. Compared to HR females, HR males showed significant deficits in their romantic relationships. Of marginal significance was that HR females displayed more social functioning deficits relative to LR females, mainly in the areas of peer relationships, involvement in activities and overall social functioning. CONCLUSIONS These results from the adoption and high-risk study design suggest that deficits in social functioning in adolescence may be related to genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia spectrum disorders and that some of these deficits may be gender-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Tikkanen
- Faculty of Education, P.O. Box 2000, 90014, University of Oulu, Finland; University of Oulu, Department of Psychiatry, Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, University of Oulu, Finland.
| | - Virva Siira
- Faculty of Education, P.O. Box 2000, 90014, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Erik Wahlberg
- University of Oulu, Department of Psychiatry, Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Helinä Hakko
- Oulu University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, P.O. Box 26, 90029, Oulu University Hospital, Finland
| | | | - Riikka Roisko
- Oulu University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, P.O. Box 26, 90029, Oulu University Hospital, Finland
| | - Mika Niemelä
- Oulu University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, P.O. Box 26, 90029, Oulu University Hospital, Finland; University of Oulu, Department of Medicine, Center for Life Course Health, Research, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Sami Räsänen
- Oulu University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, P.O. Box 26, 90029, Oulu University Hospital, Finland
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Myllyaho T, Siira V, Wahlberg KE, Hakko H, Läksy K, Roisko R, Niemelä M, Räsänen S. Interaction of genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia and family functioning in adopted-away offspring of mothers with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2019; 278:205-212. [PMID: 31226546 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the association of family functioning to psychiatric disorders of adoptees with and without genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia. METHODS The data is based on the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia. The study sample consisted of 346 adoptive families, of which 175 adoptees had high (HR) and 171 low (LR) genetic risk for schizophrenia. DSM-III-R was used for diagnostic criteria. Family functioning was assessed using the Global Family Ratings. Childhood adversities covered early parental divorce and death occurring before 18 years of age of the adoptees. RESULTS Approximately two thirds of the adoptees had lived in families with mildly dysfunctional processes (30%) or dysfunctional processes (28.4%). An increased likelihood for psychiatric disorders of the adoptees was related to dysfunctional family processes both in HR (OR = 4.8, 95% CI 2-11.4) and LR (OR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.1-6.3) adoptees, but not to early parental death or divorce. CONCLUSIONS The risk for psychiatric disorders was increased for adoptees in families with dysfunctional processes, especially for those adoptees with genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia. These results emphasize the importance of policies and practices that aim to strengthen and support family functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Myllyaho
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, Oulu 90014, Finland.
| | - Virva Siira
- Faculty of Education, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 2000, Oulu 90014, Finland.
| | - Karl-Erik Wahlberg
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Helinä Hakko
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 26, Oulu 90029, Finland
| | - Kristian Läksy
- Social Security Institute of Finland (SSI), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Roisko
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 26, Oulu 90029, Finland
| | - Mika Niemelä
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 26, Oulu 90029, Finland; Department of Medicine, Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Sami Räsänen
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 26, Oulu 90029, Finland
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Roisko R, Wahlberg KE, Hakko H, Tienari P. Association of adoptive child's thought disorders and schizophrenia spectrum disorders with their genetic liability for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, season of birth and parental Communication Deviance. Psychiatry Res 2015; 226:434-40. [PMID: 25746170 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Joint effects of genotype and the environment have turned out to be significant in the development of psychotic disorders. The purpose of the present study was to assess the association of an adoptive child׳s thought and schizophrenia spectrum disorders with genetic and environmental risk indicators and their interactions. A subgroup of the total sample used in the Finnish Adoptive Family Study was considered in the present study. The subjects were 125 adoptees at a high (n=53) or low (n=72) genetic risk of schizophrenia spectrum disorders and their adoptive parents. The risk factors evaluated were the adoptive child's genetic risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, winter or spring birth and parental Communication Deviance (CD). Thought disorders in the adoptees were assessed using the Thought Disorder Index and diagnoses were made according to DSM-III-R criteria. The adoptive child׳s Thought Disorder Index was only associated with parental Communication Deviance. The adoptive child's heightened genetic risk or winter or spring birth or parental CD or their interactions did not predict the adoptee's schizophrenia spectrum disorder. The results suggest that studies taking several risk indicators and their interactions into account may change views on the mutual significance of well-known risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Roisko
- Oulu University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Box 26, FI-90029 OYS, Finland.
| | - Karl-Erik Wahlberg
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Helinä Hakko
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pekka Tienari
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Roisko R, Wahlberg KE, Miettunen J, Tienari P. Association of parental communication deviance with offspring's psychiatric and thought disorders. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Psychiatry 2013; 29:20-31. [PMID: 23849397 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated number of parental Communication Deviance (CD) has been connected with psychiatric and thought disorders in their offspring. However, no earlier systematic efforts have been made to review this issue. The aim of this study was to survey the existing literature systematically and perform a meta-analysis of this association. A literature search for published and unpublished observational studies on the association of parental Communication Deviance with psychopathology in the offspring was conducted. Multiple electronic databases were searched (from 1960 to 2012) and the reference lists of the resulting publications were scanned. The findings were pooled using random effect meta-analysis. A total of 19 relevant papers were found and accessed. The results showed that a high level of parental CD is associated with schizophrenia spectrum disorders in the offspring. A large overall effect size (0.79) was found in the meta-analysis. No meta-analysis could be performed on the association of parental CD with an offspring's thought disorders, but the results suggest that such an association may exist. Parental Communication Deviance is associated with schizophrenia spectrum disorders in the offspring. High parental CD could be treated as an indicator of a risk of developing a schizophrenia spectrum disorder, at least among high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Roisko
- Oulu University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, PO Box 26, 90029 OYS, Finland.
| | - K-E Wahlberg
- University of Oulu, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulun Yliopisto, Finland; Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - J Miettunen
- University of Oulu, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulun Yliopisto, Finland
| | - P Tienari
- University of Oulu, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulun Yliopisto, Finland
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Roisko R, Wahlberg KE, Hakko H, Wynne L, Tienari P. Communication Deviance in parents of families with adoptees at a high or low risk of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and its associations with attributes of the adoptee and the adoptive parents. Psychiatry Res 2011; 185:66-71. [PMID: 20537719 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Communication Deviance (CD) in rearing parents is a known indicator of a psychopathology risk in the offspring, but the direction of the effects of these two factors on each other has remained an unresolved question. The purpose of the present study was to clarify this issue by assessing the relationship of CD in adoptive parents with certain attributes of the adoptee and adoptive parents themselves. The subjects were 109 adoptees at a high or low risk of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and their adoptive parents. Communication Deviance was measured in individual, spouse and family Rorschach situations. Thought disorders in the adoptees were assessed using the Thought Disorder Index. The variability of CD in the adoptive parents in individual Rorschach situations was not significantly explained by any characteristics of the child. The variability in parental CD in family Rorschach situations was most closely associated with the characteristics of the parents themselves. The results strongly support the hypotheses that the frequency of Communication Deviance is an enduring trait rather than a fluctuating state and that frequent CD in parent's speech may impair the growing child's cognitive development and predispose him/her to schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Roisko
- Oulu University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, BOX 26, FIN-90029 OYS, Finland.
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