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Karjalainen E, Niemelä M, Hakko H, Wahlberg KE, Räsänen S. The Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia: differences in somatic diseases and conditions between adoptees with high or low genetic risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Nord J Psychiatry 2024; 78:312-318. [PMID: 38456792 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2024.2322495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There is some evidence that offspring of patients with schizophrenia have higher somatic morbidity, which is thought to be partially due to genetic links between somatic disorders and schizophrenia. This study explored differences in somatic diseases and conditions of adoptees with high genetic risk (HR) or low genetic risk (LR) for schizophrenia spectrum disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study is part of the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia. The adoptive research design used made it possible to examine how the somatic health of adoptees raised in similar adoptive families, is affected by their genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia. The study sample consisted of 373 adoptees, of whom 190 had HR and 183 had LR for schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Data on somatic morbidity were gathered from the hospital records and from the national registers of the Care Register of Health Care and the Social Insurance Institution. RESULTS The only statistically significant difference found was in genitourinary diseases, the likelihood being twofold higher in HR adoptees compared to LR adoptees (16.8% vs. 8.2%; adj. OR = 2.13, 95% CI 1.06-4.25, p = .033). Adoptees who were female and aged over 40 had a higher prevalence of genitourinary illnesses than non-adoptees. CONCLUSION The significant prevalence of genitourinary diseases in adoptees at risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders suggests that some specific somatic diseases and schizophrenia may have a shared hereditary etiology. More research is required for specific somatic diseases in study populations that can differentiate between the effects of genetic and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Karjalainen
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mika Niemelä
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Research Unit of Population Health, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Helinä Hakko
- Research Unit of Population Health, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Erik Wahlberg
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sami Räsänen
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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Myllyaho T, Siira V, Wahlberg KE, Hakko H, Taka-Eilola T, Läksy K, Tikkanen V, Roisko R, Niemelä M, Räsänen S. Associations of Duration of Preadoption Out-of-home Care, Genetic Risk for Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders and Adoptive Family Functioning with Later Psychiatric Disorders of Adoptees. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2024; 55:350-360. [PMID: 35962879 PMCID: PMC10891258 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-022-01411-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to examine the impacts of duration of preadoption out-of-home care and adoptive family functioning on later psychiatric morbidity of adoptees with high (HR) and low (LR) genetic risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The study uses nationwide data from the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia. The study population in this substudy consisted of 43 h adoptees and 128 LR adoptees. Of these adoptees, 90 had spent 0-6 months and 81 over 6 months in preadoption out-of-home care. The family functioning of adoptive families was assessed based on Global Family Ratings and psychiatric disorders on DSM-III-R criteria. The results showed that among the adoptees with over 6 months in preadoption out-of-home care, the likelihood for psychiatric disorders was significantly increased in HR adoptees compared to LR adoptees. In adoptees with 6 months or less in preadoption out-of-home care, an increased likelihood for psychiatric disorders was found among those living in adoptive families with dysfunctional processes. These findings indicate that especially for HR children, a well-functioning early caregiving environment is crucial in terms of subsequent mental wellbeing. The results emphasize that when adoption is necessary, early placement and well-functioning adoptive family environment are beneficial to children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Myllyaho
- Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Virva Siira
- Faculty of Education, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 2000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Erik Wahlberg
- Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Helinä Hakko
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 26, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tiina Taka-Eilola
- Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Basic Health Care District of Kallio, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kristian Läksy
- Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ville Tikkanen
- Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Riikka Roisko
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 26, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mika Niemelä
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 26, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sami Räsänen
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 26, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
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Tikkanen V, Siira V, Wahlberg KE, Hakko H, Myllyaho T, Läksy K, Roisko R, Niemelä M, Räsänen S. Deficits in adolescent social functioning, dysfunctional family processes and genetic risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders as risk factors for later psychiatric morbidity of adoptees. Psychiatry Res 2022; 316:114793. [PMID: 35987066 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Social functioning deficits during adolescence are associated with later psychiatric morbidity, particularly in offspring at high genetic risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders. However, a shortcoming of earlier study findings is the lack of control of the impact of the family rearing environment. The study was aimed to examine the association of adoptees' social functioning during adolescence, adoptive family functioning, and adoptees' high (HR) or low (LR) genetic risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders with adoptees' later psychiatric morbidity. The present subsample from the nationwide Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia included 57 HR and 60 LR adoptees. Adolescent social functioning was assessed using UCLA Social Attainment Survey (UCLA SAS). Adoptive family functioning was based on Global Family Ratings (GFRs) and psychiatric disorders on DSM-III-R criteria. The results indicated that, after controlling for adoptive family functioning and genetic risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, deficits in peer relationships during adolescence were associated with an increased likelihood of psychiatric morbidity of adoptees. Our findings highlight social functioning deficits during adolescence, specifically in peer relationships, as plausible independent risk factors for later psychiatric disorders. These results can be utilized in identifying possible at-risk groups and targets for prevention and in developing preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Tikkanen
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Psychiatry, P.O. Box 5000, Oulu 90014, Finland; Faculty of Education, Research Unit Values, Ideologies and Social Contexts of Education, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Virva Siira
- Faculty of Education, Research Unit Values, Ideologies and Social Contexts of Education, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Erik Wahlberg
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Psychiatry, P.O. Box 5000, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Helinä Hakko
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Toni Myllyaho
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Psychiatry, P.O. Box 5000, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Kristian Läksy
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Psychiatry, P.O. Box 5000, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Riikka Roisko
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mika Niemelä
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Faculty of Medicine, Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sami Räsänen
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Psychiatry, P.O. Box 5000, Oulu 90014, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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Myllyaho T, Siira V, Wahlberg KE, Hakko H, Tikkanen V, Läksy K, Roisko R, Niemelä M, Räsänen S. Dysfunctional family functioning in high socioeconomic status families as a risk factor for the development of psychiatric disorders in adoptees: the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2022; 57:1367-1377. [PMID: 33398497 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-020-02016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Earlier findings indicate that socioeconomic status (SES) of family associates with family functioning. This study examined the impacts of family functioning and genetic risk for schizophrenia on psychiatric morbidity of adoptees in families of high SES (HSES) and low SES (LSES). METHODS The study population is a subgroup of the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia. Of the adoptees, 152 had high genetic risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders (HR) and 151 adoptees had low risk (LR). Of the adoptees, 185 (HR = 94, LR = 91) were raised in high-SES (HSES) families and 118 (HR = 58, LR = 60) in low-SES (LSES) families. The family SES was determined by the occupational status of the main provider of the family. The functioning of adoptive families was assessed based on Global Family Ratings (GFRs) and psychiatric disorders on DSM-III-R criteria. RESULTS In the HSES families, the psychiatric morbidity of the adoptees was emphasized by HR (OR = 4.28, CI 2.14-8.56) and dysfunctional family processes (OR = 6.44, CI 2.75-15.04). In the LSES families, the adoptees´ psychiatric morbidity was almost significantly increased by HR (OR = 2.10, CI 0.99-4.45), but not by dysfunctional family processes (OR = 1.33, CI 0.53-3.34). CONCLUSIONS This study showed that in HSES families, dysfunctional family processes and HR for schizophrenia increased the likelihoods for the development of psychiatric disorders in adoptees. The results can be utilized in identifying risk factors in the development of psychiatric disorders and focusing preventative strategies on risk groups with acknowledging the importance of family functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Myllyaho
- University of Oulu, Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Virva Siira
- Faculty of Education, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 2000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Erik Wahlberg
- University of Oulu, Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Helinä Hakko
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 26, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ville Tikkanen
- University of Oulu, Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kristian Läksy
- Social Security Institute of Finland (SSI), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Roisko
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 26, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mika Niemelä
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 26, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine, Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sami Räsänen
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 26, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
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Tikkanen V, Siira V, Wahlberg KE, Hakko H, Myllyaho T, Läksy K, Roisko R, Niemelä M, Räsänen S. Adolescent Social Functioning Deficits in Association With Adoptive Family Functioning and Genetic Risk for Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: The Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis 2022; 210:418-425. [PMID: 35044360 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Social functioning deficits (SFDs) during adolescence represent potential vulnerability indicators to schizophrenia spectrum disorders, but little is known about how both family environmental and genetic factors contribute to SFDs. The aim of this study was to examine the association of adoptees' adolescent social functioning with adoptive family functioning and adoptees' high (HR) or low (LR) genetic risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The present subsample from the nationwide Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia included 88 HR and 83 LR adoptees. Adolescent social functioning was assessed using UCLA Social Attainment Survey. Assessment of adoptive family functioning was based on Global Family Ratings. Results indicated that dysfunctional family processes and high genetic risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders contributed approximately equally to adoptees' adolescent social functioning. Our findings underscore the importance of functional family processes in adolescent social functioning, particularly in individuals at high genetic risk for severe psychiatric disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Tikkanen
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry
| | | | | | - Helinä Hakko
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu
| | - Toni Myllyaho
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry
| | | | - Riikka Roisko
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu
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Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this study was to find potential signs of genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia. The differences between adoptees at high genetic risk for schizophrenia (their biological mother had a schizophrenia spectrum disorder) and control adoptees of non-schizophrenia spectrum biological mothers were assessed. The comparisons between these groups were based on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) test's subscale scores adjusted by gender, age at MMPI assessment, age at placement into the adoptive family and social class. The subjects were a subsamples of a total of 182 tested adoptees and 136 mentally healthy adoptees in the Finnish Adoptive Family Study. The high-risk group was found to be distinguishable from the low-risk group based on deviant scores on the Hostility, Hypomania and Lie scales. These scales may measure genetic vulnerability and also possibly be indicative of psychometric deviance predicting future onset of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virva Siira
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
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Tikkanen V, Siira V, Wahlberg KE, Hakko H, Läksy K, Roisko R, Niemelä M, Räsänen S. Adolescent social functioning in offspring at high risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders in the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2020; 215:293-299. [PMID: 31699628 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children and adolescents with a genetic risk for schizophrenia are often found to have poorer social functioning compared to their controls. However, less is known about high-risk offspring who have not been reared by a biological parent with schizophrenia. The purpose of this study was to examine deficits in social functioning in adolescence as a possible factor related to genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and also to examine possible gender differences in these associations. METHOD The present sample consisted of 88 genetic high-risk (HR) adoptees whose biological mothers were diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and 83 genetic low-risk (LR) adoptees with biological mothers with non-schizophrenia spectrum disorders or no psychiatric disorders. Adoptees' social functioning at ages 16-20 was assessed using the UCLA Social Attainment Survey. RESULTS Compared to LR adoptees, HR adoptees displayed statistically significant deficits in their peer relationships, involvement in activities and overall social functioning during adolescence. HR males were distinguished from LR males by their significantly poorer overall social functioning. Compared to HR females, HR males showed significant deficits in their romantic relationships. Of marginal significance was that HR females displayed more social functioning deficits relative to LR females, mainly in the areas of peer relationships, involvement in activities and overall social functioning. CONCLUSIONS These results from the adoption and high-risk study design suggest that deficits in social functioning in adolescence may be related to genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia spectrum disorders and that some of these deficits may be gender-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Tikkanen
- Faculty of Education, P.O. Box 2000, 90014, University of Oulu, Finland; University of Oulu, Department of Psychiatry, Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, University of Oulu, Finland.
| | - Virva Siira
- Faculty of Education, P.O. Box 2000, 90014, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Erik Wahlberg
- University of Oulu, Department of Psychiatry, Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Helinä Hakko
- Oulu University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, P.O. Box 26, 90029, Oulu University Hospital, Finland
| | | | - Riikka Roisko
- Oulu University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, P.O. Box 26, 90029, Oulu University Hospital, Finland
| | - Mika Niemelä
- Oulu University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, P.O. Box 26, 90029, Oulu University Hospital, Finland; University of Oulu, Department of Medicine, Center for Life Course Health, Research, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Sami Räsänen
- Oulu University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, P.O. Box 26, 90029, Oulu University Hospital, Finland
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Myllyaho T, Siira V, Wahlberg KE, Hakko H, Läksy K, Roisko R, Niemelä M, Räsänen S. Interaction of genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia and family functioning in adopted-away offspring of mothers with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2019; 278:205-212. [PMID: 31226546 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the association of family functioning to psychiatric disorders of adoptees with and without genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia. METHODS The data is based on the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia. The study sample consisted of 346 adoptive families, of which 175 adoptees had high (HR) and 171 low (LR) genetic risk for schizophrenia. DSM-III-R was used for diagnostic criteria. Family functioning was assessed using the Global Family Ratings. Childhood adversities covered early parental divorce and death occurring before 18 years of age of the adoptees. RESULTS Approximately two thirds of the adoptees had lived in families with mildly dysfunctional processes (30%) or dysfunctional processes (28.4%). An increased likelihood for psychiatric disorders of the adoptees was related to dysfunctional family processes both in HR (OR = 4.8, 95% CI 2-11.4) and LR (OR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.1-6.3) adoptees, but not to early parental death or divorce. CONCLUSIONS The risk for psychiatric disorders was increased for adoptees in families with dysfunctional processes, especially for those adoptees with genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia. These results emphasize the importance of policies and practices that aim to strengthen and support family functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Myllyaho
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, Oulu 90014, Finland.
| | - Virva Siira
- Faculty of Education, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 2000, Oulu 90014, Finland.
| | - Karl-Erik Wahlberg
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Helinä Hakko
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 26, Oulu 90029, Finland
| | - Kristian Läksy
- Social Security Institute of Finland (SSI), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Roisko
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 26, Oulu 90029, Finland
| | - Mika Niemelä
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 26, Oulu 90029, Finland; Department of Medicine, Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Sami Räsänen
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 26, Oulu 90029, Finland
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Siitonen P, Keisanen T, Wahlberg KE. How is family interaction analysed as a risk factor for schizophrenia? A cross-method comparison. Commun Med 2017; 14:25-38. [PMID: 29957895 DOI: 10.1558/cam.27246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we compare two methodological approaches - Conversation Analysis (CA) and the Communication Deviance (CD) Scale - in detecting confusing family interaction, which is considered one of the risk factors for schizophrenia. CA is a method for identifying and describing actions in interaction, whereas the CD Scale presents the criteria for identifying communication defects in the field of schizophrenia research. Our aim is to determine whether the approaches resonate with and could complement each other in analysing the same interactional data - i.e., a total of 10.5 hours of audio-recorded Finnish family interaction in a psychological test in which the participants negotiate on mutual Rorschach inkblot interpretations. The data include 585 proposals by the family members. Here we focus on three types of proposal sequences (140 in all) where a proposal is not followed by an acceptance or a rejection. We have earlier shown that from the CA perspective, the family members orient to the discontinuity of these sequences by pursuing an explicit response to a proposal, but very rarely make the 'problematic' nature of the interaction visible to each other or the analyst. In the present paper, we will show that the CD Scale finds communication defects in the sequences under analysis but that the defects do not primarily involve the discontinuity of the sequence. Thus CA and the CD Scale look at interaction from different perspectives and disagree on what is considered an interactional problem.
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Roisko R, Wahlberg KE, Hakko H, Tienari P. Association of adoptive child's thought disorders and schizophrenia spectrum disorders with their genetic liability for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, season of birth and parental Communication Deviance. Psychiatry Res 2015; 226:434-40. [PMID: 25746170 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Joint effects of genotype and the environment have turned out to be significant in the development of psychotic disorders. The purpose of the present study was to assess the association of an adoptive child׳s thought and schizophrenia spectrum disorders with genetic and environmental risk indicators and their interactions. A subgroup of the total sample used in the Finnish Adoptive Family Study was considered in the present study. The subjects were 125 adoptees at a high (n=53) or low (n=72) genetic risk of schizophrenia spectrum disorders and their adoptive parents. The risk factors evaluated were the adoptive child's genetic risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, winter or spring birth and parental Communication Deviance (CD). Thought disorders in the adoptees were assessed using the Thought Disorder Index and diagnoses were made according to DSM-III-R criteria. The adoptive child׳s Thought Disorder Index was only associated with parental Communication Deviance. The adoptive child's heightened genetic risk or winter or spring birth or parental CD or their interactions did not predict the adoptee's schizophrenia spectrum disorder. The results suggest that studies taking several risk indicators and their interactions into account may change views on the mutual significance of well-known risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Roisko
- Oulu University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Box 26, FI-90029 OYS, Finland.
| | - Karl-Erik Wahlberg
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Helinä Hakko
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pekka Tienari
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Siira V, Wahlberg KE, Hakko H, Tienari P. Stability in MMPI among adoptees with high and low genetic risk for schizophrenia and with low Communication Deviance of their adoptive parents. Psychiatry Res 2013; 210:69-74. [PMID: 23769394 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stability has been considered an important aspect of vulnerability to schizophrenia. The temporal stability of the scales in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was examined, using adoptees from the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia. Adoptees who were high-risk (HR) offspring of biological mothers having a schizophrenia spectrum disorder (n=28) and low-risk (LR) controls (n=46) were evaluated using 15 MMPI scales at the initial assessment (HR, mean age 24 years; LR, mean age 23 years) and at the follow-up assessment after a mean interval of 11 years. Stability of the MMPI scales was also assessed in the groups of adoptees, assigned according to the adoptive parents'(n=44) communication style using Communication Deviance (CD) scale as an environmental factor. Initial Lie, Frequency, Correction, Psychopathic Deviate, Schizophrenia, Manifest Hostility, Hypomania, Phobias, Psychoticism, Religious Fundamentalism, Social Maladjustment, Paranoid Schizophrenia, Golden-Meehl Indicators, Schizophrenia Proneness and 8-6 scale scores significantly predicted the MMPI scores at the follow-up assessment indicating stability in the characteristics of thinking, affective expression, social relatedness and volition. Low CD in the family had an effect on the stabilization of personality traits such as social withdrawal and restricted affectivity assessed by Correction and Hostility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virva Siira
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Box 5000, FI-90014, Finland.
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Niemelä M, Repo J, Wahlberg KE, Hakko H, Räsänen S. Pilot Evaluation of the Impact of Structured Child-Centered Interventions on Psychiatric Symptom Profile of Parents with Serious Somatic Illness: Struggle for Life Trial. J Psychosoc Oncol 2012; 30:316-30. [DOI: 10.1080/07347332.2012.664258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Rannikko I, Paavola L, Haapea M, Huhtaniska S, Miettunen J, Veijola J, Murray GK, Barnes A, Wahlberg KE, Isohanni M, Jääskeläinen E. Verbal learning and memory and their associations with brain morphology and illness course in schizophrenia spectrum psychoses. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2012; 34:698-713. [PMID: 22512417 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2012.668875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The California Verbal Learning Test and structural brain imaging were administered to 57 subjects with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and 94 controls in a general population sample. Cases had lower semantic cluster scores. Poorer verbal memory strategies were associated with longer duration of illness and heavier use of antipsychotic medication. After controlling for duration of illness, sex, and total gray matter, poorer verbal memory was associated with lower gray matter volume in the cingulate cortex, juxtapositional lobule, right superior temporal gyrus, and precuneus. After controlling for use of antipsychotic medication, there was an association between higher serial clustering and smaller anterior cingulate gyrus and larger intracalcarine cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Rannikko
- ODL Rehabilitation/Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, Oulu Deaconess Institute, Oulu, Finland
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15
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Hakko H, Wahlberg KE, Tienari P, Räsänen S. Genetic vulnerability and premature death in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a 28-year follow-up of adoptees in the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia. Nord J Psychiatry 2011; 65:259-65. [PMID: 21138403 DOI: 10.3109/08039488.2010.540039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess mortality is widely reported among schizophrenia patients, but rarely examined in adoption study settings. AIM We investigated whether genetic background plays a role in the premature death of adoptees with schizophrenia. METHODS Mortality among 382 adoptees in the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia was monitored from 1977 to 2005 through the national causes-of-death register. The sample covered 190 adoptees with a high genetic risk of schizophrenia (HR) and 192 with a low risk (LR). RESULTS Overall mortality among the adoptees did not differ between the HR and LR groups, as 10% and 9% respectively had died during the follow-up, at mean ages of 45 and 46 years. Schizophrenia spectrum disorder was the most significant predictor of premature death in both groups, with dysfunction in the rearing family environment associated with mortality, unnatural deaths and suicides in the HR but not in the LR group. All the suicides involved HR cases. CONCLUSIONS Mortality among the adoptees was not related to genetic factors but to environmental ones. The association of unnatural deaths and suicides with dysfunction in the rearing environment among the HR adoptees may indicate that they had a greater genetically determined vulnerability to environmental effects than their LR counterparts. The genetic and rearing environments can be disentangled in this setting because the biological parents give the offspring their genes and the adoptive parents give them their rearing environment. Our findings add to knowledge of the factors associated with the premature death of adoptees in mid-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helinä Hakko
- Oulu University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Finland.
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Roisko R, Wahlberg KE, Hakko H, Wynne L, Tienari P. Communication Deviance in parents of families with adoptees at a high or low risk of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and its associations with attributes of the adoptee and the adoptive parents. Psychiatry Res 2011; 185:66-71. [PMID: 20537719 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Communication Deviance (CD) in rearing parents is a known indicator of a psychopathology risk in the offspring, but the direction of the effects of these two factors on each other has remained an unresolved question. The purpose of the present study was to clarify this issue by assessing the relationship of CD in adoptive parents with certain attributes of the adoptee and adoptive parents themselves. The subjects were 109 adoptees at a high or low risk of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and their adoptive parents. Communication Deviance was measured in individual, spouse and family Rorschach situations. Thought disorders in the adoptees were assessed using the Thought Disorder Index. The variability of CD in the adoptive parents in individual Rorschach situations was not significantly explained by any characteristics of the child. The variability in parental CD in family Rorschach situations was most closely associated with the characteristics of the parents themselves. The results strongly support the hypotheses that the frequency of Communication Deviance is an enduring trait rather than a fluctuating state and that frequent CD in parent's speech may impair the growing child's cognitive development and predispose him/her to schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Roisko
- Oulu University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, BOX 26, FIN-90029 OYS, Finland.
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Siira V, Wahlberg KE, Hakko H, Läksy K, Tienari P. Interaction of genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia and Communication Deviance of adoptive parents associated with MMPI schizophrenia vulnerability indicators of adoptees. Nord J Psychiatry 2007; 61:418-26. [PMID: 18236307 DOI: 10.1080/08039480701691786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish possible genotype-environment interaction in high-risk and low-risk adoptees' vulnerability to schizophrenia. The study population consisted of a subgroup of 41 adoptive families with a high genetic risk adoptee and 58 families with a low genetic risk adoptee from the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia. Communication style was assessed based on the Communication Deviance (CD) of the adoptive parents, and the adoptees' vulnerability indicators were measured with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Taken separately, only the genetic liability to schizophrenia, but not the communication style of the adoptive parents, was significantly associated with the Lie, Correction and Hostility scales in the MMPI of the adoptees. Analyses of the genotype-environment interactions showed that the high-risk adoptees with high-CD rearing parents had an increased risk of vulnerability on the MMPI Social Maladjustment scale compared with the corresponding low-risk adoptees. Genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia and genotype-environment interaction are manifested in adoptees' MMPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virva Siira
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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Wynne LC, Tienari P, Nieminen P, Sorri A, Lahti I, Moring J, Naarala M, Läksy K, Wahlberg KE, Miettunen J. I. Genotype-environment interaction in the schizophrenia spectrum: genetic liability and global family ratings in the Finnish Adoption Study. Fam Process 2006; 45:419-34. [PMID: 17220112 DOI: 10.1111/j.1545-5300.2006.00180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In the Finnish Adoption Study, a national sample of adoptees with high versus low genetic liability for schizophrenia spectrum disorders was indexed by DSM-III-R diagnoses of their biological, adopting-away mothers. The rearing-family environments of the adoptees were independently evaluated from global ratings of directly observed adoptive family relationships. The interaction of high genetic liability and dysfunction of the rearing families predicted highly significantly to schizophrenia spectrum disorder of the adoptees at 21-year follow-up. Either low genetic liability or healthy rearing protected against a spectrum outcomes for the adoptees. Initial adoptive parent diagnosis, as a proxy for rearing family dysfunction, predicted to adoptee outcome only as a trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyman C Wynne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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Wynne LC, Tienari P, Sorri A, Lahti I, Moring J, Wahlberg KE. II. Genotype-environment interaction in the schizophrenia spectrum: qualitative observations. Fam Process 2006; 45:435-47. [PMID: 17220113 DOI: 10.1111/j.1545-5300.2006.00181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Previous reports from the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia have documented significant interplay between genetics (G) and family rearing (E), leading to adoptee outcomes of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Quantitative evidence for this interplay is significantly enhanced when both high genetic liability and severe environmental dysfunction are present. However, when either genetic liability is low or the rearing environment is healthy, the adoptees appear to be resiliently protected against a pathologic outcome. Nevertheless, exceptions to this pattern do occur. Six qualitative vignettes, together with quantitative measures and categorical diagnoses from the same families, illustrate how multiple methods partially confirm one another and also suggest where further exploration of gene-environment interaction is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyman C Wynne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
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20
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Isohanni M, Lauronen E, Moilanen K, Isohanni I, Kemppainen L, Koponen H, Miettunen J, Mäki P, Räsänen S, Veijola J, Tienari P, Wahlberg KE, Murray GK. Predictors of schizophrenia: evidence from the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort and other sources. Br J Psychiatry 2005; 48:s4-7. [PMID: 16055806 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.187.48.s4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subtle motor, emotional, cognitive and behavioural abnormalities are often present in apparently healthy individuals who later develop schizophrenia, suggesting that some aspects of causation are established before overt psychosis. AIMS To outline the development of schizophrenia. METHOD We drew on evidence from The Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort supplemented by selected findings from other relevant literature. RESULTS The main known risk factors in development of schizophrenia are genetic causes, pregnancy and delivery complications, slow neuromotor development, and deviant cognitive and academic performance. However, their effect size and predictive power are small. CONCLUSIONS No powerful risk factor, premorbid sign or risk indicator has been identified that is useful for the prediction of schizophrenia in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Isohanni
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, Finland.
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21
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Tienari P, Wynne LC, Sorri A, Lahti I, Moring J, Nieminen P, Joukamaa M, Naarala M, Seitamaa M, Wahlberg KE, Miettunen J. Observing relationships in Finnish adoptive families: Oulu Family Rating Scale. Nord J Psychiatry 2005; 59:253-63. [PMID: 16195129 DOI: 10.1080/08039480500227683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Adoption studies were intended to separate genetic from environmental "causal" factors. In earlier adoption studies, psychiatric diagnostic labels for the adoptive parents were used as a proxy for the multiple dimensions of the family rearing environment. In the Finnish Adoption Study, research design provided the opportunity to study directly the adoptive family rearing environment. For this purpose 33 sub-scales were selected creating what we call Oulu Family Rating Scale (OPAS, Oulun PerheArviointiSkaala). In this paper, the manual for scoring of these sub-scales is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Tienari
- Department of Psychiatry of Oulu University, Oulu, Finland.
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22
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Mäki P, Veijola J, Jones PB, Murray GK, Koponen H, Tienari P, Miettunen J, Tanskanen P, Wahlberg KE, Koskinen J, Lauronen E, Isohanni M. Predictors of schizophrenia--a review. Br Med Bull 2005; 73-74:1-15. [PMID: 15947217 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldh046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is an aetiologically heterogeneous syndrome that usually becomes overtly manifest in adolescence and early adulthood, but in many cases subtle impairments in neurointegrative function are present from birth; hence it is considered to be a disorder with a neurodevelopmental component. The strongest risk factor that has been identified is familial risk with genetic loading. Other risk factors include pregnancy and delivery complications, infections during pregnancy, disturbances of early neuromotor and cognitive development and heavy cannabis use in adolescence. Unfortunately, to date it has not been possible to utilize the predictors of the disorder that have been identified in primary preventative interventions in a general population. However, some authors have claimed that in future it might be possible to reduce the risk for developing schizophrenia through general health policy. In clinical settings, it is helpful to map out possible early risk factors, at least familial risk for psychosis, especially in child, adolescent and young adult mental patients. Furthermore, in the future we may have predictive models combining data from genetic factors for schizophrenia, antenatal risk factors, childhood and adolescent development and clinical symptomatology, as well as brain structural and functional abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirjo Mäki
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, FIN-90014 University of Oulu, Finland.
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23
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Wahlberg KE, Wynne LC, Hakko H, Läksy K, Moring J, Miettunen J, Tienari P. Interaction of genetic risk and adoptive parent communication deviance: longitudinal prediction of adoptee psychiatric disorders. Psychol Med 2004; 34:1531-1541. [PMID: 15724883 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291704002661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia, adoptee thinking disorders have been shown to be a joint effect of genetic liability for schizophrenia spectrum disorders and adoptive rearing-parent communication patterns. However, longitudinal predictions of clinical psychiatric disorders of the adoptees have not been reported. METHOD Adoptees (n = 109) who had no DSM-III-R disorder at initial assessment (median age 18 years) were selected from the total sample of the Finnish Adoption Study of Schizophrenia. They were defined as at high versus low genetic risk based upon the lifetime diagnoses of their biological, adopting-away mothers - schizophrenia spectrum disorder versus no spectrum disorder. At initial assessment, adoptive rearing parents were independently evaluated from tape-recorded Rorschach protocols scored as manifesting either high or low Communication Deviance (CD), a composite index of communication patterns that distract and befuddle listeners. Adoptees were independently re-diagnosed after a median interval of 14 years and followed-up from national registers for an additional 7 years. RESULTS The main effects of genetic liability (G) and CD of the adoptive parents (E), each taken separately, predicted significantly for psychiatric disorders of the adoptees as adults. However, when G, E, and their joint interaction effect were entered into the same logistic model, only the interaction effect was significant. The sample included seven adoptees with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, but a separate analysis to predict them was non-significant. CONCLUSION Genetic liability for schizophrenia spectrum disorder and an adoptive family rearing variable interact, predicting longitudinally and significantly to broadly defined adoptee psychiatric disorder.
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Abstract
Videoconferencing is used in psychiatry for various purposes. There is a need for research on videoconferencing in family therapy, as there are hardly any reports on the topic: in a literature search, we found only four references to family therapy and videoconferencing. In the Department of Psychiatry at Oulu University Hospital, the use of videoconferencing has steadily increased over the last few years, and in 2002 the equipment was used for 600 hours, of which 84 hours (14%) involved consultation and 12 hours (2%) family therapy. We postulate that the use of videoconferencing for family therapy will incur various restrictions, but may also open up new opportunities. Videoconferencing may allow people in remote regions to benefit from family therapy services. Using modern equipment, it is possible to attain television broadcast quality in a videoconference, but we do not know the effect of videoconferenced delivery on the outcome of therapy. It will therefore be important to collect systematic data on family therapy delivered via videoconference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Kuulasmaa
- Lapland Family Clinic (Lapin Perheklinikka Oy), Rovaniemi, Finland
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Siira V, Wahlberg KE, Miettunen J, Lasky K, Pekka Tienari PT. Psychometric Deviance Measured by MMPI in Adoptees at High Risk for Schizophrenia and Their Adoptive Controls. J Pers Assess 2004; 83:14-21. [PMID: 15271592 DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa8301_02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Psychometric deviance in personality traits as assessed by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI; Dahlstrom, Welsh, & Dahlstrom, 1982) was compared between adopted-away, high-risk (HR) offspring of schizophrenic biologic mothers and low-risk (LR) controls. A subsample of the Finnish Adoptive Family Study (Tienari et al., 2000) included 60 HR adoptees and 76 LR control adoptees who were tested by the MMPI before the onset of any psychiatric disorder at the mean age of 24 years. The HR group was found to be distinguishable based on deviant scores on the scales HOS and HYP, indicating emotional unresponsiveness, restricted affectivity, and decreased energy. These may also be considered possible premorbid and prodromal signs of future schizophrenia among the HR adoptees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virva Siira
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland.
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26
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Metsänen M, Wahlberg KE, Saarento O, Tarvainen T, Miettunen J, Koistinen P, Läksy K, Tienari P. Early presence of thought disorder as a prospective sign of mental disorder. Psychiatry Res 2004; 125:193-203. [PMID: 15051180 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2004.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2003] [Accepted: 01/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess whether premorbid signs, such as thought disorder, could predict the subsequent manifestation of psychiatric disorders. A group of 75 adoptees at high genetic risk for schizophrenia and 96 low-risk adoptees without any psychiatric disorder at the initial assessment were assessed blindly with the Thought Disorder Index (TDI). Their psychiatric status was re-assessed according to DSM-III-R criteria in a re-interview 11 years later and based on available registers 16 years later. High scores on several TDI variables at the initial assessment predicted a psychiatric disorder of all adoptees at follow-up. Prediction was statistically unsuccessful among the high-risk adoptees because of the small number of cases, but high scores at the 0.50 severity level did predict mental disorders among the low-risk adoptees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miia Metsänen
- Päijät-Häme Central Hospital, Keskussairaalankatu 7, FIN-15850 Lahti, Finland.
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Tienari P, Wynne LC, Sorri A, Lahti I, Läksy K, Moring J, Naarala M, Nieminen P, Wahlberg KE. Genotype-environment interaction in schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. Long-term follow-up study of Finnish adoptees. Br J Psychiatry 2004; 184:216-22. [PMID: 14990519 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.184.3.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Earlier adoption studies have convincingly confirmed the importance of a genetic contribution to schizophrenia. The designs, however, did not incorporate observations of the rearing-family environment. AIMS To test the hypothesis that genetic factors moderate susceptibility to environmentally mediated risks associated with rearing-family functioning. METHOD A Finnish national sample of adopted-away offspring of mothers with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders was compared blindly with adoptees without this genetic risk. Adoptive rearing was assessed using family rating scales based upon extended family observations at initial assessment. Adoptees were independently re-diagnosed after a median interval of 12 years, with register follow-up after 21 years. RESULTS In adoptees at high genetic risk of schizophrenia, but not in those at low genetic risk, adoptive-family ratings were a significant predictor of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders in adoptees at long-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Adoptees at high genetic risk are significantly more sensitive to adverse v. 'healthy' rearing patterns in adoptive families than are adoptees at low genetic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Tienari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Finland. University of Rochester, USA. Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Finland.
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28
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Tienari P, Wynne LC, Läksy K, Moring J, Nieminen P, Sorri A, Lahti I, Wahlberg KE. Genetic boundaries of the schizophrenia spectrum: evidence from the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160:1587-94. [PMID: 12944332 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.9.1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identification of the genetically related disorders in the putative schizophrenia spectrum is an unresolved problem. Data from the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia, which was designed to disentangle genetic and environmental factors influencing risk for schizophrenia, were used to examine clinical phenotypes of schizophrenia spectrum disorders in adopted-away offspring of mothers with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. METHOD Subjects were 190 adoptees at broadly defined genetic high risk who had biological mothers with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, including a subgroup of 137 adoptees at narrowly defined high risk whose mothers had DSM-III-R schizophrenia. These high-risk groups, followed to a median age of 44 years, were compared diagnostically with 192 low-risk adoptees whose biological mothers had either a non-schizophrenia-spectrum diagnosis or no lifetime psychiatric diagnosis. RESULTS In adoptees whose mothers had schizophrenia, the mean lifetime, age-corrected morbid risk for narrowly defined schizophrenia was 5.34% (SE=1.97%), compared to 1.74% (SE=1.00%) for low-risk adoptees, a marginally nonsignificant difference. In adoptees whose mothers had schizophrenia spectrum disorders, the mean age-corrected morbid risk for a schizophrenia spectrum disorder was 22.46% (SE=3.56%), compared with 4.36% (SE=1.51%) for low-risk adoptees, a significant difference. Within the comprehensive array of schizophrenia spectrum disorders, schizotypal personality disorder was found significantly more often in high-risk than in low-risk adoptees. The frequency of the group of nonschizophrenic nonaffective psychoses collectively differentiated high-risk and low-risk adoptees, but the frequencies of the separate disorders within this category did not. The two groups were not differentiated by the prevalence of paranoid personality disorder and of affective disorders with psychotic features. CONCLUSIONS In adopted-away offspring of mothers with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, the genetic liability for schizophrenia-related illness (with the rearing contributions of the biological mothers disentangled) is broadly dispersed. Genetically oriented studies of schizophrenia-related disorders and studies of genotype-environment interaction should consider not only narrowly defined, typical schizophrenia but also schizotypal and schizoid personality disorders and nonschizophrenic nonaffective psychoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Tienari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, PL 5000, 90014 Oulun Yliopisto, Oulu, Finland.
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Wahlberg KE. [Communication deviance and schizophrenia]. Duodecim 2002; 114:521-8. [PMID: 11466915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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Poijula S, Wahlberg KE, Dyregrov A. Adolescent suicide and suicide contagion in three secondary schools. Int J Emerg Ment Health 2001; 3:163-8. [PMID: 11642194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated crisis intervention in three secondary schools after the suicides of five students, focusing on the relation between crisis intervention and suicide contagion. The contagion hypothesis was supported. Following a suicide, the number of suicides that occurred in secondary schools in one year were markedly increased beyond chance. No new suicides took place at schools where adequate first talk-throughs and psychological debriefing were conducted by a mental health professional. Proper crisis intervention is recommended to prevent suicide contagion in schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Poijula
- Oy Synolon Ltd., Center for Trauma Psychology, Valtatie 16 as 11, 90500 Oulu, Finland.
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Poijula S, Dyregrov A, Wahlberg KE, Jokelainen J. Reactions to adolescent suicide and crisis intervention in three secondary schools. Int J Emerg Ment Health 2001; 3:97-106. [PMID: 11508571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated crisis intervention in three secondary schools after the suicides of five students, focusing on the 89 classmates' risk of developing symptoms of PTSD (measured by IES) and high intensity (HI) grief as measured by Hogan Sibling Inventory of Bereavement. Crisis interventions for the students varied from none to first talk-throughs and psychological debriefings. Six months after the suicide, 30% of the classmates evidenced scores indicative of PTSD and 9.8% evidenced HI grief. Friendship was a predictor of PTSD and HI grief. Inadequate crisis intervention was a risk factor for HI grief. Proper crisis intervention, and appropriate screening and focused post-trauma psychotherapy after a suicide of a student are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Poijula
- Oy Synolon Ltd., Center for Trauma Psychology, Oulu, Finland.
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32
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Wahlberg KE, Wynne LC, Keskitalo P, Nieminen P, Moring J, Läksy K, Sorri A, Koistinen P, Tarvainen T, Miettunen J, Tienari P. Long-term stability of communication deviance. J Abnorm Psychol 2001. [PMID: 11502087 DOI: 10.1037//0021-843x.110.3.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Communication deviance (CD), forms of communication that are not bizarrely thought disordered but are hard to follow and that make difficult the consensual sharing of attention and meaning, has been hypothesized as a nonspecific contributor of rearing parents to psychopathology of offspring, including schizophrenia. This hypothesis, or an alternative of genetic transmission, would gain plausibility if CD has long-term stability. CD was evaluated, using tape-recorded and reliably scored Rorschachs in 158 Finnish adoptees, and retested after a median interval of 11 years. Adolescent CD was not stably correlated with follow-up CD. However, initial CD at a mean age of 32 and follow-up CD were significantly correlated. Gender, genetic risk for schizophrenia, and DSM-III-R (American Psychiatric Association, 1987) psychiatric diagnoses had no effect on adult CD stability. CD appears to be a stable, traitlike feature of adult but not adolescent functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Wahlberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Finland.
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Wahlberg KE, Wynne LC, Keskitalo P, Nieminen P, Moring J, Läksy K, Sorri A, Koistinen P, Tarvainen T, Miettunen J, Tienari P. Long-term stability of communication deviance. J Abnorm Psychol 2001; 110:443-8. [PMID: 11502087 DOI: 10.1037/0021-843x.110.3.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Communication deviance (CD), forms of communication that are not bizarrely thought disordered but are hard to follow and that make difficult the consensual sharing of attention and meaning, has been hypothesized as a nonspecific contributor of rearing parents to psychopathology of offspring, including schizophrenia. This hypothesis, or an alternative of genetic transmission, would gain plausibility if CD has long-term stability. CD was evaluated, using tape-recorded and reliably scored Rorschachs in 158 Finnish adoptees, and retested after a median interval of 11 years. Adolescent CD was not stably correlated with follow-up CD. However, initial CD at a mean age of 32 and follow-up CD were significantly correlated. Gender, genetic risk for schizophrenia, and DSM-III-R (American Psychiatric Association, 1987) psychiatric diagnoses had no effect on adult CD stability. CD appears to be a stable, traitlike feature of adult but not adolescent functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Wahlberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Finland.
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Isohanni M, Jones P, Kemppainen L, Croudace T, Isohanni I, Veijola J, Räsänen S, Wahlberg KE, Tienari P, Rantakallio P. Childhood and adolescent predictors of schizophrenia in the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort--a descriptive life-span model. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001; 250:311-9. [PMID: 11153966 DOI: 10.1007/s004060070006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Subtle motor, emotional, cognitive and behavioral abnormalities are often present in apparently healthy children and adolescents who later develop schizophrenia. This suggests that some aspects of causation are established long before psychosis is manifest. We aim to develop a descriptive model of the factors contributing to the development of schizophrenia. Our main focus is on genetic factors, pregnancy and delivery complications, early development and scholastic performance. This is done by reviewing the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort, its scientific activities (publications and work in progress) and selected literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Isohanni
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Finland.
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Tienari P, Wynne LC, Moring J, Läksy K, Nieminen P, Sorri A, Lahti I, Wahlberg KE, Naarala M, Kurki-Suonio K, Saarento O, Koistinen P, Tarvainen T, Hakko H, Miettunen J. Finnish adoptive family study: sample selection and adoptee DSM-III-R diagnoses. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000; 101:433-43. [PMID: 10868466 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.101006433.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the genetic contribution to schizophrenia using an adoption design that disentangles genetic and environmental factors. METHOD Finnish hospital diagnoses of schizophrenic/paranoid psychosis in a nationwide sample of adopting-away women are compared with DSM-III-R research diagnoses for these mothers. DSM-III-R diagnoses of their index offspring are blindly compared with adopted-away offspring of epidemiologically unscreened control mothers. RESULTS Primary sampling diagnoses of index mothers were confirmed using DSM-III-R criteria. Lifetime prevalence of typical schizophrenia in 164 index adoptees was 6.7% (age-corrected morbid risk 8.1%), significantly different from 2.0% prevalence (2.3% age-corrected morbid risk) in 197 control adoptees. When adoptees with diagnoses of schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder, schizotypal disorder and affective psychoses were added, the contrast between the index and control adoptees increased. CONCLUSION The genetic liability to 'typical' DSM-III-R schizophrenia is decisively confirmed. Additionally, the liability also extends to a broad spectrum of other psychotic and non-psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tienari
- Department of Psychiatry of Oulu University, Finland
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Wahlberg KE, Wynne LC, Oja H, Keskitalo P, Anais-Tanner H, Koistinen P, Tarvainen T, Hakko H, Lahti, Moring J, Naarala M, Sorri A, Tienari P. Thought disorder index of Finnish adoptees and communication deviance of their adoptive parents. Psychol Med 2000; 30:127-136. [PMID: 10722183 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291799001415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diverse forms of thought disorder, as measured by the Thought Disorder Index (TDI), are found in many conditions other than schizophrenia. Certain thought disorder categories are primarily manifest during psychotic schizophrenic episodes. The present study examined whether forms of thought disorder qualify as trait indicators of vulnerability to schizophrenia in persons who are not clinically ill, and whether these features could be linked to genetic or environmental risk or to genotype-environment interactions. The Finnish Adoptive Study of Schizophrenia provided an opportunity to disentangle these issues. METHODS Rorschach records of Finnish adoptees at genetic high risk but without schizophrenia-related clinical diagnoses (N = 56) and control adoptees at low genetic risk (N = 95) were blindly and reliably scored for the Thought Disorder Index (TDI). Communication deviance (CD), a measure of the rearing environment, was independently obtained from the adoptive parents. RESULTS The differences in total TDI between high-risk and control adoptees were not statistically significant. However, TDI subscales for Fluid Thinking and Idiosyncratic Verbalization were more frequent in high-risk adoptees. When Rorschach CD of the adoptive rearing parents was introduced as a continuous predictor variable, the odds ratio for the Idiosyncratic Verbalization component of the TDI of the high-risk adoptees was significantly higher than for the control adoptees. CONCLUSIONS Specific categories of subsyndromal thought disorder appear to qualify as vulnerability indicators for schizophrenia. Genetic risk and rearing-parent communication patterns significantly interact as a joint effect that differentiates adopted-away offspring of schizophrenic mothers from control adopted-away offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Wahlberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Finland
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Abstract
The qualitative study reported in this paper aims to describe the planning and assessment of psychiatric nursing in a hospital environment. The theoretical framework consists of the three types of psychiatric nursing outlined in a developmental model of nursing: confirmatory, educational and catalytic. Confirmatory psychiatric nursing is based on a hierarchical and authoritarian model. Educational psychiatric nursing is based on a professionally driven and behavioural model. Catalytic psychiatric nursing is systematic, theoretical, and research-based. Catalytic psychiatric nursing may vary, depending on the patient's needs, from confirmatory and educational to situationally determined nursing. However, it always enables patient initiatives. The purpose of this paper is to describe patient initiatives during the assessment and planning of patient care by an interdisciplinary mental health team in a psychiatric hospital environment, and the assessment and planning as described by nurses working in a hospital environment. The data, which were collected in two psychiatric hospitals by videotaping interdisciplinary teamwork situations and recording interviews of nurses afterwards, consisted of 384 pages of written text. A total of 640 sentences were identified in the text as reflecting the assessment of care by the interdisciplinary team and by the nurses working in the hospital environment. Deductive content analysis techniques were used to analyse the written data. The results showed that nursing was described by the nurses to be catalytic in 13% of the cases, while the same nurses assessed psychiatric nursing to be most commonly educational (40%) or confirmatory (47%).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Latvala
- Department of Nursing Science, University of Oulu, Finland
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Isohanni M, Tervo A, Wahlberg KE. What kind of person is a thirty-year-old? Int J Circumpolar Health 1998; 57:202-10. [PMID: 9753890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article we review the thirty-year-old person from the viewpoint of the development psychology, life span, physical health and family life. In his psychological development a person has at this stage become adult, but he still uses some psychic mechanisms and coping strategies which are typical for the adolescent. Intrapsychic world, the working role and the family life are stabilizing, but the changing over to the independence and working life can be more difficult today than earlier. Although with most people the adult life has settled down and physical and psychiatric illnesses are relatively rare, part of the thirty-year-olds are not independent, placed to the working life or are not healthy. In the following paper, main theories or findings in psychological and family life development and mental health of a thirty-year-old person are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Isohanni
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Finland
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Wahlberg KE, Wynne LC, Oja H, Keskitalo P, Pykäläinen L, Lahti I, Moring J, Naarala M, Sorri A, Seitamaa M, Läksy K, Kolassa J, Tienari P. Gene-environment interaction in vulnerability to schizophrenia: findings from the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154:355-62. [PMID: 9054783 DOI: 10.1176/ajp.154.3.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed the interaction of genetic risk and rearing-family risk as a subsyndromal test measure of schizophrenic thought disorder in adoptees. METHOD A group of 58 adoptees with schizophrenic biological mothers was compared with 96 comparison adoptees at ordinary genetic risk; putative adoptee vulnerability was assessed blindly and reliably by using the Rorschach Index of Primitive Thought. Environmental risk was measured by using frequency of communication deviance as a continuous variable, scored independently from Rorschach assessments of the adoptive parents. RESULTS High genetic risk in itself was not associated with greater vulnerability to schizophrenic thought disorder in the adoptees, as indicated by the Index of Primitive Thought. Also, greater communication deviance in the adoptive parents was not associated with greater thought disorder in the comparison adoptees. However, there was a highly significant gene-environment interaction. Among the offspring of the adoptive parents with high levels of communication deviance, a higher proportion of high-risk than comparison adoptees showed evidence of thought disorder. In contrast, among the offspring of adoptive parents with low communication deviance, a lower proportion of high-risk than comparison adoptees showed evidence of thought disorder. The distribution of communication deviance scores did not differ significantly between the adoptive parents of high-risk offspring and the adoptive parents of comparison offspring. CONCLUSIONS The findings are consistent with genetic control of sensitivity to the environment. There is no evidence that high genetic risk of schizophrenia among offspring is associated with high levels of communication problems in rearing parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Wahlberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland.
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Tienari P, Wynne LC, Moring J, Lahti I, Naarala M, Sorri A, Wahlberg KE, Saarento O, Seitamaa M, Kaleva M. The Finnish adoptive family study of schizophrenia. Implications for family research. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 1994:20-26. [PMID: 8037897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A nationwide Finnish sample of schizophrenics' offspring given up for adoption was compared blindly with matched controls, who were adopted offspring of non-schizophrenic biological parents. The adoptive families were investigated thoroughly using joint and individual interviews and psychological tests. The biological parents were also interviewed and tested. Among the 155 index offspring, the percentage of both psychoses and other severe diagnoses (borderline syndrome and severe personality disorders) was significantly higher than in the 186 matched control adoptees. This supports a genetic hypothesis. However, notable differences between these two groups only emerged in the families which were rated as disturbed. Thus the genetic effect (i.e. the differences between high and low genetic propensity) was only manifested as a psychiatric disorder in the presence of a disturbed family environment. The impact of disturbed family relations was strongest in the presence of the appropriate genotype.
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Tienari P, Lahti I, Sorri A, Naarala M, Moring J, Wahlberg KE. The Finnish adoptive family study of schizophrenia. Possible joint effects of genetic vulnerability and family environment. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 1989:29-32. [PMID: 2605022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Tienari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu
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Abstract
A nationwide Finnish sample of index offspring given up for adoption by schizophrenic women has been compared blindly with matched controls, that is, adopted-away offspring of nonschizophrenic biologic parents. The adoptive families have been investigated directly by joint and individual interviews and psychological tests. Interviewing and testing of biologic parents is in progress. In the total sample, thus far examined, of 124 index offspring, 9 (7.3%) have become psychotic; of 147 control offspring, 2 (1.4%) have become psychotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tienari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Finland
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Tienari P, Sorri A, Lahti I, Naarala M, Wahlberg KE, Moring J, Pohjola J, Wynne LC. Genetic and psychosocial factors in schizophrenia: the Finnish Adoptive Family Study. Schizophr Bull 1987; 13:477-84. [PMID: 3629201 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/13.3.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A nationwide Finnish sample of schizophrenic mothers' offspring given up for adoption was compared blindly with matched controls (i.e., adopted-away offspring of nonschizophrenic biological parents). The offspring were born 1927-79. To date, a total of 247 adoptive families (112 index and 135 controls) have been investigated and rated. Of the 10 psychotic cases, 8 are offspring of schizophrenics and 2 are control offspring. However, no seriously disturbed offspring is found in a healthy or mildly disturbed adoptive family, and of those offspring who were psychotic or seriously disturbed, nearly all were reared in disturbed adoptive families. This supports the hypothesis that a possible genetic vulnerability has interacted with the adoptive rearing environment.
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Tienari P, Sorri A, Lahti I, Naarala M, Wahlberg KE, Pohjola J, Moring J. Interaction of genetic and psychosocial factors in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1985; 319:19-30. [PMID: 3863458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1985.tb08521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
What the genetic and family dynamic theory have in common, is that the cause of schizophrenia could be found in the family. Usually the genetic factors and the rearing factors are confounded in the same family. In a study of adoptive children given away for adoption early enough, discrimination between these two sets of factors is possible. A nation-wide sample of offspring of schizophrenic mothers, given away for adoption, has been compared blindly with matched controls, i.e., adopted-away offspring of non-schizophrenic biologic parents. The families have been investigated thoroughly with joint and individual interviews and psychological tests. In the 91 pairs where both the index and control families have been investigated and rated so far, the total number of severe diagnoses (psychosis, borderline, character disorder) is 28.6% (26/91) in the index group and 16.5% (15/91) in the matched control group. Of the 7 psychotic cases, 6 are offspring of schizophrenics and only one a control offspring. The relation of psychopathology of adoptive families to the mental health ratings of the offspring supports the hypothesis that a possible genetic vulnerability has interacted with the adoptive rearing environment.
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Tienari P, Sorri A, Lahti I, Naarala M, Wahlberg KE, Rönkkö T, Pohjola J, Moring J. The Finnish adoptive family study of schizophrenia. Yale J Biol Med 1985; 58:227-37. [PMID: 4049906 PMCID: PMC2589875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A nationwide Finnish sample of schizophrenic mothers' offspring given up for adoption has been compared blindly with matched controls; i.e., adopted-away offspring of non-schizophrenic biologic parents. The families have been investigated thoroughly by joint and individual interviews and psychological tests. In the 91 pairs where both the index and control families have already been investigated and rated, the total number of severe diagnoses (psychosis, borderline, character disorder) is 28.6 percent (26/91) in the index group and 16.5 percent (15/91) in the matched control group. Of the seven psychotic cases, six are offspring of schizophrenics and only one is a control offspring. However, no seriously disturbed offspring has been found in a healthy or mildly disturbed adoptive family, and those offspring who were psychotic and seriously disturbed were nearly all reared in disturbed adoptive families. This combination of findings supports the hypothesis that a possible genetic vulnerability has interacted with the adoptive rearing environment.
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