Re(I)[2-aryl-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline] tricarbonyl chloride complexes for selective cancer therapy via a potential DNA damage mechanism

Recently, achieving selective cancer therapy with trifling side effects has been a great challenge in the eradication of cancer. Thus, to amplify the cytoselective approach of complexes, herein, we developed a series of Re(I)[2-aryl-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline] tricarbonyl chloride complexes and screened their potency against HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines together with the evaluation of their toxicity towards a normal kidney cell line (HEK-293). On meticulous investigation, complex [ReI(CO)3Cl(K2-N,N-(2c))] (3c) was found to be the most potent anticancer entity among other complexes. Complex 3c also showed competency to induce apoptosis in MCF-7 cells through G2/M phase cell-cycle arrest in association with the generation of ample reactive oxygen species (ROS), eventually leading to DNA intercalation and internucleosomal cleavage. The order of the cytotoxicity of these complexes depended on their lipophilic character and the electron-withdrawing halogen substitution at the para-position of the phenyl ring in the imidazophenanthroline ligand.

Accuracy of package inserts of SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen tests: a secondary analysis of manufacturer versus systematic review data

BACKGROUND

Rapid antigen tests (RATs) were crucial during the COVID-19 pandemic. Information provided by the test manufacturer in product package inserts, also known as instructions for use (IFUs), is often the only data available to clinicians, public health professionals, and individuals on the diagnostic accuracy of these tests. We aimed to assess whether manufacturer IFU accuracy data aligned with evidence from independent research.

METHODS

We searched company websites for package inserts for RATs that were included in the July 2022 update of the Cochrane meta-analysis of SARS-CoV-2 RATs, which served as a benchmark for research evidence. We fitted bivariate hierarchical models to obtain absolute differences in sensitivity and specificity between IFU and Cochrane Review estimates for each test, as well as overall combined differences.

FINDINGS

We found 22 (100%) of 22 IFUs of the RATs included in the Cochrane Review. IFUs for 12 (55%) of 22 RATs reported statistically significantly higher sensitivity estimates than the Cochrane Review, and none reported lower estimates. The mean difference between IFU and Cochrane Review sensitivity estimates across tests was 12·0% (95% CI 7·5-16·6). IFUs in three (14%) of 22 diagnostic tests had significantly higher specificity estimates than the Cochrane Review and two (9%) of 22 had lower estimates. The mean difference between IFU and Cochrane Review specificity estimates across tests was 0·3% (95% CI 0·1-0·5). If 100 people with SARS-CoV-2 infection were tested with each of the tests in this study, on average 12 fewer people would be correctly diagnosed than is suggested by the package inserts.

INTERPRETATION

Health professionals and the public should be aware that package inserts for SARS-CoV-2 RATs might provide an overly optimistic picture of the sensitivity of a test. Regulatory bodies should strengthen their requirements for the reporting of diagnostic accuracy data in package inserts and policy makers should demand independent validation data for decision making.

FUNDING

None.

GSH resistant, luminescent 2-(pyren-1-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline-based Ru(II)/Ir(III)/Re(I) complexes for phototoxicity in triple-negative breast cancer cells

Selective chemotherapeutic strategies necessitate the emergence of a photosensitive scaffold to abate the nuisance of cancer. In the current context, photo-activated chemotherapy (PACT) has, therefore, appeared to be very effective to vanquish the vehemence of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Metal complexes have been identified to act well against cancer cell microenvironment (high GSH content, low pH, and hypoxia), and thus they have been employed in the treatment of various types of cancer. As TNBC is very challenging to treat owing to its poor prognosis, lack of a specific target, high chance of relapse, and strong metastatic ability, herein we have aspired to design GSH-resistant phototoxic Ru(II)/Ir(III)/Re(I) based pyrene imidazophenathroline complexes to selectively avert the triple-negative breast cancer. The application of complexes, [RuL], [IrL], and [ReL] in the absence and in the presence of GSH against MDA-MB-231TNBC cells, has revealed that they are very active upon irradiation of visible light compared to dark due to the creation of copious singlet oxygen (1O2) as reactive oxygen species (ROS). Among three synthesized complexes, [IrL] has shown outstanding potency (IC50 = 3.70 in the absence of GSH and IC50 = 3.90 in the presence of GSH). Also, the complex, [IrL] is capable of interacting with DNA with the highest binding constant (Kb = 0.023 × 106 M-1) along with higher protein binding affinity (KBSA = 0.0321 × 106 M-1). Here, it has been unveiled that all the complexes have been entitled to involve DNA covalent interaction through the available sites of both adenine and guanine bases.

Machine Learning Differentiation of Autism Spectrum Sub-Classifications

PURPOSE

Disorders on the autism spectrum have characteristics that can manifest as difficulties with communication, executive functioning, daily living, and more. These challenges can be mitigated with early identification. However, diagnostic criteria has changed from DSM-IV to DSM-5, which can make diagnosing a disorder on the autism spectrum complex. We evaluated machine learning to classify individuals as having one of three disorders of the autism spectrum under DSM-IV, or as non-spectrum.

METHODS

We employed machine learning to analyze retrospective data from 38,560 individuals. Inputs encompassed clinical, demographic, and assessment data.

RESULTS

The algorithm achieved AUROCs ranging from 0.863 to 0.980. The model correctly classified 80.5% individuals; 12.6% of individuals from this dataset were misclassified with another disorder on the autism spectrum.

CONCLUSION

Machine learning can classify individuals as having a disorder on the autism spectrum or as non-spectrum using minimal data inputs.

Different routes for the construction of biologically active diversely functionalized bicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes: an exploration of new perspectives for anticancer chemotherapeutics

Cancer is the second most high-morbidity disease throughout the world. From ancient days, natural products have been known to possess several biological activities, and research on natural products is one of the most enticing areas where scientists are engrossed in the extraction of valuable compounds from various plants to isolate many life-saving medicines, along with their other applications. It has been noticed that the bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane moiety is predominant in most biologically active natural products owing to its exceptional characteristics compared to others. Many derivatives of bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane are attractive to researchers for use in asymmetric catalysis or as potent anticancer entities along with their successful applications as ion receptors, metallocycles, and molecular tweezers. Therefore, this review article discusses several miscellaneous synthetic routes for the construction of bicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes and their heteroanalogues in association with the delineation of their anticancer activities with few selective compounds.

The inclusion of diagnostics in national health insurance schemes in Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines and Viet Nam

The Lancet Commission on Diagnostics highlighted a huge gap in access to diagnostic testing even for basic tests, particularly at the primary care level, and emphasised the need for countries to include diagnostics as part of their universal health coverage benefits packages. Despite the poor state of diagnostic-related services in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), little is known about the extent to which diagnostics are included in the health benefit packages. We conducted an analysis of seven Asian LMICs-Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Viet Nam-to understand this issue. We conducted a targeted review of relevant literature and applied a health financing framework to analyse the benefit packages available in each government-sponsored scheme. We found considerable heterogeneity in country approaches to diagnostics. Of the seven countries, only India has developed a national essential diagnostics list. No country presented a clear policy rationale on the inclusion of diagnostics in their scheme and the level of detail on the specific diagnostics which are covered under the schemes was also generally lacking. Government-sponsored insurance expansion in the eligible populations has reduced the out-of-pocket health payment burden in many of the countries but overall, there is a lack of access, availability and affordability for diagnostic-related services.

Technical considerations of endovascular management of true visceral artery aneurysms

BACKGROUND

True visceral artery aneurysms are potentially complex to treat but with advances in technology and increasing interventional radiology expertise over the past decade are now increasingly the domain of the interventional radiologist. BODY: The interventional approach is based on localization of the aneurysm and identification of the anatomical determinants to treat these lesions to prevent aneurysm rupture. Several different endovascular techniques are available and should be selected carefully, dependent on the aneurysm morphology. Standard endovascular treatment options include stent-graft placement and trans-arterial embolisation. Different strategies are divided into parent artery preservation and parent artery sacrifice techniques. Endovascular device innovations now include multilayer flow-diverting stents, double-layer micromesh stents, double-lumen balloons and microvascular plugs and are also associated with high rates of technical success.

CONCLUSION

Complex techniques such as stent-assisted coiling and balloon-remodeling techniques are useful techniques and require advanced embolisation skills and are further described.

Post-yield softening of bending-dominated metal metamaterials

Post-yield softening (PYS) plays an important role in guiding the design of high-performance energy-absorbing lattice materials. PYS is usually restricted to lattice materials that are stretching-dominated according to the Gibson-Ashby model. Contrary to this long-held assumption, this work shows that PYS can also occur in various bending-dominated Ti-6Al-4 V lattices with increasing relative density. The underlying mechanism for this unusual property is elucidated using the Timoshenko-beam theory. It is attributed to the increase in stretching and shear deformation with increasing relative density, thereby increasing the tendency towards PYS. The finding of this work extends perspectives on PYS for the design of high-performance energy-absorbing lattice materials.

Post-yield softening of bending-dominated metal metamaterials

Post-yield softening (PYS) plays an important role in guiding the design of high-performance energy-absorbing lattice materials. PYS is usually restricted to lattice materials that are stretching-dominated according to the Gibson-Ashby model. Contrary to this long-held assumption, this work shows that PYS can also occur in various bending-dominated Ti-6Al-4V lattices with increasing relative density. The underlying mechanism for this unusual property is elucidated using the Timoshenko-beam theory. It is attributed to the increase in stretching and shear deformation with increasing relative density, thereby increasing the tendency towards PYS. The finding of this work extends perspectives on PYS for the design of high-performance energy-absorbing lattice materials.

Outbreak of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis associated with Aeromonas hydrophila in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus: The role of turmeric oil in enhancing immunity and inducing resistance against co-infection

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, a ciliated parasite causing ichthyophthiriasis (white spot disease) in freshwater fishes, results in significant economic loss to the aquaculture sector. One of the important predisposing factors for ichthyophthiriasis is low water temperature (i.e., below 20°C), which affects the health and makes freshwater fishes more susceptible to parasitic infections. During ichthyophthiriasis, fishes are stressed and acute immune reactions are compromised, which enables the aquatic bacterial pathogens to simultaneously infect the host and increase the severity of disease. In the present work, we aimed to understand the parasite–bacteria co-infection mechanism in fish. Later, Curcuma longa (turmeric) essential oil was used as a promising management strategy to improve immunity and control co-infections in fish. A natural outbreak of I. multifiliis was reported (validated by 16S rRNA PCR and sequencing method) in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus from a culture facility of ICAR-CIFRI, India. The fish showed clinical signs including hemorrhage, ulcer, discoloration, and redness in the body surface. Further microbiological analysis revealed that Aeromonas hydrophila was associated (validated by 16S rRNA PCR and sequencing method) with the infection and mortality of P. hypophthalmus, confirmed by hemolysin and survival assay. This created a scenario of co-infections, where both infectious agents are active together, causing ichthyophthiriasis and motile Aeromonas septicemia (MAS) in P. hypophthalmus. Interestingly, turmeric oil supplementation induced protective immunity in P. hypophthalmus against the co-infection condition. The study showed that P. hypophthalmus fingerlings supplemented with turmeric oil, at an optimum concentration (10 ppm), exhibited significantly increased survival against co-infection. The optimum concentration induced anti-stress and antioxidative response in fingerlings, marked by a significant decrease in cortisol and elevated levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in treated animals as compared with the controls. Furthermore, the study indicated that supplementation of turmeric oil increases both non-specific and specific immune response, and significantly higher values of immune genes (interleukin-1β, transferrin, and C3), HSP70, HSP90, and IgM were observed in P. hypophthalmus treatment groups. Our findings suggest that C. longa (turmeric) oil modulates stress, antioxidant, and immunological responses, probably contributing to enhanced protection in P. hypophthalmus. Hence, the application of turmeric oil treatment in aquaculture might become a management strategy to control co-infections in fishes. However, this hypothesis needs further validation.

Impact of site of occlusion in proximal splenic artery embolisation for blunt splenic trauma

Background

Proximal splenic artery embolisation (PSAE) can be performed in stable patients with Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) grade III-V splenic injury. PSAE reduces splenic perfusion but maintains viability of the spleen and pancreas via the collateral circulation. The hypothesized ideal location is between the dorsal pancreatic artery (DPA) and great pancreatic artery (GPA). This study compares the outcomes resulting from PSAE embolisation in different locations along the splenic artery.

Materials and methods

Retrospective review was performed of PSAE for blunt splenic trauma (2015–2020). Embolisation locations were divided into: Type I, proximal to DPA; Type II, DPA-GPA; Type III, distal to GPA. Fifty-eight patients underwent 59 PSAE: Type I (7); Type II (27); Type III (25). Data was collected on technical and clinical success, post-embolisation pancreatitis and splenic perfusion. Statistical significance was assessed using a chi-squared test.

Results

Technical success was achieved in 100% of cases. Clinical success was 100% for Type I/II embolisation and 88% for Type III: one patient underwent reintervention and two had splenectomies for ongoing instability. Clinical success was significantly higher in Type II embolisation compared to Type III (p = 0.02). No episodes of pancreatitis occurred post-embolisation. Where post-procedural imaging was obtained, splenic perfusion remained 100% in Type I and II embolisation and 94% in Type III. Splenic perfusion was significantly higher in the theorized ideal Type II group compared to Type I and III combined (p = 0.01).

Conclusion

The results support the proposed optimal embolisation location as being between the DPA and GPA.

Knowledge, Attitude and Level of Involvement of Married Males in Family Planning

Background There is an age-old notion that family planning is women's responsibility disregarding the fact that men have equal responsibility in fertility regulation. Although male involvement is getting more recognition, studies on men's role in family planning are very few in the number in this part of the world. Objective To assess the knowledge, attitude and level of male involvement in family planning and to find out the factors associated with male involvement by contraceptive usage. Method A community based cross-sectional study was done from May to July 2021 among 165 currently married male, who had at least one child, living in Singur district of West Bengal. Cluster sampling method was done to select study participants and data were collected by pre-designed pretested questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, multivariable logistic regression was applied and data were analysed applying SPSS software. Result Only 36.4% participants were directly involved in family planning either by using condom or by withdrawal method but 65.5% participants were indirectly involved in family planning through spousal communication either by approving contraceptive use to their spouse or by decision making regarding family planning. Moreover, barrier of contraceptives usage were side effect (27%) and fear of impotence (25.5%). Male involvement was significantly associated with participant's education [AOR (95% CI= 3.63 (1.45-9.05)], caste [AOR (95% CI= 7.06 (2.55-19.51)], number of living children [AOR (95%CI= 5.01(1.95-12.87)], desire for more child [AOR (95% CI=0.34 (.13-.87)] and attitude on family planning [AOR (95% CI= 3.55 (1.41-8.94)]. Conclusion This study identified the prevailing gender norms in rural areas. Advocacy for male involvement in family planning by health personnel during counselling of eligible couples should help in increasing contraceptive coverage in the long run.

Study of Λn FSI with Λ quasi-free productions on the 3H(e, e′K+)X reaction at JLab

Abstract. An nnΛ is a neutral baryon system with no charge. The study of the pure Λ-neutron system such as nnΛ gives us information on the Λn interaction. The nnΛ search experiment (E12-17-003) was performed at JLab Hall A in 2018. In this article, the Λn FSI was investigated by a shape analysis of the 3H(e, e′K+)X missing mass spectrum, and a preliminary result for the Λn FSI study is given.

Cross-section measurement of virtual photoproduction of iso-triplet three-body hypernucleus, Λnn

Missing-mass spectroscopy with the 3H(e, e′K+) reaction was carried out at Jefferson Lab’s (JLab) Hall A in Oct–Nov, 2018. The differential cross section for the 3H(γ∗, K+)Λnn was deduced at ω = Ee − Ee′ = 2.102 GeV and at the forward K+-scattering angle (0° ≤ θγ∗K ≤ 5°) in the laboratory frame. Given typical predicted energies and decay widths, which are (BΛ, Γ) = (−0.25, 0.8) and (−0.55, 4.7) MeV, the cross sections were found to be 11.2 ± 4.8(stat.)+4.1−2.1(sys.) and 18.1 ± 6.8(stat.)+4.2−2.9(sys.) nb/sr, respectively. The obtained result would impose a constraint for interaction models particularly between Λ and neutron by comparing to theoretical calculations.

Study of the Λ/Σ0 electroproduction in the low-Q2 region at JLab

We performed an experiment using tritium and hydrogen cryogenic gas targets at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab) in 2018 (E12-17-003)[1, 2]. In this article, we discuss the Λ/Σ0 hyperon electroproduction from hydrogen target. Elementary Λ/Σ0 hyperon production processes are important not only for an absolute mass scale calibration in our experiment, but also for the study of the electroproduction mechanisms themselves. In this article, we reported the results of the differential cross section for the p(e, e’K+)Λ/Σ0 reaction at Q2 ∼ 0.5 (GeV/c)2.

How particle-particle and liquid-particle interactions govern the fate of evaporating liquid marbles

Liquid marbles refer to droplets that are covered with a layer of non-wetting particles. They are observed in nature and have practical significance. These squishy objects bounce, coalesce, break, inflate, and deflate while the liquid does not touch the substrate underneath. Despite the considerable cross-disciplinary interest and value of the research on liquid marbles, a unified framework for describing the mechanics of deflating liquid marbles-as the liquid evaporates-is unavailable. For instance, analytical approaches for modeling the evaporation of liquid marbles exploit empirical parameters that are not based on liquid-particle and particle-particle interactions. Here, we have combined complementary experiments and theory to fill this gap. To unentangle the contributions of particle size, roughness, friction, and chemical make-up, we investigated the evaporation of liquid marbles formed with particles of sizes varying over 7 nm-300 μm and chemical compositions ranging from hydrophilic to superhydrophobic. We demonstrate that the potential final states of evaporating liquid marbles are characterized by one of the following: (I) constant surface area, (II) particle ejection, or (III) multilayering. Based on these insights, we developed an evaporation model for liquid marbles that takes into account their time-dependent shape evolution. The model fits are in excellent agreement with our experimental results. Furthermore, this model and the general framework can provide mechanistic insights into extant literature on the evaporation of liquid marbles. Altogether, these findings advance our fundamental understanding of liquid marbles and should contribute to the rational development of technologies.

Investigation of groundwater and soil quality near to a municipal waste disposal site in Silchar, Assam, India

Unscientific management of municipal solid waste is one of the direct sources of contamination in developing countries, such as India. The present investigation carried out during Oct–Dec 2019 attempts to assess the parameters, such as quality of groundwater and soil along three depths (0–5, 5–15 and 15–30 cm), in proximity to a dumping site in Silchar, a rapidly evolving city of North-East India. Standard protocols of soil and water quality assessments were carried out. The pH values of the surface soils were found to be slightly acidic. Decrease in acidity with increasing depth was observed in the study site. The relative abundance of the analyzed elements at all soil depths was Zn > Fe > Ni > Cu > Cr. Weak correlation between the concentration of Cu, Fe and Zn, and the bulk density of the soil highlighted the micronutrient status of the soil. The impact of the nearby dumpsite on trace element contamination is indicated by the ‘extremely contaminated’ status of the soils with respect to geo-accumulation index. Majority of the groundwater samples exhibited pH levels below the desired limits, making it unfit for consumption by local communities. While Fe, Cu and Ni levels in groundwater samples exceeded the guideline values, Cr and Zn concentrations were found to be within limits except one sample. Principal Component Analysis of the observed data was carried out to ascertain the predominant sources of contamination. The observations indicate the negative impacts of nearby dumpsite on environmental parameters, such as groundwater and soil quality, as highlighted in this research.

Severe epidermolysis bullosa/Kindler syndrome-like phenotype of an autoinflammatory syndrome in a child

A 5-year-old boy presented with generalized cutaneous erosions, severe scarring, depigmentation and contractures affecting major joints. The lesions had initially affected his ears, nose, feet, and the genital and ocular mucosa, leading to significant depigmentation, scarring, contractures and mutilation. The whole of the trunk and limbs were involved at the time of presentation, with the exception of some islands of spared skin on the proximal thighs, legs, nipples and external genitalia. Electron microscopy revealed a split in the sublamina densa with the absence of anchoring fibrils, suggestive of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (EB). Immunofluorescence antigen mapping demonstrated a broad reticulate pattern of staining with collagen IV, VII, and laminin 332 in the floor of the blister, suggestive of Kindler syndrome. Next-generation sequencing revealed a de novo heterozygous missense mutation (a variant of unknown significance) in exon 22 of the phospholipase-C gamma 2 gene (PLCG2), which resulted in a substitution of serine by asparagine at codon 798 (p.Asp798Ser), a result that was validated using Sanger sequencing. The child was diagnosed with PLCG2-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation (PLAID)/autoinflammation and PLCG2-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation (APLAID) syndrome. The cutaneous and corneal erosions, inflammation and scarring of this magnitude, and the eventual result of death have not been described previously for the PLAID/APLAID spectrum previously. In conclusion, this was an unusual acquired autoinflammatory severe EB-like disease that may be associated with de novo PLCG2 mutation.

Next-day discharge after transcatheter aortic valve implantation

Background

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is being used increasingly in patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis. Few studies focused on hospital length of stay (LOS) and feasibility of next-day discharge.

Purpose

This study aims to evaluate the feasibility and factors associated with next-day discharge post TAVI, which can be used to help selecting suitable patients for a “fast-track” TAVI admission.

Methods

Data from all TAVI procedures conducted at our centre from January 2014 to March 2019 were collected in our local TAVI registry, and analysed retrospectively. Patients discharged within 1 day of TAVI (early discharge group) were compared with consecutive patients discharged after 24 h (late discharge group). Degree of frailty was assessed by the Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA) frailty scale, and baseline functional status was assessed by Katz index of independence in activities of daily living.

Results

Of 502 patients, 274 (54.6%) were male, mean age 83.2±7.3 years, and 87 (17.7%) patients were considered frail by CSHA frailty scale. Median Katz index was 6 (i.e. functionally independent, interquartile range [IQR] 1), and mean logistic Euroscore 17.4±10.7. Percutaneous transfemoral access was performed in 468 (95.5%), and general anaesthesia was used in 64 (14.4%) patients. Early complications before discharge were comparable to national standards: death in 11 (2.3%), myocardial infarction (MI) in 1 (0.2%), permanent pacemaker (PPM) in 20 (4.3%), gastrointestinal bleed in 3 (0.6%), and tamponade in 5 (1.1%) patients. Median LOS post procedure was 2 (IQR 3), median length of total hospital stay was 3 (IQR 5). Early discharge was achieved in 213 (44.7%) patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that male gender (odds ratio [OR]: 2.81, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.68 to 4.7; p<0.001), baseline New York Heart Association (NYHA) class below III (OR: 2.04, 95% CI 1.19 to 3.51; p=0.01) were associated with early discharge after TAVI. Furthermore, advancing age (OR: 0.96, 95% CI 0.93–0.99; p=0.02), and presence of extensive ascending aorta calcification (OR: 0.38, 95% CI 0.16–0.88; p=0.025) were associated with less probability of early discharge (i.e. presence of these features were associated with delayed discharge).

Conclusions

Next-day discharge after TAVI can be achieved in nearly half of all patients. Male younger patients with minimal symptoms at baseline (NYHA < III), without feature of extensive ascending aorta calcification (porcelain aorta) are a potential suitable group to be considered for a “fast-track” next-day TAVI discharge.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding source: None

Coronavirus disease 2019: scientific overview of the global pandemic

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the disease caused by the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Genome sequencing of the virus revealed that it is a new zoonotic virus that might have evolved by jumping from bats to humans with one or more intermediate hosts. The immediate availability of the sequence information in the public domain has accelerated the development of quantitative RT-PCR-based diagnostics. Numerous clinical trials have been prioritized globally for testing new vaccines and treatments against this disease. This review provides a broad insight into different aspects of COVID-19, an introduction to SARS-CoV-2 mitigation strategies and the present status of diagnostics and therapeutics.

Allyl piperidine-1-carbodiothioate and benzyl 1H-imidazole 1 carbodithioate: two potential agents to combat against mycobacteria

AIMS

The emergence of multidrug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has made tuberculosis more difficult to manage clinically. With the aim of obtaining new and effective anti-mycobacterial agent(s), this study investigated the anti-mycobacterial activity of several imidazole and piperidine derivatives.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Towards obtaining new anti-mycobacterial agents, Mycobacterium smegmatis cells were treated with different compounds for their growth inhibitory activity. Among these, benzyl 1H-imidazole-1-carbodithioate and allyl piperidine-1-carbodiothioate exhibited better inhibition than the others. Thereafter, anti-biofilm property of these two was examined by treating M. smegmatis with these agents before and after the formation of biofilm. The result showed that both the compounds at their sublethal dose inhibited the formation of biofilm as well as dispersed preformed biofilm. Consistently, they augmented the activity of isoniazid or rifampicin against biofilm-encapsulated cells. MTT assay was performed to examine the toxic effects of this combinatorial therapy on different cell lines. Results exhibited a low cytotoxicity for this combinatorial treatment. The activity of these two was also verified against dormant mycobacterial cells and was found to be effective.

CONCLUSION

The present study identified two compounds that exhibited anti-mycobacterial activities against both planktonic and dormant cells. These two also exhibited anti-biofilm activity at their sublethal dose and augmented the activity of isoniazid and rifampicin against biofilm encapsulated cells.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

The current study provides two new agents that have the potential to be used in anti-mycobacterial therapy and may help in public health management.

Liquid Chromatographic Method for Determining Capsaicinoids in Capsicums and Their Extractives: Collaborative Study

Sixteen laboratories participated in an AOAC–American Spice Trade Association (ASTA) collaborative study of a liquid chromatographic (LC) method for determining capsaicinoids in capsicums and their extractives. Capsicums are extracted with ethanol by refluxing and then filtered. Capsaicinoids in the filtrate are separated by re- versed-phase LC and detected spectrophotometri� cally with external standard quantitation. Participants analyzed 6 ground capsicum and 3 oleoresin products as 12 samples from a mixed scheme of blind duplicates and Youden matched pairs. Average repeatability and reproducibility standard deviations (sr and sR, respectively) and average relative standard deviations (RSDr and RSDR, respectively) for ground red pepper were as follows: sr, 610 Scoville heat units (SHU); sR, 1730 SHU; RSDr, 1.7%; RSDR, 4.9%. For ground chili peppers, the values were sr, 60 SHU; sR, 160 SHU; RSDr, 4.0%; RSDR, 10.6%. For oleoresin red pepper, the averages were sr, 46820 SHU; sR, 54990 SHU; RSDr, 8.5%; RSDR, 11.2%. The LC method has been adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.

Surface Activities of a Lipid Analogue Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid and Its Effects on Phospholipid Membrane

There are great efforts of synthesizing imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) for developing new antibiotics as these molecules have shown strong antibacterial activities. Compared to a single-hydrocarbon-chained IL, the lipid analogues (LAs) with two chains are more effective. In the present study, the LA molecule ^MeIm(COOH)^Me(Oleylamine)Iodide has been synthesized and its surface activities along with the effectiveness in restructuring of a model cellular membrane have been quantified. The molecule is found to be highly surface active as estimated from the area-pressure isotherm of a monolayer of the molecules formed at the air-water interface. The X-ray reflectivity (XRR) studies of a monolayer dip-coated on a hydrophilic substrate have shown the structural properties of the layer which resembles to those of unsaturated phospholipids. The LA molecules are observed to fluidize a phospholipid bilayer formed by the saturated lipid 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC). At a lower surface pressure, the lipid monolayer of DPPC has exhibited a thickening effect at a low concentration of added LA and a thinning effect at higher concentration. However, at a high surface pressure of the monolayer, the thickness is found to decrease monotonically. The in-plane pressure-dependent interaction of LA molecules with model cellular membrane and the corresponding perturbation in the structure and physical properties of the membrane may be linked to the strong lysing effect of these types of molecules.

Isolation and Molecular Identification of Microsporidian Pathogen Causing Nosemosis in Muga Silkworm, Antheraea assamensis Helfer (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

Microsporidia are intracellular fungal parasites and they are the most common pathogens for sericulture. Microsporidian sp. can cause pebrine, a dreadful disease and lead to destructive disorder in Muga silkworm, Antheraea assamensis Helfer by vertical and horizontal transmission. This disease is the key factor obstructing the developmental progress of Muga culture in India. Nevertheless, molecular identification and characterization of pathogen associated with pebrine disease in A. assamensis is not yet established. Insect bioassay studies revealed that microsporidian infection in Muga silkworm, A. assamensis Helfer significantly reduced (P < 0.005) cocoon weight, pupal weight, shell weight and silk ratios. A new set of PCR primers suitable for amplification of small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU-rRNA) of microsporidia infecting A. assamensis have been designed. The amplicon was cloned, sequenced and analysed. Microsporidia pathogen of wild silk moth A. assamensis has been identified at genus level as Nosema sp. AA1. Phylogeny of Nosema sp. AA1 was constructed on the basis of SSU-rRNA sequence and it has a close evolutionary relationship with microsporidian pathogens of other wild silkmoths. The arrangement and organization of the rRNA genes inferred that Nosema sp. AA1 belongs to true Nosema group and not to members of the Nosema/Vairimorpha group.

Determination of Campesterol, Stigmasterol, and Beta-Sitosterol in Saw Palmetto Raw Materials and Dietary Supplements by Gas Chromatography: Collaborative Study

An interlaboratory study was conducted to evaluate a method for the determination of campesterol, stigmasterol, and beta-sitosterol in saw palmetto raw materials and dietary supplements at levels &gt;1.00 mg/100 g based on a 23 g sample. Test samples were saponified at high temperature with ethanolic KOH solution. The unsaponifiable fraction containing phytosterols (campesterol, stigmasterol, and beta-sitosterol) was extracted with toluene. Phytosterols were derivatized to trimethylsilyl ethers and then quantified by gas chromatography with hydrogen flame ionization detection. Twelve blind duplicates, one of which was fortified, were successfully analyzed by 10 collaborators. Recoveries were obtained for the sample that was fortified. The results were 99.8, 111, and 111% for campesterol, stigmasterol, and beta-sitosterol, respectively. For repeatability, the relative standard deviation (RSDr) ranged from 3.93 to 17.3% for campesterol, 3.56 to 22.7% for stigmasterol, and 3.70 to 43.9% for beta-sitosterol. For reproducibility, the RSDR ranged from 7.97 to 22.6%, 0 to 26.7%, and 5.27 to 43.9% for campesterol, stigmasterol, and beta-sitosterol, respectively. Overall, the Study Director approved 5 materials with acceptable HorRat values for campesterol, stigmasterol, and beta-sitosterol ranging from 1.02 to 2.16.

Determination of Glucosamine in Raw Materials and Dietary Supplements Containing Glucosamine Sulfate and/or Glucosamine Hydrochloride by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with FMOC-Su Derivatization: Collaborative Study

A collaborative study was conducted for determination of glucosamine in raw materials and dietary supplements containing glucosamine sulfate and/or glucosamine hydrochloride by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with N-(9-fluorenyl-methoxycarbonyloxy) succinimide (FMOC-Su) derivatization. Thirteen blind materials, one pair of which were duplicates, were tested by 12 collaborating laboratories. The test samples consisted of various commercial products, including tablets, capsules, drink mix, and liquids as well as raw materials, blanks, and those for spike recovery analyses. The tests with blank products and products spiked with glucosamine showed good specificity of the method. The average recoveries at spike levels of 100 and 150% of the declared amount were 99.0% with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.1%, and 101% with an RSD of 2.3%, respectively. The test results between laboratories on each commercial product were reproducible with RSD values of no more than 4.0%, and the results were repeatable in the same laboratory with an average RSD of 0.7%. HorRat values ranged from 0.5 to 1.7 on both tests of spike recovery and reproducibility between laboratories on commercial products. The average determination coefficient of the calibration curves from the laboratories was 0.9995 with an RSD of 0.03%. All of the 12 collaborating laboratories succeeded in the study and none of their reported test results were outliers, partly indicating the robustness of the method. It is recommended that the method be accepted by AOAC INTERNATIONAL as Official First Action.

Culturable endophytic bacteria of Camellia species endowed with plant growth promoting characteristics

AIM

Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) is an economically important caffeine-containing beverage crop with massive plantation in the Northeast corner of the agroclimatic belt of India. The main aim of the work was to isolate, identify and characterize the native plant growth promoting endophytes associated with tea for future microbe based bioformulation.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A total of 129 endophytic bacteria were isolated and characterized for plant growth promoting traits such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), phosphate solubilization, ammonia production, biocontrol traits like siderophore and extracellular enzyme production. BOX-PCR fingerprinting was used to differentiate the various bacterial isolates obtained from six different tea species. 16S rRNA sequencing and blast analysis showed that these isolates belonged to different genera, that is, Bacillus, Brevibacterium, Paenibacillus and Lysinibacillus. Lysinibacillus sp. S24 showed the highest phosphate solubilization and IAA acid production efficiency of 268·4 ± 14·3 and 13·5 ± 0·5 µg ml^-1 , respectively. Brevibacterium sp. S91 showed the highest ammonia production of 6·2 ± 0·5 µmol ml^-1 . Chitinase, cellulase, protease and pectinase activities were shown by 4·6, 34·1, 27·13 and 13·14% of the total isolates, respectively. Similarly, 41% of the total isolates were positive for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase activity. Further, the potent PGP isolates, S24 and S91 were able to enhance the vegetative parameters such as dry/fresh weight of root and shoot of tea plants in nursery conditions.

CONCLUSION

Our findings corroborate that tea endophytic bacteria possess the potential to demonstrate multiple PGP traits both, in vivo and in vitro and have the potential for further large-scale trials.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

The exploration of tea endophytic bacterial community is suitable for the development of bioformulations for an integrated nutrient management and thus sustainable crop production and decreasing the hazardous effects of chemical fertilizers on the environment and human health.

Cost and cost-effectiveness of health behavior change interventions implemented with self-help groups in Bihar, India

Introduction

Health interventions implemented with self-help groups (SHGs) enhance the relevance and acceptability of the health services. The Parivartan program was implemented in eight districts of Bihar with women’s self-help groups to increase adoption of maternal and newborn health behaviors through layering health behavior change communication. This study estimates the cost and cost-effectiveness of a health behavior change program with SHGs in Bihar.

Methods

Cost analysis was conducted from a provider’s perspective. All costs have been presented in US dollars for the purpose of international comparisons and converted to constant values. The effectiveness estimate was based on the reported changes in select newborn care practices. A decision model approach was used to estimate the potential number of neonatal deaths averted based on adoption of key newborn care practices. Using India’s life expectancy of 65 years, cost per life year saved was calculated. A one-way sensitivity analysis was conducted using the upper and lower estimates for various variables in the model, and functionality of SHGs.

Results

The cost of forming an SHG group was US$254 and that of reaching a woman within the group was US$19. The unit cost for delivering health interventions through the Parivartan program was US$148 per group and US$11 per woman reached. During an 18 months period, Parivartan program reached around 17,120 SHGs and an estimated 20,544 pregnant women resulting in an estimated prevention of 23 neonatal deaths at a cost of US$3,825 per life year saved.

Conclusion

SHGs can be an effective platform to increase uptake of women’s health interventions and follow-up care, and also to broaden their utility beyond microfinance, particularly when they operate at a larger scale.

Abstract P4-07-11: Investigating the activity of ESR1 allosteric compounds in ER+ breast cancer

Breast cancer (BCa) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide. Approximately 80% of breast cancer is estrogen receptor positive (ER+) with 74% demonstrating high expression of estrogen receptor alpha (). Thus, current endocrine therapies such as selective estrogen receptor degraders (i.e.- Fulvestrant) or selective estrogen receptor modulators (i.e-Tamoxifen) are involved modulation of ER signaling. However, most patients develop resistance to these drugs, and disease progression is common resulting in metastatic disease. Therefore, targeting alternative sites on the surface of has been proposed as an effective therapy to directly block its activity. In the present study, we investigated putative AF2 compounds that can bind to AF2 allosteric sites and inhibit complex formation and transcription of targetgenes. In the present study, we characterized a series of allosteric compounds using breast cancer cellular assays. MCF7 parental cells were treated with a series of putative allosteric compounds in a seven day CTG cell proliferation assay, and the compound ERX-11 was found to exhibit anti-proliferative activity. Genomic RNA was isolated after overnight treatment with ERX-11 to investigate compounds treatment on the expression of key ER pathway transcription factors via real time PCR. The degradation effect on nuclear ER and cytoplasmic ER after treatment with ERX-11 were assessed via western blots. We successfully characterized a series of putative allosteric compounds with ERX-11 being the only compound that exhibited anti-proliferative activity in both MCF7 parental and LSZ resistant cells. ERX-11 inhibited the activation of ER transcription gene and degradation of nuclear ER. These findings show promising effects of ERX-11 to block the AF2 sites on the binding domain of ERα with potential therapeutics for ER+ breast cancer.

Citation Format: Uwimana A, Tiong Yip CL, Das R, Cheng Q, Meredith E, Gaither AL. Investigating the activity of ESR1 allosteric compounds in ER+ breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-07-11.