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Fagan RR, Lee DF, Geron M, Scherrer G, von Zastrow M, Ehrlich AT. Selective targeting of mu opioid receptors to primary cilia. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114164. [PMID: 38678559 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Opioid receptors are therapeutically important G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) with diverse neuromodulatory effects. The functional consequences of opioid receptor activation are known to depend on receptor location in the plasma membrane, but mechanisms mediating selective localization of receptors to any particular membrane domain remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate the targeting of the mu opioid receptor (MOR) to the primary cilium, a discrete microdomain of the somatic plasma membrane, both in vivo and in cultured cells. We further show that ciliary targeting is specific to MORs, requires a 17-residue sequence unique to the MOR cytoplasmic tail, and additionally requires the Tubby-like protein 3 (TULP3) ciliary adaptor protein. Our results reveal the potential for opioid receptors to undergo selective localization to the primary cilium. We propose that ciliary targeting is mediated through an elaboration of the recycling pathway, directed by a specific C-terminal recycling sequence in cis and requiring TULP3 in trans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita R Fagan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - David F Lee
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Matan Geron
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Grégory Scherrer
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; New York Stem Cell Foundation, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mark von Zastrow
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Aliza T Ehrlich
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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2
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Kearney PJ, Zhang Y, Liang M, Tan Y, Kahuno E, Conklin TL, Fagan RR, Pavchinskiy RG, Shaffer SA, Yue Z, Melikian HE. Silencing Parkinson's risk allele Rit2 sex-specifically compromises motor function and dopamine neuron viability. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:41. [PMID: 38395968 PMCID: PMC10891080 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00648-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease and arises from dopamine (DA) neuron death selectively in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Rit2 is a reported PD risk allele, and recent single cell transcriptomic studies identified a major RIT2 cluster in PD DA neurons, potentially linking Rit2 expression loss to a PD patient cohort. However, it is still unknown whether Rit2 loss itself impacts DA neuron function and/or viability. Here we report that conditional Rit2 silencing in mouse DA neurons drove motor dysfunction that occurred earlier in males than females and was rescued at early stages by either inhibiting the DA transporter (DAT) or with L-DOPA treatment. Motor dysfunction was accompanied by decreased DA release, striatal DA content, phenotypic DAergic markers, DA neurons, and DAergic terminals, with increased pSer129-alpha synuclein and pSer935-LRRK2 expression. These results provide clear evidence that Rit2 loss is causal for SNc cell death and motor dysfunction, and reveal key sex-specific differences in the response to Rit2 loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Kearney
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, UMASS Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yuanxi Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marianna Liang
- Department of Neurology and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yanglan Tan
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, UMASS Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- DMPK Group, Merck, S. San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Kahuno
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, UMASS Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Tucker L Conklin
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, UMASS Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Regeneron, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Rita R Fagan
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, UMASS Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca G Pavchinskiy
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, UMASS Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Scott A Shaffer
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, UMASS Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Zhenyu Yue
- Department of Neurology and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Haley E Melikian
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, UMASS Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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Kearney PJ, Zhang Y, Tan Y, Kahuno E, Conklin TL, Fagan RR, Pavchinskiy RG, Shafer SA, Yue Z, Melikian HE. Rit2 silencing in dopamine neurons drives a Parkinsonian phenotype. bioRxiv 2023:2023.04.26.538430. [PMID: 37162843 PMCID: PMC10168302 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.26.538430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease and arises from dopamine (DA) neuron death selectively in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Rit2 is a reported PD risk allele, and recent single cell transcriptomic studies identified a major RIT2 cluster in PD DA neurons, potentially linking Rit2 expression loss to a PD patient cohort. However, it is still unknown whether Rit2 loss itself is causative for PD or PD-like symptoms. Here we report that conditional Rit2 silencing in mouse DA neurons drove motor dysfunction that occurred earlier in males than females and was rescued at early stages by either inhibiting the DA transporter (DAT) or with L-DOPA treatment. Motor dysfunction was accompanied by decreased DA release, striatal DA content, phenotypic DAergic markers, DA neurons, and DAergic terminals, with increased pSer129-alpha synuclein and pSer935-LRRK2 expression. These results provide the first evidence that Rit2 loss is causal for SNc cell death and a PD-like phenotype, and reveal key sex-specific differences in the response to Rit2 loss.
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Kearney PJ, Zhang Y, Tan Y, Kahuno E, Conklin TL, Fagan RR, Pavchinskiy RG, Shafer SA, Yue Z, Melikian HE. Rit2 silencing in dopamine neurons drives a progressive Parkinsonian phenotype. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-2944614. [PMID: 37293098 PMCID: PMC10246263 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2944614/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease and arises from dopamine (DA) neuron death selectively in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Rit2 is a reported PD risk allele, and recent single cell transcriptomic studies identified a major RIT2 cluster in PD DA neurons, potentially linking Rit2 expression anomalies to a PD patient cohort. However, it is still unknown whether Rit2 loss itself is causative for PD or PD-like symptoms. Here we report that conditional Rit2 silencing in mouse DA neurons drove a progressive motor dysfunction that was more rapid in males than females and was rescued at early stages by either inhibiting the DA transporter (DAT) or with L-DOPA treatment. Motor dysfunction was accompanied by decreases in DA release, striatal DA content, phenotypic DAergic markers, and a loss of DA neurons, with increased pSer129-alpha synuclein expression. These results provide the first evidence that Rit2 loss is causal for SNc cell death and a PD-like phenotype, and reveal key sex-specific differences in the response to Rit2 loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Kearney
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, UMASS Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Yuanxi Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Yanglan Tan
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Shrewsbury, MA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMASS Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Elizabeth Kahuno
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, UMASS Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Tucker L. Conklin
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, UMASS Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Rita R. Fagan
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, UMASS Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Rebecca G. Pavchinskiy
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, UMASS Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Scott A. Shafer
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Shrewsbury, MA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMASS Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Zhenyu Yue
- Department of Neurology and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Haley E. Melikian
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, UMASS Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
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Fagan RR, Kearney PJ, Luethi D, Bolden NC, Sitte HH, Emery P, Melikian HE. Dopaminergic Ric GTPase activity impacts amphetamine sensitivity and sleep quality in a dopamine transporter-dependent manner in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7793-7802. [PMID: 34471250 PMCID: PMC8881384 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01275-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is required for movement, sleep, and reward, and DA signaling is tightly controlled by the presynaptic DA transporter (DAT). Therapeutic and addictive psychostimulants, including methylphenidate (Ritalin; MPH), cocaine, and amphetamine (AMPH), markedly elevate extracellular DA via their actions as competitive DAT inhibitors (MPH, cocaine) and substrates (AMPH). DAT silencing in mice and invertebrates results in hyperactivity, reduced sleep, and blunted psychostimulant responses, highlighting DAT's essential role in DA-dependent behaviors. DAT surface expression is not static; rather it is dynamically regulated by endocytic trafficking. PKC-stimulated DAT endocytosis requires the neuronal GTPase, Rit2, and Rit2 silencing in mouse DA neurons impacts psychostimulant sensitivity. However, it is unknown whether or not Rit2-mediated changes in psychostimulant sensitivity are DAT-dependent. Here, we leveraged Drosophila melanogaster to test whether the Drosophila Rit2 ortholog, Ric, impacts dDAT function, trafficking, and DA-dependent behaviors. Orthologous to hDAT and Rit2, dDAT and Ric directly interact, and the constitutively active Ric mutant Q117L increased dDAT surface levels and function in cell lines and ex vivo Drosophila brains. Moreover, DAergic RicQ117L expression caused sleep fragmentation in a DAT-dependent manner but had no effect on total sleep and daily locomotor activity. Importantly, we found that Rit2 is required for AMPH-stimulated DAT internalization in mouse striatum, and that DAergic RicQ117L expression significantly increased Drosophila AMPH sensitivity in a DAT-dependent manner, suggesting a conserved impact of Ric-dependent DAT trafficking on AMPH sensitivity. These studies support that the DAT/Rit2 interaction impacts both baseline behaviors and AMPH sensitivity, potentially by regulating DAT trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita R. Fagan
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, UMASS Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Patrick J. Kearney
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, UMASS Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Dino Luethi
- Medical University Vienna, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Vienna, Austria, A-1090
| | - Nicholas C. Bolden
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, UMASS Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Harald H. Sitte
- Medical University Vienna, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Vienna, Austria, A-1090
| | - Patrick Emery
- Department of Neurobiology, UMASS Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Haley E. Melikian
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, UMASS Medical School, Worcester, MA,Address correspondence to: Haley Melikian, Ph.D., Department of Neurobiology, UMASS Medical School, LRB 726, 364 Plantation St., Worcester, MA 01605, 774-455-4308 (phone), 508-856-6266 (fax),
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Fagan RR, Kearney PJ, Sweeney CG, Luethi D, Schoot Uiterkamp FE, Schicker K, Alejandro BS, O'Connor LC, Sitte HH, Melikian HE. Dopamine transporter trafficking and Rit2 GTPase: Mechanism of action and in vivo impact. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5229-5244. [PMID: 32132171 PMCID: PMC7170531 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Following its evoked release, dopamine (DA) signaling is rapidly terminated by presynaptic reuptake, mediated by the cocaine-sensitive DA transporter (DAT). DAT surface availability is dynamically regulated by endocytic trafficking, and direct protein kinase C (PKC) activation acutely diminishes DAT surface expression by accelerating DAT internalization. Previous cell line studies demonstrated that PKC-stimulated DAT endocytosis requires both Ack1 inactivation, which releases a DAT-specific endocytic brake, and the neuronal GTPase, Rit2, which binds DAT. However, it is unknown whether Rit2 is required for PKC-stimulated DAT endocytosis in DAergic terminals or whether there are region- and/or sex-dependent differences in PKC-stimulated DAT trafficking. Moreover, the mechanisms by which Rit2 controls PKC-stimulated DAT endocytosis are unknown. Here, we directly examined these important questions. Ex vivo studies revealed that PKC activation acutely decreased DAT surface expression selectively in ventral, but not dorsal, striatum. AAV-mediated, conditional Rit2 knockdown in DAergic neurons impacted baseline DAT surface:intracellular distribution in DAergic terminals from female ventral, but not dorsal, striatum. Further, Rit2 was required for PKC-stimulated DAT internalization in both male and female ventral striatum. FRET and surface pulldown studies in cell lines revealed that PKC activation drives DAT-Rit2 surface dissociation and that the DAT N terminus is required for both PKC-mediated DAT-Rit2 dissociation and DAT internalization. Finally, we found that Rit2 and Ack1 independently converge on DAT to facilitate PKC-stimulated DAT endocytosis. Together, our data provide greater insight into mechanisms that mediate PKC-regulated DAT internalization and reveal unexpected region-specific differences in PKC-stimulated DAT trafficking in bona fide DAergic terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita R Fagan
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Patrick J Kearney
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Carolyn G Sweeney
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Dino Luethi
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Florianne E Schoot Uiterkamp
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Klaus Schicker
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Brian S Alejandro
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Lauren C O'Connor
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Harald H Sitte
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Haley E Melikian
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605.
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Fagan RR, Kearney PJ, Melikian HE. In Situ Regulated Dopamine Transporter Trafficking: There's No Place Like Home. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:1335-1343. [PMID: 32146647 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is critical for motivation, reward, movement initiation, and learning. Mechanisms that control DA signaling have a profound impact on these important behaviors, and additionally play a role in DA-related neuropathologies. The presynaptic SLC6 DA transporter (DAT) limits extracellular DA levels by clearing released DA, and is potently inhibited by addictive and therapeutic psychostimulants. Decades of evidence support that the DAT is subject to acute regulation by a number of signaling pathways, and that endocytic trafficking strongly regulates DAT availability and function. DAT trafficking studies have been performed in a variety of model systems, including both in vitro and ex vivo preparations. In this review, we focus on the breadth of DAT trafficking studies, with specific attention to, and comparison of, how context may influence DAT's response to different stimuli. In particular, this overview highlights that stimulated DAT trafficking not only differs between in vitro and ex vivo environments, but also is influenced by both sex and anatomical subregions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita R Fagan
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Patrick J Kearney
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Haley E Melikian
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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