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Veech RL, King MT, Pawlosky R, Bradshaw PC, Curtis W. Relationship between inorganic ion distribution, resting membrane potential, and the Δ G' of ATP hydrolysis: a new paradigm. FASEB J 2019; 33:13126-13130. [PMID: 31690124 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901942r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cell membrane potential and inorganic ion distributions are currently viewed from a kinetic electric paradigm, which ignores thermodynamics. The resting membrane potential is viewed as a diffusion potential. The 9 major inorganic ions found in blood plasma (Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, K+, H+, Cl-, HCO3-, H2PO4-, and HPO42-) are distributed unequally across the plasma membrane. This unequal distribution requires the energy of ATP hydrolysis through the action of the Na+-K+ ATPase. The cell resting membrane potential in each of 3 different tissues with widely different resting membrane potentials has been shown to be equal to the Nernst equilibrium potential of the most permeant inorganic ion. The energy of the measured distribution of the 9 major inorganic ions between extra- and intracellular phases was essentially equal to the independently measured energy of ATP hydrolysis, showing that the distribution of these 9 major ions was in near-equilibrium with the ΔG' of ATP. Therefore, thermodynamics does appear to play an essential role in the determination of the cell resting membrane potential and the inorganic ion distribution across the plasma membrane.-Veech, R. L., King, M. T., Pawlosky, R., Bradshaw, P. C., Curtis, W. Relationship between inorganic ion distribution, resting membrane potential, and the ΔG' of ATP hydrolysis: a new paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Veech
- Laboratory of Metabolic Control, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - M Todd King
- Laboratory of Metabolic Control, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Pawlosky
- Laboratory of Metabolic Control, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick C Bradshaw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, East Tennessee State University College of Medicine, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - William Curtis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, East Tennessee State University College of Medicine, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
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Veech RL, Todd King M, Pawlosky R, Kashiwaya Y, Bradshaw PC, Curtis W. The "great" controlling nucleotide coenzymes. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:565-579. [PMID: 30624851 PMCID: PMC6850382 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide coenzymes dot the map of metabolic pathways providing energy to drive the reactions of the pathway and play an important role in regulating and controlling energy metabolism through their shared potential energy, which is widely unobserved due to the paradox that the energy in the coenzyme pools cannot be determined from the concentration of the coenzyme couples. The potential energy of the nucleotide couples in the mitochondria or the cytoplasm is expressed in the enzyme reactions in which they take part. The energy in these couples, [NAD+]/[NADH], [NADP+]/[NADPH], [acetyl CoA]/[CoA], and [ATP]/[ADP]x[Pi], regulates energy metabolism. The energy contained in the couples can be altered by suppling energy equivalents in the form of ketones, such as, D-β-hydroxybutyrate to overcome insulin resistance, to restore antioxidants capacity, to form potential treatments for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, to enhance life span, and to increase physiological performance. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 71(5):565-579, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Veech
- Laboratory of Metabolic Control, NIAAA, NIH, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Michael Todd King
- Laboratory of Metabolic Control, NIAAA, NIH, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Robert Pawlosky
- Laboratory of Metabolic Control, NIAAA, NIH, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | | | - Patrick C Bradshaw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, East Tennessee State University College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - William Curtis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, East Tennessee State University College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN, USA
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Veech RL, Bradshaw PC, Clarke K, Curtis W, Pawlosky R, King MT. Ketone bodies mimic the life span extending properties of caloric restriction. IUBMB Life 2017; 69:305-314. [PMID: 28371201 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The extension of life span by caloric restriction has been studied across species from yeast and Caenorhabditis elegans to primates. No generally accepted theory has been proposed to explain these observations. Here, we propose that the life span extension produced by caloric restriction can be duplicated by the metabolic changes induced by ketosis. From nematodes to mice, extension of life span results from decreased signaling through the insulin/insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling (IIS) pathway. Decreased IIS diminishes phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) triphosphate (PIP3 ) production, leading to reduced PI3K and AKT kinase activity and decreased forkhead box O transcription factor (FOXO) phosphorylation, allowing FOXO proteins to remain in the nucleus. In the nucleus, FOXO proteins increase the transcription of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase 2, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and hundreds of other genes. An effective method for combating free radical damage occurs through the metabolism of ketone bodies, ketosis being the characteristic physiological change brought about by caloric restriction from fruit flies to primates. A dietary ketone ester also decreases circulating glucose and insulin leading to decreased IIS. The ketone body, d-β-hydroxybutyrate (d-βHB), is a natural inhibitor of class I and IIa histone deacetylases that repress transcription of the FOXO3a gene. Therefore, ketosis results in transcription of the enzymes of the antioxidant pathways. In addition, the metabolism of ketone bodies results in a more negative redox potential of the NADP antioxidant system, which is a terminal destructor of oxygen free radicals. Addition of d-βHB to cultures of C. elegans extends life span. We hypothesize that increasing the levels of ketone bodies will also extend the life span of humans and that calorie restriction extends life span at least in part through increasing the levels of ketone bodies. An exogenous ketone ester provides a new tool for mimicking the effects of caloric restriction that can be used in future research. The ability to power mitochondria in aged individuals that have limited ability to oxidize glucose metabolites due to pyruvate dehydrogenase inhibition suggests new lines of research for preventative measures and treatments for aging and aging-related disorders. © 2017 The Authors IUBMB Life published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 69(5):305-314, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick C Bradshaw
- East Tennessee State University College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | | | | | | | - M Todd King
- Lab of Metabolic Control, NIH/NIAAA, Rockville, MD, USA
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Murray AJ, Knight NS, Cole MA, Cochlin LE, Carter E, Tchabanenko K, Pichulik T, Gulston MK, Atherton HJ, Schroeder MA, Deacon RMJ, Kashiwaya Y, King MT, Pawlosky R, Rawlins JNP, Tyler DJ, Griffin JL, Robertson J, Veech RL, Clarke K. Novel ketone diet enhances physical and cognitive performance. FASEB J 2016; 30:4021-4032. [PMID: 27528626 PMCID: PMC5102124 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600773r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ketone bodies are the most energy-efficient fuel and yield more ATP per mole of substrate than pyruvate and increase the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis. Elevation of circulating ketones via high-fat, low-carbohydrate diets has been used for the treatment of drug-refractory epilepsy and for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease. Ketones may also be beneficial for muscle and brain in times of stress, such as endurance exercise. The challenge has been to raise circulating ketone levels by using a palatable diet without altering lipid levels. We found that blood ketone levels can be increased and cholesterol and triglycerides decreased by feeding rats a novel ketone ester diet: chow that is supplemented with (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate as 30% of calories. For 5 d, rats on the ketone diet ran 32% further on a treadmill than did control rats that ate an isocaloric diet that was supplemented with either corn starch or palm oil (P < 0.05). Ketone-fed rats completed an 8-arm radial maze test 38% faster than did those on the other diets, making more correct decisions before making a mistake (P < 0.05). Isolated, perfused hearts from rats that were fed the ketone diet had greater free energy available from ATP hydrolysis during increased work than did hearts from rats on the other diets as shown by using [31P]-NMR spectroscopy. The novel ketone diet, therefore, improved physical performance and cognitive function in rats, and its energy-sparing properties suggest that it may help to treat a range of human conditions with metabolic abnormalities.-Murray, A. J., Knight, N. S., Cole, M. A., Cochlin, L. E., Carter, E., Tchabanenko, K., Pichulik, T., Gulston, M. K., Atherton, H. J., Schroeder, M. A., Deacon, R. M. J., Kashiwaya, Y., King, M. T., Pawlosky, R., Rawlins, J. N. P., Tyler, D. J., Griffin, J. L., Robertson, J., Veech, R. L., Clarke, K. Novel ketone diet enhances physical and cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom;
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas S Knight
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Cole
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lowri E Cochlin
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Carter
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tica Pichulik
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie K Gulston
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Helen J Atherton
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marie A Schroeder
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert M J Deacon
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yoshihiro Kashiwaya
- Laboratory of Metabolic Control, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - M Todd King
- Laboratory of Metabolic Control, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Pawlosky
- Laboratory of Metabolic Control, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - J Nicholas P Rawlins
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Damian J Tyler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard L Veech
- Laboratory of Metabolic Control, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Kieran Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Sato S, Jung H, Nakagawa T, Pawlosky R, Takeshima T, Lee WR, Sakiyama H, Laxman S, Wynn RM, Tu BP, MacMillan JB, De Brabander JK, Veech RL, Uyeda K. Metabolite Regulation of Nuclear Localization of Carbohydrate-response Element-binding Protein (ChREBP): ROLE OF AMP AS AN ALLOSTERIC INHIBITOR. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:10515-27. [PMID: 26984404 PMCID: PMC4865902 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.708982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The carbohydrate-response element-binding protein (ChREBP) is a glucose-responsive transcription factor that plays an essential role in converting excess carbohydrate to fat storage in the liver. In response to glucose levels, ChREBP is regulated by nuclear/cytosol trafficking via interaction with 14-3-3 proteins, CRM-1 (exportin-1 or XPO-1), or importins. Nuclear localization of ChREBP was rapidly inhibited when incubated in branched-chain α-ketoacids, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, or 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide. Here, we discovered that protein-free extracts of high fat-fed livers contained, in addition to ketone bodies, a new metabolite, identified as AMP, which specifically activates the interaction between ChREBP and 14-3-3. The crystal structure showed that AMP binds directly to the N terminus of ChREBP-α2 helix. Our results suggest that AMP inhibits the nuclear localization of ChREBP through an allosteric activation of ChREBP/14-3-3 interactions and not by activation of AMPK. AMP and ketone bodies together can therefore inhibit lipogenesis by restricting localization of ChREBP to the cytoplasm during periods of ketosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Sato
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Hunmin Jung
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Tsutomu Nakagawa
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Robert Pawlosky
- the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-8115, and
| | - Tomomi Takeshima
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Wan-Ru Lee
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Haruhiko Sakiyama
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Sunil Laxman
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - R Max Wynn
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Benjamin P Tu
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - John B MacMillan
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Jef K De Brabander
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Richard L Veech
- the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-8115, and
| | - Kosaku Uyeda
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, the Dallas Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75216
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Kemper M, Pawlosky R, King MT, Wainwright C, Clarke K, Veech R. Oral administration of a Ketone Ester regulates blood cholesterol in rats and humans. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.715.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kemper
- Laboratory of Metabolic Control NIAAA/NIHRockvilleMarylandUnited States
| | - Robert Pawlosky
- Laboratory of Metabolic Control NIAAA/NIHRockvilleMarylandUnited States
| | - M Todd King
- Laboratory of Metabolic Control NIAAA/NIHRockvilleMarylandUnited States
| | | | - Kieran Clarke
- Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard Veech
- Laboratory of Metabolic Control NIAAA/NIHRockvilleMarylandUnited States
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Lendvai N, Pawlosky R, Bullova P, Eisenhofer G, Patocs A, Veech RL, Pacak K. Succinate-to-fumarate ratio as a new metabolic marker to detect the presence of SDHB/D-related paraganglioma: initial experimental and ex vivo findings. Endocrinology 2014; 155:27-32. [PMID: 24189137 PMCID: PMC5398636 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas (PHEOs) and paragangliomas (PGLs; extra-adrenal tumors) are rare neuroendocrine chromaffin cell tumors with a hereditary background in about 30%-35%. Those caused by succinate dehydrogenase subunit B (SDHB) germline mutations are associated with a high metastatic potential and ultimately higher patient mortality. Succinate dehydrogenase converts succinate to fumarate, uniquely linking the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. SDH mutations result in the accumulation of succinate associated with various metabolic disturbances and the shift to aerobic glycolysis in tumor tissue. In the present study, we measured succinate and fumarate levels in mouse pheochromocytoma (MPC) and mouse tumor tissue (MTT) cells and in 10 apparently sporadic, 10 SDHB-, 5 SDHD-, and 2 neurofibromatosis 1-related PHEOs/PGLs and plasma samples using mass spectrometry. We found that the succinate-to-fumarate ratio was significantly higher in the SDHB- and SDHD-related PGLs than in apparently sporadic and neurofibromatosis 1-related PHEOs/PGLs (P = .0376). To further support our data, we silenced SDHB expression in MPC and MTT cells and evaluated the succinate and fumarate levels. Compared with control samples, SDHB-silenced MTT cells also showed an increase in the succinate-to-fumarate ratio (MTT cells: 2.45 vs 7.53), similar to the findings in SDHB-related PGLs. The present findings for the first time demonstrate a significantly increased succinate-to-fumarate ratio in SDHB/D-related PGLs and thus suggest this ratio may be used as a new metabolic marker for the detection of SDHB/D-related PHEOs/PGLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoletta Lendvai
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology (N.L., P.B., K.P.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Second Department of Medicine (N.L.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary 1088; Section on Metabolic Control Analysis (R.P., R.L.V.), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852; Department of Molecular Medicine (P.B.), Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic 84505; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (G.E.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Department of Medicine III (G.E.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany 01307; Molecular Medicine Research Group (A.P.), Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and Department of Laboratory Medicine Institute (A.P.), Central Isotope Laboratory, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary 1088
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Nakagawa T, Ge Q, Pawlosky R, Wynn RM, Veech RL, Uyeda K. Metabolite regulation of nucleo-cytosolic trafficking of carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP): role of ketone bodies. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:28358-67. [PMID: 23918932 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.498550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP) is a glucose-responsive transcription factor that plays a critical role in converting excess carbohydrate to storage fat in liver. In response to changing glucose levels, ChREBP activity is regulated by nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling of ChREBP via interactions with 14-3-3 proteins and importins. The nuclear/cytosol trafficking is regulated partly by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of serine 196 mediated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase and protein phosphatase. We show here that protein-free extracts of starved and high fat-fed livers contain metabolites that activate interaction of ChREBP·14-3-3 and inhibit the ChREBP/importin α interaction, resulting in cytosolic localization. These metabolites were identified as β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate. Nuclear localization of GFP-ChREBP is rapidly inhibited in hepatocytes incubated in β-hydroxybutyrate or fatty acids, and the observed inhibition is closely correlated with the production of ketone bodies. These observations show that ketone bodies play an important role in the regulation of ChREBP activity by restricting ChREBP localization to the cytoplasm, thus inhibiting fat synthesis during periods of ketosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Nakagawa
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
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Hibbeln JR, Malde M, Osei‐Hyiaman D, Lin YH, Pawlosky R, Madsen L, Kristiansen K, Frøyland L, Avelheim A. Dietary Linoleic Acid Elevates Endogenous Endocannabinoids (2‐AG and Anandamide) and Induces Obesity. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.48.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Hibbeln
- Section on Nutritional NeurosciencesNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and AlcoholismRockvilleMD
| | - Marian Malde
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES)BergenNorway
| | - Douglas Osei‐Hyiaman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyKobe Pharma Research Institute Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd.KobeJapan
| | - Yu Hong Lin
- Section on Nutritional NeurosciencesNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and AlcoholismRockvilleMD
| | - Robert Pawlosky
- Section on Nutritional NeurosciencesNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and AlcoholismRockvilleMD
| | - Lise Madsen
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES)BergenNorway
| | | | - Livar Frøyland
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES)BergenNorway
| | - Anita Avelheim
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES)BergenNorway
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Srivastava S, Kashiwaya Y, Chen X, Geiger JD, Pawlosky R, Veech RL. Microwave irradiation decreases ATP, increases free [Mg²⁺], and alters in vivo intracellular reactions in rat brain. J Neurochem 2013; 123:668-75. [PMID: 23013291 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rapid inactivation of metabolism is essential for accurately determining the concentrations of metabolic intermediates in the in vivo state. We compared a broad spectrum of energetic intermediate metabolites and neurotransmitters in brains obtained by microwave irradiation to those obtained by freeze blowing, the most rapid method of extracting and freezing rat brain. The concentrations of many intermediates, cytosolic free NAD(P)(+) /NAD(P)H ratios, as well as neurotransmitters were not affected by the microwave procedure. However, the brain concentrations of ATP were about 30% lower, whereas those of ADP, AMP, and GDP were higher in the microwave-irradiated compared with the freeze-blown brains. In addition, the hydrolysis of approximately 1 μmol/g of ATP, a major in vivo Mg(2+) -binding site, was related to approximately five-fold increase in free [Mg(2+) ] (0.53 ± 0.07 mM in freeze blown vs. 2.91 mM ± 0.48 mM in microwaved brains), as determined from the ratio [citrate]/[isocitrate]. Consequently, many intracellular properties, such as the phosphorylation potential and the ∆G' of ATP hydrolysis were significantly altered in microwaved tissue. The determinations of some glycolytic and TCA cycle metabolites, the phosphorylation potential, and the ∆G' of ATP hydrolysis do not represent the in vivo state when using microwave-fixed brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireesh Srivastava
- Laboratory of Metabolic Control, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Clarke K, Tchabanenko K, Pawlosky R, Carter E, Knight NS, Murray AJ, Cochlin LE, King MT, Wong AW, Roberts A, Robertson J, Veech RL. Oral 28-day and developmental toxicity studies of (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 63:196-208. [PMID: 22504461 PMCID: PMC3809901 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
(R)-3-Hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (ketone monoester) has been developed as an oral source of ketones, which may be utilized for energy. In a 28-day toxicity study, Crl:WI (Wistar) rats received diets containing, as 30% of the calories, ketone monoester (12 and 15 g/kg body weight/day for male and female rats, respectively). Control groups received either carbohydrate- or fat-based diets. Rats in the test group consumed less feed and gained less weight than control animals; similar findings have been documented in studies of ketogenic diets. Between-group differences were noted in selected hematology, coagulation, and serum chemistry parameters; however, values were within normal physiological ranges and/or were not accompanied by other changes indicative of toxicity. Upon gross and microscopic evaluation, there were no findings associated with the ketone monoester. In a developmental toxicity study, pregnant Crl:WI (Han) rats were administered 2g/kg body weight/day ketone monoester or water (control) via gavage on days 6 through 20 of gestation. No Caesarean-sectioning or litter parameters were affected by the test article. The overall incidence of fetal alterations was higher in the test group; however, there were no specific alterations attributable to the test substance. The results of these studies support the safety of ketone monoester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Clarke K, Tchabanenko K, Pawlosky R, Carter E, Todd King M, Musa-Veloso K, Ho M, Roberts A, Robertson J, Vanitallie TB, Veech RL. Kinetics, safety and tolerability of (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate in healthy adult subjects. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 63:401-8. [PMID: 22561291 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Induction of mild states of hyperketonemia may improve physical and cognitive performance. In this study, we determined the kinetic parameters, safety and tolerability of (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate, a ketone monoester administered in the form of a meal replacement drink to healthy human volunteers. Plasma levels of β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate were elevated following administration of a single dose of the ketone monoester, whether at 140, 357, or 714 mg/kg body weight, while the intact ester was not detected. Maximum plasma levels of ketones were attained within 1-2h, reaching 3.30 mM and 1.19 mM for β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate, respectively, at the highest dose tested. The elimination half-life ranged from 0.8-3.1h for β-hydroxybutyrate and 8-14 h for acetoacetate. The ketone monoester was also administered at 140, 357, and 714 mg/kg body weight, three times daily, over 5 days (equivalent to 0.42, 1.07, and 2.14 g/kg/d). The ketone ester was generally well-tolerated, although some gastrointestinal effects were reported, when large volumes of milk-based drink were consumed, at the highest ketone monoester dose. Together, these results suggest ingestion of (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate is a safe and simple method to elevate blood ketone levels, compared with the inconvenience of preparing and consuming a ketogenic diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Kashiwaya Y, Pawlosky R, Markis W, King MT, Bergman C, Srivastava S, Murray A, Clarke K, Veech RL. A ketone ester diet increases brain malonyl-CoA and Uncoupling proteins 4 and 5 while decreasing food intake in the normal Wistar Rat. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:25950-6. [PMID: 20529850 PMCID: PMC2923987 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.138198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Three groups of male Wistar rats were pair fed NIH-31 diets for 14 days to which were added 30% of calories as corn starch, palm oil, or R-3-hydroxybutyrate-R-1,3-butanediol monoester (3HB-BD ester). On the 14th day, animal brains were removed by freeze-blowing, and brain metabolites measured. Animals fed the ketone ester diet had elevated mean blood ketone bodies of 3.5 mm and lowered plasma glucose, insulin, and leptin. Despite the decreased plasma leptin, feeding the ketone ester diet ad lib decreased voluntary food intake 2-fold for 6 days while brain malonyl-CoA was increased by about 25% in ketone-fed group but not in the palm oil fed group. Unlike the acute effects of ketone body metabolism in the perfused working heart, there was no increased reduction in brain free mitochondrial [NAD(+)]/[NADH] ratio nor in the free energy of ATP hydrolysis, which was compatible with the observed 1.5-fold increase in brain uncoupling proteins 4 and 5. Feeding ketone ester or palm oil supplemented diets decreased brain L-glutamate by 15-20% and GABA by about 34% supporting the view that fatty acids as well as ketone bodies can be metabolized by the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kashiwaya
- From the Laboratory of Metabolic Control, NIAAA, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852-9047
| | - Robert Pawlosky
- From the Laboratory of Metabolic Control, NIAAA, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852-9047
| | - William Markis
- From the Laboratory of Metabolic Control, NIAAA, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852-9047
| | - M. Todd King
- From the Laboratory of Metabolic Control, NIAAA, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852-9047
| | - Christian Bergman
- From the Laboratory of Metabolic Control, NIAAA, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852-9047
| | - Shireesh Srivastava
- From the Laboratory of Metabolic Control, NIAAA, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852-9047
| | - Andrew Murray
- the Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, United Kingdom, and
| | - Kieran Clarke
- the Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Richard L. Veech
- From the Laboratory of Metabolic Control, NIAAA, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852-9047
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Novotny JA, Harrison DJ, Pawlosky R, Flanagan VP, Harrison EH, Kurilich AC. Beta-carotene conversion to vitamin A decreases as the dietary dose increases in humans. J Nutr 2010; 140:915-8. [PMID: 20237064 PMCID: PMC2855261 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.116947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that high doses of beta-carotene limit its conversion to vitamin A, yet this effect has not been well established in humans. A feeding study was conducted in a randomized crossover design in which volunteers consumed 2 doses of deuterium-labeled beta-carotene on 2 occasions, with beta-carotene and vitamin A response assessed by plasma area under the concentration time curve (AUC). Seven volunteers (4 men, 3 women) consumed each of 2 doses of beta-carotene-d8 and provided serial blood samples for 37 d after each dose. beta-Carotene doses were 20 and 40 mg. Plasma beta-carotene-d8 was assessed by HPLC-MS. Plasma retinol (ROH)-d4, which was derived from the beta-carotene-d8, was evaluated by GC-MS after saponification to convert retinyl esters to ROH prior to the formation of the trimethylsilylether. The plasma AUC for beta-carotene-d8 increased 2-fold from the 20-mg dose to the 40-mg dose. The plasma AUC for ROH-d4 increased 36% from the 20-mg dose to the 40-mg dose. These results establish that, in humans, beta-carotene conversion to vitamin A decreases as the dietary dose increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet A Novotny
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pawlosky
- The Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, NIH, Room 116, 12420 Parklawn Dr, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Sokol R, Pawlosky R, Hannigan J, Stark K, Salem N. Maternal smoking and decreased 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in umbilical cord plasma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Houghton LA, Sherwood KL, Pawlosky R, Ito S, O'Connor DL. [6S]-5-Methyltetrahydrofolate is at least as effective as folic acid in preventing a decline in blood folate concentrations during lactation. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83:842-50. [PMID: 16600937 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/83.4.842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in nonpregnant, nonlactating women suggest that folate supplementation in the form of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate ([6S]-5-methylTHF) is at least as effective as folic acid in increasing blood folate indexes. No data, however, are available on the effect of supplemental [6S]-5-methylTHF on blood folate concentrations during lactation. OBJECTIVE We assessed the relative effectiveness of [6S]-5-methylTHF, a placebo, and folic acid in maintaining blood folate indexes during lactation in a sample of healthy Canadian women consuming folic acid-fortified foods. DESIGN This study was designed as a 16-wk, randomized, placebo-controlled intervention. Pregnant women (n = 72) advised to consume a folic acid-containing prenatal supplement (1000 microg/d) during pregnancy were enrolled at 36 wk gestation. After delivery, the women were randomly assigned to receive [6S]-5-methylTHF (416 microg/d, 906 nmol/d) or a placebo or were assigned to a folic acid (400 microg/d, 906 nmol/d) reference group. RESULTS At 16 wk of lactation, the mean red blood cell (RBC) folate concentration in women in the [6S]-5-methylTHF group (2178; 95% CI: 1854, 2559 nmol/L) was greater than that in the folic acid (1967; 1628, 2377 nmol/L; P < 0.05) and placebo (1390; 1198, 1613 nmol/L; P < 0.002) groups after adjustment for baseline concentrations (36 wk gestation). The distribution of folate forms in RBCs did not differ significantly between the [6S]-5-methylTHF and placebo groups. However, the folic acid group had greater amounts of 5-formylTHF (P < 0.03). CONCLUSION [6S]-5-MethylTHF appeared to be as effective as, and perhaps more effective than, folic acid in preserving RBC folate concentrations during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Houghton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pawlosky
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, USA.
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Abstract
Human adults are shown to be capable of conversion of linoleic acid (LA, 18:2 n-6) to arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4 n-6) in vivo. It is confirmed that they can also convert alpha-linolenic acid (LNA, 18:3 n-3) to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3) and to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) in vivo. The time course and the maximal response for these processes during the first week after a single dose of the 18-carbon precursor is described. A stable-isotope method in which the protons of the C17 and C18 carbons are substituted with deuterium atoms is used in order to provide for a safe method for the study of human metabolism. High sensitivity and selectivity of detection is assured with negative ion, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. It is clear that human adults on an ad lib diet carry out EFA metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Salem
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, USA.
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Pawlosky R, Barnes A, Salem N. Essential fatty acid metabolism in the feline: relationship between liver and brain production of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Lipid Res 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)39949-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Pawlosky R, Barnes A, Salem N. Essential fatty acid metabolism in the feline: relationship between liver and brain production of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Lipid Res 1994; 35:2032-40. [PMID: 7868981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A comparison was made between the liver and brain conversion of linoleic acid, 18:2n-6, and linolenic acid, 18:3n-3, to long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in domestic felines. This report demonstrates that 6-desaturase activity does exist in the feline. The liver produced deuterium-labeled polyunsaturated fatty acids up to 22:4n-6 and 22:5n-3. The brain was found to accumulate the deuterium-labeled polyunsaturated fatty acids, 22:5n-6, 22:6n-3, 24:4n-6, 24:5n-6, 24:5n-3, and 24:6n-3. Adult felines were provided a diet consisting of either 10% fat (hydrogenated coconut oil-corn oil 9:1) containing no 20- or 22-carbon n-6 or n-3 fatty acids or a chow diet with meat and meat by-products that contained these long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids for a 6-month period. During this time, the in vivo production of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids was evaluated in these animals. The cats were given oral doses of both [17,17,18,18,18,2H]18:3n-3 and [9,10,12,13-2H]18:2n-6 and the deuterium-labeled fatty acid metabolites were measured in the blood, liver, and brain using a highly sensitive and specific gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. Contrary to previous claims, 6-desaturase activity was shown to exist in the feline. The evidence for this was the detection of [9,10,12,13-2H] 18:3n-6 which was converted from [9,10,12,13-2H]18:2n-6 and observed in the plasma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pawlosky
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, DICBR, National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, Rockville, MD 20852
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