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Teixeira Polez R, Huynh N, Pridgeon CS, Valle-Delgado JJ, Harjumäki R, Österberg M. Insights into spheroids formation in cellulose nanofibrils and Matrigel hydrogels using AFM-based techniques. Mater Today Bio 2024; 26:101065. [PMID: 38706731 PMCID: PMC11066555 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The recent FDA decision to eliminate animal testing requirements emphasises the role of cell models, such as spheroids, as regulatory test alternatives for investigations of cellular behaviour, drug responses, and disease modelling. The influence of environment on spheroid formation are incompletely understood, leading to uncertainty in matrix selection for scaffold-based 3D culture. This study uses atomic force microscopy-based techniques to quantify cell adhesion to Matrigel and cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), and cell-cell adhesion forces, and their role in spheroid formation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS(IMR90)-4). Results showed different cell behaviour in CNF and Matrigel cultures. Both cell lines formed compact spheroids in CNF but loose cell aggregates in Matrigel. Interestingly, the type of cell adhesion protein, and not the bond strength, appeared to be a key factor in the formation of compact spheroids. The gene expression of E- and N-cadherins, proteins on cell membrane responsible for cell-cell interactions, was increased in CNF culture, leading to formation of compact spheroids while Matrigel culture induced integrin-laminin binding and downregulated E-cadherin expression, resulting in looser cell aggregates. These findings enhance our understanding of cell-biomaterial interactions in 3D cultures and offer insights for improved 3D cell models, culture biomaterials, and applications in drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Teixeira Polez
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ngoc Huynh
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Chris S. Pridgeon
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juan José Valle-Delgado
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Riina Harjumäki
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Monika Österberg
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
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Polez RT, Ajiboye MA, Österberg M, Horn MM. Chitosan hydrogels enriched with bioactive phloroglucinol for controlled drug diffusion and potential wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130808. [PMID: 38490386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
We report a facile strategy to prepare chitosan (CS) hydrogels that eliminates the need for chemical crosslinking for advanced biomedical therapies. This approach gives controlled properties to the hydrogels by incorporating a natural bioactive phenolic compound, phloroglucinol (PG), into their microstructure. The adsorption of PG onto CS chains enhanced the hydrogels' antioxidant activity by up to 25 % and resulted in a denser, more entangled structure, reducing the pore size by 59 μm while maintaining porosity above 94 %. This allowed us to finely adjust pore size and swelling capacity. These structural properties make these hydrogels well-suited for wound healing dressings, promoting fibroblast proliferation and exhibiting excellent hemocompatibility. Furthermore, to ensure the versatility of these hydrogels, herein, we demonstrate their potential as drug delivery systems, particularly for dermal infections. The drug release can be controlled by a combination of drug diffusion through the swollen hydrogel and relaxation of the CS chains. In summary, our hydrogels leverage the synergistic effects of CS's antibacterial and antifungal properties with PG's antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory attributes, positioning them as promising candidates for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, more specifically in advanced wound healing therapies with local drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Teixeira Polez
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FIN-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Margaret A Ajiboye
- Physical Chemistry of Nanomaterials, Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, 34109 Kassel, Germany
| | - Monika Österberg
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FIN-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Marilia M Horn
- Physical Chemistry of Nanomaterials, Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, 34109 Kassel, Germany.
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Rodrigues BVM, Polez RT, El Seoud OA, Frollini E. Cellulose acylation in homogeneous and heterogeneous media: Optimization of reactions conditions. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 243:125256. [PMID: 37295694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The dependence of the DS on the acid anhydride/anhydroglucose unit ((RCO)2O/AGU) molar ratio was correlated using second-order polynomials. The regression coefficients of the (RCO)2O/AGU terms showed that increasing the length of the RCO group of the anhydride led to lower values of DS. For acylation under heterogeneous reaction conditions, the following were employed: acid anhydrides and butyryl chloride as acylating agents; iodine as a catalyst; N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as a solvent, pyridine, and triethylamine as solvents and catalysts. For acylation using acetic anhydride plus iodine, the values of DS correlate with reaction time by a second-order polynomial. Due to its role as a polar solvent and a nucleophilic catalyst, pyridine was the most effective base catalyst, independent of the acylating agent (butyric anhydride and butyryl chloride).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Vinicius Manzolli Rodrigues
- Macromolecular Materials and Lignocellulosic Fibers Group, Center for Research on Science and Technology of BioResources, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberta Teixeira Polez
- Macromolecular Materials and Lignocellulosic Fibers Group, Center for Research on Science and Technology of BioResources, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Omar A El Seoud
- Polymer and Surfactant Group, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elisabete Frollini
- Macromolecular Materials and Lignocellulosic Fibers Group, Center for Research on Science and Technology of BioResources, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Polez RT, Morits M, Jonkergouw C, Phiri J, Valle-Delgado JJ, Linder MB, Maloney T, Rojas OJ, Österberg M. Biological activity of multicomponent bio-hydrogels loaded with tragacanth gum. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 215:691-704. [PMID: 35777518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Producing hydrogels capable of mimicking the biomechanics of soft tissue remains a challenge. We explore the potential of plant-based hydrogels as polysaccharide tragacanth gum and antioxidant lignin nanoparticles in bioactive multicomponent hydrogels for tissue engineering. These natural components are combined with TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils, a material with known shear thinning behavior. Hydrogels presented tragacanth gum (TG) concentration-dependent rheological properties suitable for extrusion 3D printing. TG enhanced the swelling capacity up to 645 % and the degradation rate up to 1.3 %/day for hydrogels containing 75 % of TG. Young's moduli of the hydrogels varied from 5.0 to 11.6 kPa and were comparable to soft tissues like skin and muscle. In vitro cell viability assays revealed that the scaffolds were non-toxic and promoted proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. Therefore, the plant-based hydrogels designed in this work have a significant potential for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Teixeira Polez
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Maria Morits
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Christopher Jonkergouw
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Josphat Phiri
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Juan José Valle-Delgado
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Thaddeus Maloney
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Monika Österberg
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
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Baniasadi H, Kimiaei E, Polez RT, Ajdary R, Rojas OJ, Österberg M, Seppälä J. High-resolution 3D printing of xanthan gum/nanocellulose bio-inks. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:2020-2031. [PMID: 35500781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The current study provides a comprehensive rheology study and a survey on direct ink writing of xanthan gum/cellulose nanocrystal (XG/CNC) bio-inks for developing 3D geometries that mimic soft tissue engineering scaffolds' physical and mechanical properties. The presence of CNC was found to be a critical prerequisite for the printability of XG bio-inks; accordingly, the hybrid XG/CNC bio-inks revealed the excellent viscoelastic properties that enabled precise control of hydrogel shaping and printing of lattice structures composed of up to eleven layers with high fidelity and fair resolution without any deformation after printing. The lyophilized 3D scaffolds presented a porous structure with open and interconnected pores and a porosity higher than 70%, vital features for tissue engineering scaffolds. Moreover, they showed a relatively high swelling of approximately 11 g/g, facilitating oxygen and nutrient exchange. Furthermore, the elastic and compressive moduli of the scaffolds that enhanced significantly upon increasing CNC content were in the range of a few kPa, similar to soft tissues. Finally, no significant cell cytotoxicity was observed against human liver cancer cells (HepG2), highlighting the potential of these developed 3D printed scaffolds for soft tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Baniasadi
- Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Erfan Kimiaei
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FIN-00076 Aalto Espoo, Finland
| | - Roberta Teixeira Polez
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FIN-00076 Aalto Espoo, Finland
| | - Rubina Ajdary
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FIN-00076 Aalto Espoo, Finland
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FIN-00076 Aalto Espoo, Finland; Bioproducts Institute, Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Monika Österberg
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FIN-00076 Aalto Espoo, Finland
| | - Jukka Seppälä
- Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
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Polez RT, Rodrigues BVM, El Seoud OA, Frollini E. Electrospinning of cellulose carboxylic esters synthesized under homogeneous conditions: Effects of the ester degree of substitution and acyl group chain length on the morphology of the fabricated mats. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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